NRS 430 Assignment Scope of Practice and Differentiated Practice Competencies: Contemporary Nursing
Grand Canyon University NRS 430 Assignment Scope of Practice and Differentiated Practice Competencies: Contemporary Nursing-Step-By-Step Guide
This guide will demonstrate how to complete the Grand Canyon University NRS 430 Assignment Scope of Practice and Differentiated Practice Competencies: Contemporary Nursing assignment based on general principles of academic writing. Here, we will show you the A, B, Cs of completing an academic paper, irrespective of the instructions. After guiding you through what to do, the guide will leave one or two sample essays at the end to highlight the various sections discussed below.
How to Research and Prepare for NRS 430 Assignment Scope of Practice and Differentiated Practice Competencies: Contemporary Nursing
Whether one passes or fails an academic assignment such as the Grand Canyon University NRS 430 Assignment Scope of Practice and Differentiated Practice Competencies: Contemporary Nursing depends on the preparation done beforehand. The first thing to do once you receive an assignment is to quickly skim through the requirements. Once that is done, start going through the instructions one by one to clearly understand what the instructor wants. The most important thing here is to understand the required format—whether it is APA, MLA, Chicago, etc.
After understanding the requirements of the paper, the next phase is to gather relevant materials. The first place to start the research process is the weekly resources. Go through the resources provided in the instructions to determine which ones fit the assignment. After reviewing the provided resources, use the university library to search for additional resources. After gathering sufficient and necessary resources, you are now ready to start drafting your paper.
How to Write the Introduction for NRS 430 Assignment Scope of Practice and Differentiated Practice Competencies: Contemporary Nursing
The introduction for the Grand Canyon University NRS 430 Assignment Scope of Practice and Differentiated Practice Competencies: Contemporary Nursing is where you tell the instructor what your paper will encompass. In three to four statements, highlight the important points that will form the basis of your paper. Here, you can include statistics to show the importance of the topic you will be discussing. At the end of the introduction, write a clear purpose statement outlining what exactly will be contained in the paper. This statement will start with “The purpose of this paper…” and then proceed to outline the various sections of the instructions.
How to Write the Body for NRS 430 Assignment Scope of Practice and Differentiated Practice Competencies: Contemporary Nursing
After the introduction, move into the main part of the NRS 430 Assignment Scope of Practice and Differentiated Practice Competencies: Contemporary Nursing assignment, which is the body. Given that the paper you will be writing is not experimental, the way you organize the headings and subheadings of your paper is critically important. In some cases, you might have to use more subheadings to properly organize the assignment. The organization will depend on the rubric provided. Carefully examine the rubric, as it will contain all the detailed requirements of the assignment. Sometimes, the rubric will have information that the normal instructions lack.
Another important factor to consider at this point is how to do citations. In-text citations are fundamental as they support the arguments and points you make in the paper. At this point, the resources gathered at the beginning will come in handy. Integrating the ideas of the authors with your own will ensure that you produce a comprehensive paper. Also, follow the given citation format. In most cases, APA 7 is the preferred format for nursing assignments.
How to Write the Conclusion for NRS 430 Assignment Scope of Practice and Differentiated Practice Competencies: Contemporary Nursing
After completing the main sections, write the conclusion of your paper. The conclusion is a summary of the main points you made in your paper. However, you need to rewrite the points and not simply copy and paste them. By restating the points from each subheading, you will provide a nuanced overview of the assignment to the reader.
How to Format the References List for NRS 430 Assignment Scope of Practice and Differentiated Practice Competencies: Contemporary Nursing
The very last part of your paper involves listing the sources used in your paper. These sources should be listed in alphabetical order and double-spaced. Additionally, use a hanging indent for each source that appears in this list. Lastly, only the sources cited within the body of the paper should appear here.
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Sample Answer for NRS 430 Assignment Scope of Practice and Differentiated Practice Competencies: Contemporary Nursing
Nursing practice has changed over the decades from when nurses had minimal education to having complex nursing training programs and when nurses provided basic care to performing complex medical and nursing procedures. Nursing was initially a woman’s work where women cared for the sick at home in the era where there were no hospitals (Egenes, 2017). Modern nursing is attributed to Florence Nightingale, who developed nursing practices that created new standards for nursing practice. In this regard, this paper will discuss the evolution of nursing practice, the differences between ADN and BSN nurses, and the significance of evidence-based practice in nursing.
I think that COVID has increased the awareness of importance of nurses and health care in general. The impact the virus has had would have been so much worse if the healthcare system, including nurses, didn’t react the way we did. Being flexible, dedicated and simply showing up for our patients in a time of such uncertainty, while managing life in a pandemic, shows how strong and essential nurses are. One out of every 100 people in the United States is a nurse adding up to over 4 million nurses nation wide (American Nurses Association, 2022). Since nurses are so common in our communities, I think our friends, family and neighbors were able to see how the nurses role changed and became so important when visitations became minimal. Nurses because not only the eyes and ears for the doctors, but for the patient and their loved ones as well. Although I do think the community values and appreciates nurses a bit more due to the pandemic, I don’t think they understand the impact the pandemic had on nurses mentally, emotionally and physically.
Evolution of Nursing Practice
Nurses were formerly not provided formal nursing education but were instead given on-job training on how to provide basic care such as clean and dress wounds. They did not have autonomy and received instructions from physicians. As the nursing practice evolved and more hospitals were established, women began receiving nursing training in small to medium-size hospital systems (Egenes, 2017). However, the training was observation-based, taking two to three years, and the scientific rationale for interventions was not emphasized.
Advances in medicine and technology created a need for complex and specialized nursing education. As a result, nursing training shifted from hospital observation to the classroom. Certification programs have been created, changing the scope of nursing practice (Egenes, 2017). Nurses also have Master’s and Doctorate levels, which increase a nurse’s scope of practice to include duties similar to physicians such as taking history and physical exams, making diagnoses, interpreting diagnostic results, and initiating treatment plans. Furthermore, standards of nursing practice have been created to ensure quality nursing care, and nurses are educated on ethical practice and providing culturally sensitive care.
Practice Competencies between an Associate and Baccalaureate Education in Nursing
Nurses with an Associate Degree in Nursing (ADN) and with a Baccalaureate Degree (BSN) are both registered nurses (RNs). Both BSN and ADN programs prepare nursing students to deliver patient care that meets the set standards. Besides, both programs equip the future RN with nursing skills and ensure they attain the clinical practice competencies necessary for nursing practice (Northrup-Snyder et al., 2017). However, the BSN program emphasizes more on areas of informatics and research. It also has courses not offered in the ADN program, such as nursing theories, social sciences, public health, leadership, and management. The differences in the ADN and BSN training result in differences in the scope of practice. ADN RNs are generally more focused on technical, clinical duties and everyday direct patient care, including monitoring patients, administering treatment, performing basic nursing procedures, and updating charts (Ghaffari, 2017). On the other hand, the scope of BSN nurses includes nursing educator, research, public health, administrative, leadership, management roles, and direct patient care.
Approaches to Decision-Making in a Patient Care Situation of a BSN vs.ADN
Approaches to decision‐making would differ in a BSN and ADN nurse caring for a diabetic patient with
uncontrolled sugars and a worsening foot ulcer. An ADN nurse will care for the patient by providing basic care such as dressing the wound, administering insulin or hypoglycemics, and monitoring blood sugar levels. Conversely, the BSN nurse will perform these tasks but get concerned about the uncontrolled sugars and delayed wound healing. As a result, the BSN will assess the patient’s diet and exercise patterns and educate the patient on the needed changes to promote optimal glycemic levels. Besides, the nurse will apply evidence-based interventions to promote healing of the ulcer and educate the patient on foot care.
Applying Evidence‐Based Practice to Nursing Care
In the past decades, evidence-based practice (EBP) has become a key element of excellent patient care. EBP is applied in various aspects of nursing as it offers valuable insight into clinical care approaches backed by evidence to address issues in direct patient care, infection control, and patient workflow (Mackey & Bassendowski, 2017). It enables nurses to apply the latest research methods in the patient care setting, including direct patient care. It focuses on established outcomes, thus promoting enhanced patient care. The BSN program equips students with knowledge and skills on EBP, which helps to analyze patient care approaches that can improve health outcomes (Mackey & Bassendowski, 2017). Students are trained on scientific research, gathering, and analyzing evidence, which they apply to establish the best patient care interventions.
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Interdisciplinary Communication and Collaboration in Nursing Practice
Nurses today are part of the interdisciplinary teams and play a major role in developing patients’ care plans. Nurses communicate with the interdisciplinary teams using CUS and SBAR protocols. CUS is an acronym for Concerned, Uncomfortable, and Safety. It is a communication tool used by nurses to express concerns to the interdisciplinary team about changes in a patient’s health status respectfully and professionally. The SBAR protocol representing situation, background, assessment, and recommendations is used by nurses when having a clinical problem that needs to be conveyed to the team (Müller et al., 2018). Communication using the SBAR protocol is usually purposive, straight, and prepared and promotes information exchange between the nurse and the team. The CUS and SBAR protocols foster quality and safe patient care since patient information is communicated through an efficient and well-organized format.
Conclusion
Unlike in the past, where nurses conducted similar tasks, nurses’ scope today is determined by their level of education and the specialized courses they have undertaken. Both BSN and ADN nurses have the same licensing level; however, some of their roles are different. ADNs focus on technical, clinical duties, while BSNs focuses on research, management, leadership, and informatics. Nurses need to communicate accurately, succinctly, and purposeful with the interdisciplinary teams to promote collaborative care.
References
Egenes, K. J. (2017). History of nursing. Issues and trends in nursing: Essential knowledge for today and tomorrow, 1-26.
Ghaffari, M. (2017). Preparing Nurses for Community Health Care: A Comparative Study of the ADN and BSN Programs. International Journal, 5(2), 32-45. https://doi.org/10.18488/journal.9.2018.52.32.45
Mackey, A., & Bassendowski, S. (2017). The history of evidence-based practice in nursing education and practice. Journal of Professional Nursing, 33(1), 51-55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.profnurs.2016.05.009
Northrup-Snyder, K., Menkens, R. M., & Dean, M. (2017). Student competency perceptions from associate degree to bachelor degree completion. Journal of Nursing Education, 56(10), 581-590. https://doi.org/10.3928/01484834-20170918-02
Müller, M., Jürgens, J., Redaèlli, M., Klingberg, K., Hautz, W. E., & Stock, S. (2018). Impact of the communication and patient hand-off tool SBAR on patient safety: a systematic review. BMJ open, 8(8), e022202. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-022202
Also Check Out: DQ 1: Identify a historical change or event that had significant impact on the development of nursing theory
Sample Answer 2 for NRS 430 Assignment Scope of Practice and Differentiated Practice Competencies: Contemporary Nursing
To excel in their professional roles, nurses should acquire diverse skills and comprehensively understand practice problems and solutions. Basic clinical skills can be acquired through certificates, diplomas, or degrees. A nurse’s competence is typically higher when they acquire the highest education possible, making nurses perceive continued education positively (Thielmann et al., 2019). As nurses continue to implement their roles, the nursing practice evolves in multiple dimensions. This evolution impacts patient care outcomes, communication strategies, and care models, among other critical aspects. Nurses should understand this evolution and adapt effectively. The purpose of this paper is to describe nursing practice today while primarily focusing on its evolution and differences between associate (ADN) and baccalaureate (BSN) education in nursing.
Nursing Practice Changes, Scope of Practice, and Approach to Client Care
Nursing has evolved in many aspects, profoundly impacting nursing scope and patient care approaches. One of the many changes characterizing modern practice is the evolution of care delivery models. Undeniably, remote care is increasingly dominant in the current practice as providers strive to improve access to care and reduce costs (Snoswell et al., 2020). Besides, there is an increased focus on value-based care in an attempt to improve care quality and patient satisfaction. Another significant change defining the current practice is the broadened scope of nursing. Nurses’ role is not limited to clinical care; nurses can effectively perform other roles that optimize health outcomes, including policymaking, advocacy, and health education.
The progressive changes in nursing practice have broadened nursing practice not to be limited to patient care. As the push for higher patient outcomes continues, nurses are currently playing a pivotal role in creating safer environments and promoting patient rights. This role typifies patient advocacy, where nurses serve as the voice of patients (Nsiah et al., 2019). Regarding the approach to treating the individual, there is an increased focus on patient-centeredness and patient engagement. In such approaches, healthcare providers are not the sole decision-makers. Patients should understand the treatment processes and consent to them as nurses tailor care according to patient needs.
Comparison of Practice Competencies and Scope of Practice
Nurses’ competencies impact their ability to implement comprehensive patient care and other roles. An ADN is a two-year degree that prepares students to be registered nurses (RNs). However, since it takes a short time, an ADN focuses primarily on the technical skills that prepare nurses as clinicians. As Deering (2023) stated, BSN-prepared nurses are more skilled in clinical roles and other practice areas such as research, nursing leadership, and public health. The four-year program provides BSN nurses with a larger base of knowledge than AND-prepared nurses. The BSN further provides expanded skills in critical thinking and administration. Regarding the scope of practice, BSN nurses have broader roles than ADN nurses due to more competence and a more comprehensive understanding of patient care. Research further confirms a positive link between BSN nurses’ expanded skills and higher patient outcomes, which underlines the need for more such nursing professionals (Anbari, 2019; American Association of Colleges of Nursing, n.d.). As ADN nurses concentrate on the clinical role, BSN nurses conduct research, engage in leadership, and implement change in routine practice. Importantly, BSN nurses also enjoy more independence in decision-making than ADN nurses.
Nursing Care or Approaches to Decision Making
The differences in skills level between ADN and BSN-prepared nurses affect how they approach client care situations. A suitable scenario is where a patient presents to the healthcare setting with a persistent headache. An ADN will likely have a somatic approach to relieve symptoms while trying to calm and comfort the patient. The genesis of the headache could be established through a routine diagnosis to determine an effective treatment. On the other hand, as Kim and Sim (2020) suggested, BSN-prepared nurses are more skilled in critical thinking, communication, and decision-making. Therefore, they will likely take a more holistic approach in the assessment process to determine the potential cause of the illness. Their higher communication and assessment skills would enable them to communicate with the patient, establish a healthy nurse-patient relationship, and develop a treatment plan that integrates the patient to foster adherence.
Significance of Applying Evidence-Based Practice to Nursing Care
The current nursing practice stresses evidence-based practice (EBP) and encourages nurses to apply it to address simple and complex health matters. EBP is primarily about blending current research evidence with clinical expertise and patient values for higher patient outcomes (Abu-Baker et al., 2021). It ensures that multiple components are considered during decision-making to address patient needs comprehensively. The academic preparation of the RN-BSN nurse supports EBP application by expanding nurses’ research and leadership skills. Research skills enable nurses to explore, analyze, and critique current, peer-reviewed research. Leadership skills prepare nurses to lead change whose positive outcomes are achieved by implementing EBP.
Nursing Communication and Collaboration
Nurses work in different settings and need a shared approach to decision-making to achieve enhanced, consistent outcomes. They communicate and collaborate with interdisciplinary teams by sharing information and approaching common issues as a team. Technologies have also allowed timely data sharing and analysis for better communication and collaboration. According to Walton et al. (2019), collaboration across disciplines supports safer and more effective practices by reducing errors and improving care coordination. Health care practitioners within the interdisciplinary team benefit from shared roles and diverse perspectives that enhance their understanding of patient care and interventions as situations obligate.
Conclusion
Nursing is an evolving practice characterized by many changes in patient care approaches occurring over time. Nurses should be competent multi-dimensionally to address patient needs comprehensively and adapt as the practice evolves. As discussed in this paper, the competency differences between ADN and BSN-prepared nurses affect how they respond to situations. Although both sets of nurses are skilled in clinical roles, BSN nurses have expanded knowledge of research, leadership, and critical thinking skills. Research skills prepare BSN nurses for a higher role in implementing evidence-based practice.
References
Abu-Baker, N. N., AbuAlrub, S., Obeidat, R. F., & Assmairan, K. (2021). Evidence-based practice beliefs and implementations: a cross-sectional study among undergraduate nursing students. BMC Nursing, 20(1), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12912-020-00522-x
Anbari, A. B. (2019). What makes a BSN a BSN? Western Journal of Nursing Research, 41(2), 167–170. https://doi.org/10.1177/0193945918803683
American Association of Colleges of Nursing. (n.d.). Fact sheet: the impact of education on
nursing practice. https://www.aacnnursing.org/Portals/42/News/Factsheets/Education-Impact-Fact-Sheet.pdf
Deering, M. (2023). RN Diploma vs. ADN vs. BSN degree: what’s the difference? NurseJournal. https://nursejournal.org/degrees/bsn/rn-and-bsn-degree-differences/#:~:text=A%20BSN%20degree%20and%20an,school%20and%20your%20career%20goals.
Kim, A. Y., & Sim, I. O. (2020). Communication skills, problem-solving ability, understanding of patients’ conditions, and nurse’s perception of professionalism among clinical nurses: a structural equation model analysis. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(13), 4896. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17134896
Nsiah, C., Siakwa, M., & Ninnoni, J. P. K. (2019). Registered Nurses’ description of patient advocacy in the clinical setting. Nursing Open, 6(3), 1124–1132. https://doi.org/10.1002/nop2.307
Snoswell, C. L., Taylor, M. L., Comans, T. A., Smith, A. C., Gray, L. C., & Caffery, L. J. (2020). Determining if telehealth can reduce health system costs: Scoping review. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 22(10), e17298. https://doi.org/10.2196/17298
Thielmann, B., Parker, K., Post, J., & Abraham, S. (2019). Factors influencing nurses’ perceptions of the Baccalaureate Degree in Nursing as minimum requirement for Professional Practice. Nursing Education Perspectives, 40 (1), 25-29. doi: 10.1097/01.NEP.0000000000000391.
Walton, V., Hogden, A., Long, J. C., Johnson, J. K., & Greenfield, D. (2019). How do interprofessional healthcare teams perceive the benefits and challenges of interdisciplinary ward rounds. Journal of Multidisciplinary Healthcare, 12, 1023–1032. https://doi.org/10.2147/JMDH.S226330
Sample Answer 3 for NRS 430 Assignment Scope of Practice and Differentiated Practice Competencies: Contemporary Nursing
Nurses remain at the core of effective care provision and a growing profession because of its evolution. The need for advanced education and training, ensures that nurses are well positioned to deliver care in a transforming health industry. Today, professional nursing entails specialization and scopes of practice based on one’s clinical skills, capabilities, and competencies. The use of innovative care models and evidence-based practice implores nurses to advance their education, focus on patient care, and work in teams to enhance quality and delivery of patient care (Graebe & Chappell, 2019). The purpose of this essay is to evaluate contemporary nursing practice and evaluate how it has changed over time and its position today in health care system.
Changing Nursing Practice and The Effect of the Evolution On Scope of Practice & Patient Treatment
The nursing profession has witnessed several changes since its establishment. Originally, nursing was about caretaking and caregiving roles that were assigned to women. The women did not have formal training or nursing education. In most instances, they were housewives and possess skills and knowledge transferred from family members who had the desire to care for the sick. The scope of their practice was not limited (Salmond & Echevarria, 2017). These women treated patients as guests in their homes. However, things changed and have been transforming since the Crimean War when Nightingale made nursing a distinct model to care for the wounded soldiers by writing “Notes on Nursing in 1854. The Civil War of 1861 also demonstrated the increased role of nurses based on women who followed their husbands, brothers, and fathers to care for them. The main responsibilities of these women included ensuring that the patients were comfortable and reported any issue to physicians.
The initial concept of nursing emanated from these two critical events as physicians wanted trained women who became nurses. Hospitals began programs to train nurses as caregivers. These programs defined the scope of practice for the nurses. By end of 19th century, many hospitals had their nurse training programs but were not standardized (Graebe & Chappell, 2019). Over the next century, nursing practice evolved and changed leading to a contemporary nurse who is expected to use evidence-based practice (EBP) interventions, be a critical thinkers and highly trained and educated. Nurses are today better equipped and have increased scope of practice based on their specialties. The provision of advanced education has enhanced their training and allowed them to think more critically and enabled them to conduct more role in clinical setting. Nurses are not primary care providers in certain regions, have better skills and control the treatment process while advocating for patients to enhance overall care outcomes.
Differentiated Practice Competences Between Associate and Baccalaureate Nursing Education
In comparing the practice competencies of associate and baccalaureate nursing education, the BSN-prepared nurses are considered as professional nurses while associate-degree trained nurses are technical nurses. Further, ANDs are trained primarily on clinical skills while BSN have more focus on nursing research, clinical skills, and management. Both qualifications equip nurses with essential skills focused on meeting accepted patient care standards. However, BSN nurses are more focused on disease prevent, advocacy, research, community health, and execution of best practices.
They also examine or evaluate data and informatics and generating effective solutions to patient outcomes based on their scope of practice (Salas et al., 2018). On their part, the scope of ADNs include basic nursing care that includes recording patient’s history, recoding symptoms, and utilizing simple medical equipment as well as provision of patent education on disease prevention, healthy living and respecting physician appointments and medical reviews. In summary BSN-trained and prepared nurses have more varied differentiated practice competencies and expanded scope of practice compared to those with AND qualifications.
Patient Care Coordination
BSN-trained or prepared nurses have a different approach to nursing care and decision making when dealing with patients in care situations (Salas et al., 2018). For instance, a patient presenting with chronic conditions like diabetes may implore on the BSN-trained nurse to make better decisions and take effective actions compared to the ADN nurse. A patient with type II diabetes may experience chest pain and shortness of breath. The patient has an NPO directive as he is scheduled for surgery at 9 am the following morning for catherization of heart. The patient takes Eliquis twice daily since getting a stent in the heart. He also takes Clonidine for chronic hypertension. The vitals show elevated blood pressure of 108/60. The patient should be given insulin per sliding scale ACHS. However, at 7am, the patient experience a FSBS of 150mg/dL. In this case, the ADN nurse may give Eliquis which is an anticoagulant medication at 9pm since she may not be aware that research evidence shows that having anticoagulant medication 12 hours or more before surgery reduces the risk of fatal bleeding. The implication is that a BSN nurse is likely to handle the situation differently by not giving these medication and insulin because of the risk they portend for the patient.
Evidence-Based Practice
The deployment of evidence-based practice is important in delivery of quality health care to patients since it is founded on knowledge and research evidence as well as clinical trials. Through EBPs, hospitals offer more reliable and high-quality patient care. Nurses enhance their critical thinking skills, enhance their observation and procession of information while practicing and brainstorming ideas to make necessary improvements in care delivery (Verot et al., 2021). The academic preparation of the RN-BSN nurse supports the application of EBP as it prepares nurses to use evidence coming from research to make better care decisions and apply their critical thinking skills in different patient situations. The BSN also supports EBP in nursing by training nurses on leadership, management and effective communication as well as having scientific research skills.
Communication and Collaboration with Interdisciplinary Teams
Nurses are effective communicators and collaborators in care delivery. Nurses communicate and collaborate with interdisciplinary teams using different approaches. These include using electronic approaches, handwritten notes, texts and emails (McMenamin et al., 2019). Further, the integration of health information technologies has improved communication and collaboration among these teams as nurses can use electronic health records, telehealth and telemedicine means and teleconference to communicate not just with professionals but also patients and deliver quality care.
Conclusion
Nursing remains the foundation of patient care. The profession has transformed and continues its transformation for better care delivery. Nurses are at the forefront of care provision and advanced education allows them to be primary care providers in different care settings. ADNs and BSN-prepared nurses have different approaches to care provision for patients in diverse situations. therefore, by leveraging on EBP interventions, the contemporary nurse is well-positioned to offer quality care in a transforming healthcare system.
References
Graebe, J., & Chappell, K. (2019). Looking back and leaping forward—a reflection on the
evolution of nursing continuing professional development credentialing. The Journal of Continuing Education in Nursing, 50(12), 531-533. DOI: 10.3928/00220124-20191115-01.
McMenamin, A., Sun, C., Prufeta, P., & Raso, R. (2019). The evolution of evidence-based
practice. Nursing Management, 50(9), 14-19.
DOI: 10.1097/01.NUMA.0000579000.09987.b0.
Salmond, S. W., & Echevarria, M. (2017). Healthcare transformation and changing roles for
nursing. Orthopedic nursing, 36(1), 12. doi: 10.1097/NOR.0000000000000308
Salas, E., Zajac, S., & Marlow, S. L. (2018). Transforming health care one team at a time: ten
observations and the trail ahead. Group & Organization Management, 43(3), 357-381. https://doi.org/10.1177/1059601118756554
Verot, E., Denois, V. R., & Chauvin, F. (2021). Current perceptions of cancer nurses in France
about their role and the evolution of nursing practices: Findings and perspectives. Social Science & Medicine, 277, 113896. DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2021.113896.