Solved: NR 439 Florence Nightingale era Evidence Based Practice Paper

We begin our journey into discovering the new world of research and evidence-based practice (EBP) by exploring our past. After completing the required readings and lesson, answer the following:

• Explain how research has evolved since the Florence Nightingale era.
• Discuss how research and EBP are different; include how you believe research supports EBP for nursing.
• Describe one past/historical unethical breach of research conduct; then, share how you would ensure care of a study participant using one ethical or legal research consideration (guideline/principle).

Sample Answer for Solved: NR 439 Florence Nightingale era Evidence Based Practice Paper

Introduction to Evidence-Based Practice

a). Nightingale and History of Nursing

Nursing research remains a fundamental aspect of care provision as nurses must use proven approaches and care interventions to enhance quality care delivery. Imperatively, since the Florence Nightingale era, nursing research continues to evolve and embrace a paradigm shift. Nightingale pioneered research in nursing as she described her landmark findings titled “Notes on Nursing” in 1859 where she described early interest in understanding environmental factors which lead to physical and emotional wellbeing. She also contributed to research on factors that impacted soldier mortality and morbidity during the Crimean War (Mackey & Bassendowski, 2017). Through this she succeeded in effecting fundamental changes in nursing care and public health in general.

Over time nursing research evolved due to several factors that include increased need to focus care on patient. Early researchers lacked access to technology, equipment and enough funding to undertake critical research on population health and health promotion. The implication is that nursing research now focuses on patient-centered interventions founded on the use of evidence-based practice interventions (Grove & Gray, 2018). Through these approaches, nurses and other health care providers look forward to using interventions that mitigate hospital acquired infections and enhance overall patient outcomes.

b). Evidence-Based Practice and Research

Evidence-based practice (EBP) is a problem-solving approach in nursing practice which integrates evidence from past studies, patient preferences, and clinical knowledge to ascertain the optimal treatment for patients in different settings. EBP is different from research since it focuses on present knowledge’s application to ascertain patient care plan. The purpose of EBP is to utilize best evidence existing to make patient-care decisions. Most the EBP evidence emanates from research. EBP transcends usual research to include clinical expertise, patient preferences, and values. On its part, research focuses on the development of new knowledge irrespective of whether there is evidence that can be used.

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Research focuses on generation of new knowledge or validation of existing knowledge based on a theory or model. Research studies entail systematic, scientific inquiry to get answers to certain questions or test hypotheses using disciplined and rigorous techniques (Grove & Gray, 2018). However, both research and EBP entail development of innovative and patient-centered methods in care provision. Whereas research is keen on developing new understanding or findings, EBP entails innovation based on finding and translating the best evidence into clinical use and practice.

Research supports EBP since interventions in EBP can use current findings from research work as long as the new knowledge is based on evidence and can impact quality care outcomes. As observed, most of the evidence in EBP is based on research implying that EBP would not work without existing research outcomes.

c). Past Unethical Breach of Research Conduct

The Tuskegee Research conducted in 1932 involving African American men with syphilis was done without informed consent from participants. The subjects were understood that they were being treated for a disease called “bad blood” and in exchange, they were to get free meals, free medical exams and burial insurance. Investigations showed that these individuals were lured into the study due to their poor and vulnerable situation as many had the condition (Batbold et al.,2019). The study went on for 40 years yet they had been told that it would take only six months. These conditions were in violation of existing ethical code of conduct and biomedical principles like autonomy and non-maleficence.

It is important to consider patient autonomy and allow them to make decisions instead of concealing the real intentions of the study. Imperatively, it would be appropriate to ensure that they participants get all the information about the study so that they make informed decision either to participate or not in the research.

References

Batbold, S., Ellis, R., Katz, R. V., & Warren, R. C. (2019). Review of the Captain America

Graphic Novel ‘TRUTH: Red, White and Black’ Focusing on Parallels with the Infamous USPHS Syphilis Study at Tuskegee. Journal of the National Medical Association, 111(4), 363-370.

Grove, S. K., & Gray, J. R. (2018). Understanding Nursing Research E-Book: Building an

            Evidence-Based Practice. Elsevier Health Sciences.

Mackey, A., & Bassendowski, S. (2017). The history of evidence-based practice in nursing

education and practice. Journal of Professional Nursing, 33(1), 51-55. doi: 10.1016/j.profnurs.2016.05.009

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Questions to Instructor Forum: This is a great place to ask course content or assignment questions. If you have a question, there is a good chance one of your peers does as well. This is a public forum for the class.

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Important information for writing discussion questions and participation

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Hello class and welcome to the class and I will be your instructor for this course. This is a -week course and requires a lot of time commitment, organization, and a high level of dedication. Please use the class syllabus to guide you through all the assignments required for the course. I have also attached the classroom policies to this announcement to know your expectations for this course. Please review this document carefully and ask me any questions if you do. You could email me at any time or send me a message via the “message” icon in halo if you need to contact me. I check my email regularly, so you should get a response within 24 hours. If you have not heard from me within 24 hours and need to contact me urgently, please send a follow up text to

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Your initial discussion post should be a minimum of 200 words and response posts should be a minimum of 150 words. Be advised that I grade based on quality and not necessarily the number of words you post. A minimum of TWO references should be used for your initial post. For your response post, you do not need references as personal experiences would count as response posts. If you however cite anything from the literature for your response post, it is required that you cite your reference. You should include a minimum of THREE references for papers in this course. Please note that references should be no more than 5 years old except recommended as a resource for the class. Furthermore, for each discussion board question, you need ONE initial substantive response and TWO substantive responses to either your classmates or your instructor for a total of THREE responses. There are TWO discussion questions each week, hence, you need a total minimum of SIX discussion posts for each week. I usually post a discussion question each week. You could also respond to these as it would count towards your required SIX discussion posts for the week.

I understand this is a lot of information to cover in 5 weeks, however, the Bible says in Philippians 4:13 that we can do all things through Christ that strengthens us. Even in times like this, we are encouraged by God’s word that we have that ability in us to succeed with His strength. I pray that each and every one of you receives strength for this course and life generally as we navigate through this pandemic that is shaking our world today. Relax and enjoy the course!

Hi Class,

Please read through the following information on writing a Discussion question response and participation posts.

Contact me if you have any questions.

Important information on Writing a Discussion Question

• Your response needs to be a minimum of 150 words (not including your list of references)
• There needs to be at least TWO references with ONE being a peer reviewed professional journal article.
• Include in-text citations in your response
• Do not include quotes—instead summarize and paraphrase the information
• Follow APA-7th edition
• Points will be deducted if the above is not followed

Participation –replies to your classmates or instructor

• A minimum of 6 responses per week, on at least 3 days of the week.
• Each response needs at least ONE reference with citations—best if it is a peer reviewed journal article
• Each response needs to be at least 75 words in length (does not include your list of references)
• Responses need to be substantive by bringing information to the discussion or further enhance the discussion. Responses of “I agree” or “great post” does not count for the word count.
• Follow APA 7th edition
• Points will be deducted if the above is not followed
• Remember to use and follow APA-7th edition for all weekly assignments, discussion questions, and participation points.
• Here are some helpful links
• Student paper example
• Citing Sources
• The Writing Center is a great resource