Assignment: Pharmacotherapy For Gastrointestinal And Hepatobiliary Disorders

Assignment: Pharmacotherapy for Gastrointestinal and Hepatobiliary Disorders

Walden University Assignment: Pharmacotherapy For Gastrointestinal And Hepatobiliary Disorders-Step-By-Step Guide

This guide will demonstrate how to complete the Walden University Assignment: Pharmacotherapy For Gastrointestinal And Hepatobiliary Disorders assignment based on general principles of academic writing. Here, we will show you the A, B, Cs of completing an academic paper, irrespective of the instructions. After guiding you through what to do, the guide will leave one or two sample essays at the end to highlight the various sections discussed below.

How to Research and Prepare for Assignment: Pharmacotherapy For Gastrointestinal And Hepatobiliary Disorders

Whether one passes or fails an academic assignment such as the Walden University Assignment: Pharmacotherapy For Gastrointestinal And Hepatobiliary Disorders depends on the preparation done beforehand. The first thing to do once you receive an assignment is to quickly skim through the requirements. Once that is done, start going through the instructions one by one to clearly understand what the instructor wants. The most important thing here is to understand the required format—whether it is APA, MLA, Chicago, etc.

After understanding the requirements of the paper, the next phase is to gather relevant materials. The first place to start the research process is the weekly resources. Go through the resources provided in the instructions to determine which ones fit the assignment. After reviewing the provided resources, use the university library to search for additional resources. After gathering sufficient and necessary resources, you are now ready to start drafting your paper.

How to Write the Introduction for Assignment: Pharmacotherapy For Gastrointestinal And Hepatobiliary Disorders

The introduction for the Walden University Assignment: Pharmacotherapy For Gastrointestinal And Hepatobiliary Disorders is where you tell the instructor what your paper will encompass. In three to four statements, highlight the important points that will form the basis of your paper. Here, you can include statistics to show the importance of the topic you will be discussing. At the end of the introduction, write a clear purpose statement outlining what exactly will be contained in the paper. This statement will start with “The purpose of this paper…” and then proceed to outline the various sections of the instructions.

How to Write the Body for Assignment: Pharmacotherapy For Gastrointestinal And Hepatobiliary Disorders

After the introduction, move into the main part of the Assignment: Pharmacotherapy For Gastrointestinal And Hepatobiliary Disorders assignment, which is the body. Given that the paper you will be writing is not experimental, the way you organize the headings and subheadings of your paper is critically important. In some cases, you might have to use more subheadings to properly organize the assignment. The organization will depend on the rubric provided. Carefully examine the rubric, as it will contain all the detailed requirements of the assignment. Sometimes, the rubric will have information that the normal instructions lack.

Another important factor to consider at this point is how to do citations. In-text citations are fundamental as they support the arguments and points you make in the paper. At this point, the resources gathered at the beginning will come in handy. Integrating the ideas of the authors with your own will ensure that you produce a comprehensive paper. Also, follow the given citation format. In most cases, APA 7 is the preferred format for nursing assignments.

How to Write the Conclusion for Assignment: Pharmacotherapy For Gastrointestinal And Hepatobiliary Disorders

After completing the main sections, write the conclusion of your paper. The conclusion is a summary of the main points you made in your paper. However, you need to rewrite the points and not simply copy and paste them. By restating the points from each subheading, you will provide a nuanced overview of the assignment to the reader.

How to Format the References List for Assignment: Pharmacotherapy For Gastrointestinal And Hepatobiliary Disorders

The very last part of your paper involves listing the sources used in your paper. These sources should be listed in alphabetical order and double-spaced. Additionally, use a hanging indent for each source that appears in this list. Lastly, only the sources cited within the body of the paper should appear here.

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Gastrointestinal and Hepatobiliary Disorders

The scenario presents patient HL with the following symptoms: nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea due to Prednisone. The patient also has a history of drug abuse and possible signs of Hepatitis C. The history of drug abuse could also be the reason that is causing malfunction in the body, which leads to vomiting and nausea (Asrani et al., 2019). The paper determines the three differential diagnoses and explains the pharmacological way to treat them.

Diagnosis

Despite the absence of a physical and comprehensive examination, the available symptoms such as diarrhea, nausea, and vomiting can be used to diagnose the patient. Based on the presented symptom, the primary patient diagnosis is acute gastroenteritis. Acute gastroenteritis is caused by parasitic, direct viral, and bacterial (Amjad, 2020). In this case, the stomach and intestine suffer inflammation and irritation due to bacteria inflammation leading to food contamination (Amjad, 2020). Acute gastroenteritis can be spread by drinking contaminated beverages or foods (Amjad, 2020).

The patient history of drug abuse can help diagnose the patient to suffer from acute hepatitis C flare-up. Hepatitis C causes liver infection caused by a virus (Axley et al., 2018). Therefore, a patient history of drug abuse gives room for a high rate of contracting hepatitis C. The symptoms associated with a patient with Hepatitis C flare-up include nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea (Axley et al., 2018). The patient could also be diagnosed with a hepatobiliary disease caused by bacterial, virus, or alcohol consumption. The symptom is abdomi

nal pain, nausea or vomiting, fatigue, and loss of appetite (Axley et al., 2018). However, HL suffered from Hepatitis C flare-up and acute gastroenteritis based on the symptom presented.

Drug Therapy and Treatment Plan: assignment: Pharmacotherapy for Gastrointestinal and Hepatobiliary Disorders

The primary aim is to overcome the patient’s symptoms and reduce complications. The patient should continue using Synthroid 100 mcg daily, which effectively restores thyroid hormone and helps treat Hepatitis C (Rosenthal & Burchum, 2020). Thyrotropin is released in hormone (TRH), leading to the anterior pituitary stimulation (Rosenthal & Burchum, 2020). The thyroid is secreted to 80% thyroxine (T4), while 20 % represents the L-triiodothyronine (Rosenthal & Burchum, 2020). The patient should also be prescribed promethazine 25mg daily to treat acute gastroenteritis (Amjad, 2020). The drug is also effective in the drug abuse history of HL. Promethazine 25mg daily does not produce any sedative effects, which is essentially dealing with the patient history of drug which causes an effect in the liver (Rosenthal & Burchum, 2020). The promethazine alienates the peripheral and central effects by using histamine receptors (Rosenthal & Burchum, 2020). The patient should reduce the intake of Nifedipine 30mg daily since it is used to treat hypertension (Ainuddin et al., 2019). ssignment: Pharmacotherapy for Gastrointestinal and Hepatobiliary Disorders

Prednisone 10mg is known to cause side effects such as vomiting, nausea, and diarrhea. Prednisone helps lower inflammation, which is achieved by decreasing the capillary permeability and the migration of the polymorphonuclear leukocytes (Rosenthal & Burchum, 2020). The drug therapy will involve taking the drug in three days and being encouraged to return to the clinic for further evaluation to determine the drugs’ effectiveness. The use of antiemetics will effectively deal with vomiting and nausea (Rosenthal & Burchum, 2020). However, the side effect of antiemetic use is that it increases electrolyte and dehydration imbalance (Rosenthal & Burchum, 2020).

Justifying the Recommendation Drug Therapy: Assignment: Pharmacotherapy for Gastrointestinal and Hepatobiliary Disorders

The newer agent for curing hepatitis C infection is the antimotility agent, which effectively treats acute non-bloody diarrhea (Aksan et al., 2021). The agents in this category include loperamide (Imodium) and bismuth subsalicylate, which help rehydrate symptomatic relief (Aksan et al., 2021). The most reabsorption agent is loperamide, which helps alter intestinal motility by giving time for the reabsorption of water in the intestines, thus declining the volume of stools (Ayele et al., 2021). Oral Rehydration Salts are also effective in dealing with dehydration since they contain trisodium citrate, sucrose, and potassium chloride dehydrate. The amount given should depend on the intensity and frequency of diarrhea.

Conclusion

Zinc supplements effectively deal with gastroenteritis, which leads to diarrhea. Patients suffering from gastroenteritis face severe zinc deficiency (Hitch & Fleming, 2018). In this case, zinc will act as a micronutrient that helps the cell grow, boost immunity, and help intestinal transport. It is also essential in water and electrolyte transportation.

References

Ainuddin, J., Javed, F., & Kazi, S. (2019). Oral labetalol versus oral nifedipine for the management of postpartum hypertension a randomized control trial. Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences, 35(5), 1428. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6717493/

Aksan, A., Farrag, K., Blumenstein, I., Schröder, O., Dignass, A. U., & Stein, J. (2021). Chronic intestinal failure and short bowel syndrome in Crohn’s disease. World Journal of Gastroenterology, 27(24), 3440. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/pmc8240052/

Amjad, M. (2020). An overview of the molecular methods in the diagnosis of gastrointestinal infectious diseases. International Journal of Microbiology, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/8135724

Asrani, S. K., Devarbhavi, H., Eaton, J., & Kamath, P. S. (2019). Burden of liver diseases in the world. Journal of Hepatology, 70(1), 151-171. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0168827818323882

Axley, P., Ahmed, Z., Ravi, S., & Singal, A. K. (2018). Hepatitis C virus and hepatocellular carcinoma: a narrative review. Journal of Clinical and Translational Hepatology, 6(1), 79. https://doi.org/10.14218/JCTH.2017.00067

Ayele, T. M., Abebe, E. C., & Kassie, A. B. (2021). Investigation of Antibacterial and Anti-Diarrhoeal Activities of 80% Methanol Leaf and Fruit Extract of Leonotis ocymifolia (Burm. F) Iwarsson (Lamiaceae). Journal of Experimental Pharmacology, 13, 613. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8254535/

Hitch, G., & Fleming, N. (2018). Antibiotic resistance in travellers’ diarrhoeal disease, an external perspective. Journal of Travel Medicine, 25(Suppl_1), S27-S37. https://doi.org/10.1093/jtm/tay014

Click here to ORDER an A++ paper from our Verified MASTERS and DOCTORATE WRITERS: Assignment: Pharmacotherapy for Gastrointestinal and Hepatobiliary Disorders

Rosenthal, L., & Burchum, J. (2020). Lehne’s Pharmacotherapeutics for Advanced Practice Nurses and Physician Assistants-E-Book. Elsevier Health Sciences.

The patient in the case study presents with nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. He has a drug abuse history and likely Hepatitis C. The current drug therapy includes Synthroid, Nifedipine, and Prednisone. The purpose of this assignment is to discuss the diagnosis and appropriate pharmacotherapy for the patient.

Diagnosis

Hepatitis C infection is the presumptive diagnosis. This is a liver inflammation caused by Hepatitis C virus (HCV). It is spread through sexual intercourse with infected persons, sharing personal items, and sharing drug-injection equipment (Ghany et al., 2020). Most infected persons are asymptomatic. Symptomatic cases present symptoms like fatigue, fever, reduced appetite, nausea, vomiting, abdominal discomfort, pale feces, dark urine, myalgia, and jaundice (Jin, 2020). Therefore, Hepatitis C is the primary diagnosis because of the positive symptoms of nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea and the client’s history of drug abuse and Hepatitis C infection.

Appropriate Drug Therapy

The recommended drug therapy will include a combination of Ombitasvir/paritaprevir/ritonavir (Technivie) for 12 weeks to treat Hepatitis C infection. Technivie is indicated for HCV infection in patients without cirrhosis. Ombitasvir inhibits HCV NS5A, which is needed for Hepatitis C viral replication. Paritaprevir inhibits NS3/4A serine protease required for proteolytic cleavage of the HCV-encoded polyprotein into mature forms (Wu et al., 2019). Ritonavir is a protease inhibitor that elevates paritaprevir serum levels. Nifedipine would be reduced to 10 mg and Prednisone to 5 mg since they are associated with GI side effects.

Conclusion

The patient’s nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea symptoms are consistent with Hepatitis C infection. Besides, the history of Hepatitis C and drug abuse make HCV infection the likely diagnosis. A combination of Ombitasvir/paritaprevir/ritonavir will be recommended to treat the HCV infection,

References

Ghany, M. G., Morgan, T. R., & AASLD‐IDSA hepatitis C guidance panel. (2020). Hepatitis C guidance 2019 update: American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases–Infectious Diseases Society of America recommendations for testing, managing, and treating hepatitis C virus infection. Hepatology, 71(2), 686–721. https://doi.org/10.1002/hep.31060

Jin, J. (2020). Screening for Hepatitis C Virus Infection. JAMA, 323(10), 1008-1008. doi:10.1001/jama.2020.1761

Wu, J., Huang, P., Fan, H., Tian, T., Xia, X., Fu, Z., … & Zhang, Y. (2019). Effectiveness of ombitasvir/paritaprevir/ritonavir, dasabuvir for HCV in HIV/HCV coinfected subjects: a comprehensive analysis. Virology journal, 16(1), 1–10.

Pharmacotherapy for Gastrointestinal and Hepatobiliary Disorders

Gastrointestinal (GI) and hepatobiliary disorders affect the structure and function of the GI tract. Many of these disorders often have similar symptoms, such as abdominal pain, cramping, constipation, nausea, bloating, and fatigue. Since multiple disorders can be tied to the same symptoms, it is important for advanced practice nurses to carefully evaluate patients and prescribe a treatment that targets the cause rather than the symptom.

Once the underlying cause is identified, an appropriate drug therapy plan can be recommended based on medical history and individual patient factors. In this Assignment, you examine a case study of a patient who presents with symptoms of a possible GI/hepatobiliary disorder, and you design an appropriate drug therapy plan.

Resources

Be sure to review the Learning Resources before completing this activity.
Click the weekly resources link to access the resources.

WEEKLY RESOURCES

To Prepare:

Review the case study assigned by your Instructor for this Assignment
Reflect on the patient’s symptoms, medical history, and drugs currently prescribed.
Think about a possible diagnosis for the patient. Consider whether the patient has a disorder related to the gastrointestinal and hepatobiliary system or whether the symptoms are the result of a disorder from another system or other factors, such as pregnancy, drugs, or a psychological disorder.
Consider an appropriate drug therapy plan based on the patient’s history, diagnosis, and drugs currently prescribed.

By Day 7 of Week 4

Write a 1-page paper that addresses the following:

Explain your diagnosis for the patient, including your rationale for the diagnosis.
Describe an appropriate drug therapy plan based on the patient’s history, diagnosis, and drugs currently prescribed.
Justify why you would recommend this drug therapy plan for this patient. Be specific and provide examples.

Reminder: The College of Nursing requires that all papers submitted include a title page, introduction, summary, and references. The Sample Paper provided at the Walden Writing Center offers an example of those required elements (available at http://writingcenter.waldenu.edu/57.htm

Links to an external site.). All papers submitted must use this formatting.

submission information

Before submitting your final assignment, you can check your draft for authenticity. To check your draft, access the Turnitin Drafts from the Start Here area.

To submit your completed assignment, save your Assignment as WK4Assgn_LastName_Firstinitial
Then, click on Start Assignment near the top of the page.
Next, click on Upload File and select Submit Assignment for review.

The case study depicts a 46-year-old female patient with a chief complaint of RUQ pain for the last 24 hours. The RUQ pain began an hour after dinner, and she had nausea and vomiting x1 before the pain started. The abdomen is non-distended but has mild tenderness. Lab results revealed a high WBC count and Direct bilirubin. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the patient’s diagnosis and treatment plan.

Diagnosis

Hepatitis A is the identified diagnosis for this case. It is caused by the hepatitis A virus (HAV) transmitted via the fecal-oral route through person-to-person contact and ingesting contaminated food or water. The classical presentation in adults includes anorexia, RUQ pain, jaundice, and hyperbilirubinemia (Abutaleb & Kottilil, 2020). Hepatitis A is the presumptive diagnosis based on pertinent positive symptoms of nausea, vomiting, RUQ pain, abdominal tenderness, and high direct bilirubin levels. Besides, an elevated WBC count indicates an underlying infection.

Drug Therapy Plan

Treatment of Hepatitis A is usually supportive. I would recommend Acetaminophen 500 mg per oral twice daily to relieve pain. Pain relief is important to promote quality patient care in the acute phase of Hepatitis A (Ntouva et al., 2019). In addition, I would recommend Metoclopramide 10 mg PRN. Metoclopramide is an antiemetic and will be important to alleviate nausea and vomiting. In addition, inactivated Hepatitis A vaccine will be administered for active immunization against diseases associated with HAV (Ntouva et al., 2019).

Conclusion

The patient presented with symptoms consistent with Hepatitis A, such as nausea, RUQ pain, mild abdominal tenderness, hyperbilirubinemia, and an elevated WBC count. Hepatitis A could be due to transmission of HAV from contaminated food or water. The treatment plan will include supportive measures such as pain control and alleviating nausea and vomiting using an analgesic and antiemetic.

References

Abutaleb, A., & Kottilil, S. (2020). Hepatitis A: Epidemiology, Natural History, Unusual Clinical Manifestations, and Prevention. Gastroenterology clinics of North America, 49(2), 191–199. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gtc.2020.01.002

Ntouva, A., Sibal, B., Balogun, K., Mandal, S., & Harding, N. (2019). Hepatitis A in primary care: working in partnership for diagnosis, management, and prevention of outbreaks. The British journal of general practice : the journal of the Royal College of General Practitioners, 69(687), 521–522. https://doi.org/10.3399/bjgp19X705965

Name: NURS_6521_Week4_Assignment_Rubric

	Excellent	Good	Fair	Poor
Explain your diagnosis for the patient, including your rationale for the diagnosis.	23 (23%) – 25 (25%) The response accurately and clearly explains in detail the diagnosis for the patient, including an accurate and thorough rationale for the diagnosis that supports clinical judgment.	20 (20%) – 22 (22%) The response provides a basic explanation of 1-2 diagnoses for the patient, including an accurate rationale for the diagnosis that may support clinical judgment.	18 (18%) – 19 (19%) The response inaccurately or vaguely explains the diagnosis for the patient, including an inaccurate or vague rationale for the diagnosis that may or may not support clinical judgment.	0 (0%) – 17 (17%) The response inaccurately and vaguely explains the diagnosis for the patient, including an inaccurate and vague rationale for the diagnosis that does not support clinical judgment, or is missing.
Describe an appropriate drug therapy plan based on the patient’s history, diagnosis, and drugs currently prescribed.	27 (27%) – 30 (30%) The response accurately and completely describes in detail an appropriate drug therapy plan based on the patient’s history, diagnosis, and drugs currently prescribed.	24 (24%) – 26 (26%) The response describes a basic explanation of the appropriate drug therapy plan based on the patient’s history, diagnosis, and drugs currently prescribed.	21 (21%) – 23 (23%) The response inaccurately or vaguely describes an appropriate drug therapy plan based on the patient’s history, diagnosis, and drugs currently prescribed.	0 (0%) – 20 (20%) The response inaccurately and vaguely describes an appropriate drug therapy plan based on the patient’s history, diagnosis, and drugs currently prescribed.
Justify why you would recommend this drug therapy plan for this patient. Be specific and provide examples.	27 (27%) – 30 (30%) The response provides an accurate, clear, and detailed justification for the recommended drug therapy plan for this patient. The response includes specific, accurate, and detailed examples that fully support the justification provided.	24 (24%) – 26 (26%) The response provides a basic justification for the recommended drug therapy plan for this patient. The response includes only 1-2 examples that fully support the justification provided.	21 (21%) – 23 (23%) The response provides an inaccurate or vague justification for the recommended drug therapy plan for this patient. The response may include examples, which may inaccurately or vaguely support the justification provided.	0 (0%) – 20 (20%) The response provides an inaccurate and vague justification for the recommended drug therapy plan for this patient, or is missing. The response does not include examples that support the justification provided, or is missing.
Written Expression and Formatting – Paragraph Development and Organization: Paragraphs make clear points that support well developed ideas, flow logically, and demonstrate continuity of ideas. Sentences are carefully focused–neither long and rambling nor short and lacking substance.	5 (5%) – 5 (5%) Paragraphs and sentences follow writing standards for flow, continuity, and clarity.	4 (4%) – 4 (4%) Paragraphs and sentences follow writing standards for flow, continuity, and clarity 80% of the time.	3.5 (3.5%) – 3.5 (3.5%) Paragraphs and sentences follow writing standards for flow, continuity, and clarity 60%–79% of the time.	0 (0%) – 3 (3%) Paragraphs and sentences follow writing standards for flow, continuity, and clarity less than 60% of the time.
Written Expression and Formatting – English writing standards: Correct grammar, mechanics, and proper punctuation	5 (5%) – 5 (5%) Uses correct grammar, spelling, and punctuation with no errors	4 (4%) – 4 (4%) Contains a few (1–2) grammar, spelling, and punctuation errors	3.5 (3.5%) – 3.5 (3.5%) Contains several (3–4) grammar, spelling, and punctuation errors	0 (0%) – 3 (3%) Contains many (≥ 5) grammar, spelling, and punctuation errors that interfere with the reader’s understanding
Written Expression and Formatting – The paper follows correct APA format for title page, headings, font, spacing, margins, indentations, page numbers, running head, parenthetical/in-text citations, and reference list.	5 (5%) – 5 (5%) Uses correct APA format with no errors	4 (4%) – 4 (4%) Contains a few (1–2) APA format errors	3.5 (3.5%) – 3.5 (3.5%) Contains several (3–4) APA format errors	0 (0%) – 3 (3%) Contains many (≥ 5) APA format errors

Total Points: 100

Name: NURS_6521_Week4_Assignment_Rubric

APA Writing Checklist

Use this document as a checklist for each paper you will write throughout your GCU graduate program. Follow specific instructions indicated in the assignment and use this checklist to help ensure correct grammar and APA formatting. Refer to the APA resources available in the GCU Library and Student Success Center.
☐ APA paper template (located in the Student Success Center/Writing Center) is utilized for the correct format of the paper. APA style is applied, and format is correct throughout.
☐ The title page is present. APA format is applied correctly. There are no errors.
☐ The introduction is present. APA format is applied correctly. There are no errors.
☐ Topic is well defined.
☐ Strong thesis statement is included in the introduction of the paper.
☐ The thesis statement is consistently threaded throughout the paper and included in the conclusion.
☐ Paragraph development: Each paragraph has an introductory statement, two or three sentences as the body of the paragraph, and a transition sentence to facilitate the flow of information. The sections of the main body are organized to reflect the main points of the author. APA format is applied correctly. There are no errors.
☐ All sources are cited. APA style and format are correctly applied and are free from error.
☐ Sources are completely and correctly documented on a References page, as appropriate to assignment and APA style, and format is free of error.
Scholarly Resources: Scholarly resources are written with a focus on a specific subject discipline and usually written by an expert in the same subject field. Scholarly resources are written for an academic audience.
Examples of Scholarly Resources include: Academic journals, books written by experts in a field, and formally published encyclopedias and dictionaries.
Peer-Reviewed Journals: Peer-reviewed journals are evaluated prior to publication by experts in the journal’s subject discipline. This process ensures that the articles published within the journal are academically rigorous and meet the required expectations of an article in that subject discipline.
Empirical Journal Article: This type of scholarly resource is a subset of scholarly articles that reports the original finding of an observational or experimental research study. Common aspects found within an empirical article include: literature review, methodology, results, and discussion.
Adapted from “Evaluating Resources: Defining Scholarly Resources,” located in Research Guides in the GCU Library.
☐ The writer is clearly in command of standard, written, academic English. Utilize writing resources such as Grammarly, LopesWrite report, and ThinkingStorm to check your writing.