Assignment: Pharmacotherapy for Gastrointestinal and Hepatobiliary Disorders
Walden University Assignment: Pharmacotherapy for Gastrointestinal and Hepatobiliary Disorders-Step-By-Step Guide
This guide will demonstrate how to complete the Walden University Assignment: Pharmacotherapy for Gastrointestinal and Hepatobiliary Disorders assignment based on general principles of academic writing. Here, we will show you the A, B, Cs of completing an academic paper, irrespective of the instructions. After guiding you through what to do, the guide will leave one or two sample essays at the end to highlight the various sections discussed below.
How to Research and Prepare for Assignment: Pharmacotherapy for Gastrointestinal and Hepatobiliary Disorders
Whether one passes or fails an academic assignment such as the Walden University Assignment: Pharmacotherapy for Gastrointestinal and Hepatobiliary Disorders depends on the preparation done beforehand. The first thing to do once you receive an assignment is to quickly skim through the requirements. Once that is done, start going through the instructions one by one to clearly understand what the instructor wants. The most important thing here is to understand the required format—whether it is APA, MLA, Chicago, etc.
After understanding the requirements of the paper, the next phase is to gather relevant materials. The first place to start the research process is the weekly resources. Go through the resources provided in the instructions to determine which ones fit the assignment. After reviewing the provided resources, use the university library to search for additional resources. After gathering sufficient and necessary resources, you are now ready to start drafting your paper.
How to Write the Introduction for Assignment: Pharmacotherapy for Gastrointestinal and Hepatobiliary Disorders
The introduction for the Walden University Assignment: Pharmacotherapy for Gastrointestinal and Hepatobiliary Disorders is where you tell the instructor what your paper will encompass. In three to four statements, highlight the important points that will form the basis of your paper. Here, you can include statistics to show the importance of the topic you will be discussing. At the end of the introduction, write a clear purpose statement outlining what exactly will be contained in the paper. This statement will start with “The purpose of this paper…” and then proceed to outline the various sections of the instructions.
How to Write the Body for Assignment: Pharmacotherapy for Gastrointestinal and Hepatobiliary Disorders
After the introduction, move into the main part of the Assignment: Pharmacotherapy for Gastrointestinal and Hepatobiliary Disorders assignment, which is the body. Given that the paper you will be writing is not experimental, the way you organize the headings and subheadings of your paper is critically important. In some cases, you might have to use more subheadings to properly organize the assignment. The organization will depend on the rubric provided. Carefully examine the rubric, as it will contain all the detailed requirements of the assignment. Sometimes, the rubric will have information that the normal instructions lack.
Another important factor to consider at this point is how to do citations. In-text citations are fundamental as they support the arguments and points you make in the paper. At this point, the resources gathered at the beginning will come in handy. Integrating the ideas of the authors with your own will ensure that you produce a comprehensive paper. Also, follow the given citation format. In most cases, APA 7 is the preferred format for nursing assignments.
How to Write the Conclusion for Assignment: Pharmacotherapy for Gastrointestinal and Hepatobiliary Disorders
After completing the main sections, write the conclusion of your paper. The conclusion is a summary of the main points you made in your paper. However, you need to rewrite the points and not simply copy and paste them. By restating the points from each subheading, you will provide a nuanced overview of the assignment to the reader.
How to Format the References List for Assignment: Pharmacotherapy for Gastrointestinal and Hepatobiliary Disorders
The very last part of your paper involves listing the sources used in your paper. These sources should be listed in alphabetical order and double-spaced. Additionally, use a hanging indent for each source that appears in this list. Lastly, only the sources cited within the body of the paper should appear here.
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The case study describes client HL having nausea/vomiting and diarrhea complaints. HL admits to using illicit drugs and had a likely Hepatitis C infection. His current medications are Nifedipine 30 mg, Synthroid 100 mcg, and Prednisone 10 mg. This paper will discuss the client’s diagnosis and the pharmacological treatment plan.
Assessment and Diagnosis
To correctly diagnose HL, advance practitioner must do a detailed physical examination and complete history for the diagnosis of the health conditions .Most GI disorders has the same presentation symptoms and many other diseases may mimic Gastrointestinal disorder. Also, questions about onset and duration of the symptoms should be asked to determine if the symptoms are caused by the home medications or another underlining cause. The APRN, focus will be on finding the cause while treating the presenting symptoms. Diagnostic tools will include lab work to diagnose Hepatitis C, stool test for C-Diff, urinalysis for drug test, and imaging test such as ultrasound to assess liver problems. Due to the presenting symptoms, I will give a primary diagnosis of the condition as acute gastroenteritis.
Hepatitis C is the most likely diagnosis for HL. Hepatitis C is characterized by liver inflammation from infection by Hepatitis C virus (HCV). The HCV is an RNA virus found in blood and is spread parenterally (Manns et al., 2017). Most HCV infections are caused by exposure to infected blood through unsafe injections, recycling syringes for drug users, transfusion of unscreened blood, unsafe health care practices, and unsafe sexual practices (Ghany et al., 2019). Acute symptomatic persons exhibit malaise, anorexia, nausea, vomiting, jaundice, abdominal discomfort, myalgia, pale feces, and dark urine (Ghany et al., 2019). HL presents with nausea and vomiting, which are consistent with Hepatitis C. The patient abuses illicit drugs and had a Hepatitis C infection, increasing the risk of developing Hepatitis C.
Drug Therapy Plan
The treatment plan for HL will include a combination of Elbasvir/Grazoprevir for 12 weeks. The Elbasvir/Grazoprevir combination is used for patients who have never been on Hepatitis C treatment in the presence or absence of asymptomatic cirrhosis (Panel et al., 2018). It is also used for patients having stage 4/5chronic kidney disease.
Conclusion
HL has a diagnosis of Hepatitis C based on symptoms of nausea and vomiting and a history of using illicit drugs and HCV infection. HCV transmission occurs when one is exposed to contaminated blood from unsafe injections and transfusion. The treatment will include a combination of Elbasvir/Grazoprevir.
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References
Ghany, M. G., Marks, K. M., Morgan, T. R., Wyles, D. L., Aronsohn, A. I., Bhattacharya, D., … & Gordon, S. C. (2019). Hepatitis C guidance 2019 update: AASLD-IDSA recommendations for testing, managing, and treating hepatitis C virus infection. Hepatology, 71(2), 686-721. https://doi.org/10.1002/hep.31060
Manns, M. P., Buti, M., Gane, E. D., Pawlotsky, J. M., Razavi, H., Terrault, N., & Younossi, Z. (2017). Hepatitis C virus infection. Nature reviews Disease primers, 3(1), 1-19. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrdp.2017.6
Panel, A. I. H. G. (2018). Hepatitis C guidance 2018 update: AASLD-IDSA recommendations for testing, managing, and treating hepatitis C virus infection. Clinical infectious diseases: an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America, 67(10), 1477. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciy585
The patient in the case study presents with nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. He has a drug abuse history and likely Hepatitis C. The current drug therapy includes Synthroid, Nifedipine, and Prednisone. The purpose of this assignment is to discuss the diagnosis and appropriate pharmacotherapy for the patient.
Diagnosis
Hepatitis C infection is the presumptive diagnosis. This is a liver inflammation caused by Hepatitis C virus (HCV). It is spread through sexual intercourse with infected persons, sharing personal items, and sharing drug-injection equipment (Ghany et al., 2020). Most infected persons are asymptomatic. Symptomatic cases present symptoms like fatigue, fever, reduced appetite, nausea, vomiting, abdominal discomfort, pale feces, dark urine, myalgia, and jaundice (Jin, 2020). Therefore, Hepatitis C is the primary diagnosis because of the positive symptoms of nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea and the client’s history of drug abuse and Hepatitis C infection.
Appropriate Drug Therapy
The recommended drug therapy will include a combination of Ombitasvir/paritaprevir/ritonavir (Technivie) for 12 weeks to treat Hepatitis C infection. Technivie is indicated for HCV infection in patients without cirrhosis. Ombitasvir inhibits HCV NS5A, which is needed for Hepatitis C viral replication. Paritaprevir inhibits NS3/4A serine protease required for proteolytic cleavage of the HCV-encoded polyprotein into mature forms (Wu et al., 2019). Ritonavir is a protease inhibitor that elevates paritaprevir serum levels. Nifedipine would be reduced to 10 mg and Prednisone to 5 mg since they are associated with GI side effects.
Conclusion
The patient’s nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea symptoms are consistent with Hepatitis C infection. Besides, the history of Hepatitis C and drug abuse make HCV infection the likely diagnosis. A combination of Ombitasvir/paritaprevir/ritonavir will be recommended to treat the HCV infection,
References
Ghany, M. G., Morgan, T. R., & AASLD‐IDSA hepatitis C guidance panel. (2020). Hepatitis C guidance 2019 update: American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases–Infectious Diseases Society of America recommendations for testing, managing, and treating hepatitis C virus infection. Hepatology, 71(2), 686–721. https://doi.org/10.1002/hep.31060
Jin, J. (2020). Screening for Hepatitis C Virus Infection. JAMA, 323(10), 1008-1008. doi:10.1001/jama.2020.1761
Wu, J., Huang, P., Fan, H., Tian, T., Xia, X., Fu, Z., … & Zhang, Y. (2019). Effectiveness of ombitasvir/paritaprevir/ritonavir, dasabuvir for HCV in HIV/HCV coinfected subjects: a comprehensive analysis. Virology journal, 16(1), 1–10.
Pharmacotherapy for Gastrointestinal and Hepatobiliary Disorders
Gastrointestinal (GI) and hepatobiliary disorders affect the structure and function of the GI tract. Many of these disorders often have similar symptoms, such as abdominal pain, cramping, constipation, nausea, bloating, and fatigue. Since multiple disorders can be tied to the same symptoms, it is important for advanced practice nurses to carefully evaluate patients and prescribe a treatment that targets the cause rather than the symptom.
Once the underlying cause is identified, an appropriate drug therapy plan can be recommended based on medical history and individual patient factors. In this Assignment, you examine a case study of a patient who presents with symptoms of a possible GI/hepatobiliary disorder, and you design an appropriate drug therapy plan.
Resources
Be sure to review the Learning Resources before completing this activity.
Click the weekly resources link to access the resources.
To Prepare:
- Review the case study assigned by your Instructor for this Assignment
- Reflect on the patient’s symptoms, medical history, and drugs currently prescribed.
- Think about a possible diagnosis for the patient. Consider whether the patient has a disorder related to the gastrointestinal and hepatobiliary system or whether the symptoms are the result of a disorder from another system or other factors, such as pregnancy, drugs, or a psychological disorder.
- Consider an appropriate drug therapy plan based on the patient’s history, diagnosis, and drugs currently prescribed.
By Day 7 of Week 4
Write a 1-page paper that addresses the following:
- Explain your diagnosis for the patient, including your rationale for the diagnosis.
- Describe an appropriate drug therapy plan based on the patient’s history, diagnosis, and drugs currently prescribed.
- Justify why you would recommend this drug therapy plan for this patient. Be specific and provide examples.
Reminder: The College of Nursing requires that all papers submitted include a title page, introduction, summary, and references. The Sample Paper provided at the Walden Writing Center offers an example of those required elements (available at http://writingcenter.waldenu.edu/57.htm
Links to an external site.). All papers submitted must use this formatting.
submission information
Before submitting your final assignment, you can check your draft for authenticity. To check your draft, access the Turnitin Drafts from the Start Here area.
- To submit your completed assignment, save your Assignment as WK4Assgn_LastName_Firstinitial
- Then, click on Start Assignment near the top of the page.
- Next, click on Upload File and select Submit Assignment for review.
Rubric
| Criteria | Ratings | Pts | ||||
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Explain your diagnosis for the patient, including your rationale for the diagnosis. |
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Describe an appropriate drug therapy plan based on the patient’s history, diagnosis, and drugs currently prescribed. |
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Justify why you would recommend this drug therapy plan for this patient. Be specific and provide examples. |
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Written Expression and Formatting – Paragraph Development and Organization: Paragraphs make clear points that support well developed ideas, flow logically, and demonstrate continuity of ideas. Sentences are carefully focused–neither long and rambling nor short and lacking substance. |
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Written Expression and Formatting – English writing standards: Correct grammar, mechanics, and proper punctuation |
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Written Expression and Formatting – The paper follows correct APA format for title page, headings, font, spacing, margins, indentations, page numbers, running head, parenthetical/in-text citations, and reference list. |
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Total Points: 100
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