Case Study: Mrs. J. NRS 410V

Case Study: Mrs. J. NRS 410V

Grand Canyon University Case Study: Mrs. J. NRS 410V-Step-By-Step Guide

 

This guide will demonstrate how to complete the Case Study: Mrs. J. NRS 410V assignment based on general principles of academic writing. Here, we will show you the A, B, Cs of completing an academic paper, irrespective of the instructions. After guiding you through what to do, the guide will leave one or two sample essays at the end to highlight the various sections discussed below.

 

How to Research and Prepare for Case Study: Mrs. J. NRS 410V                                   

 

Whether one passes or fails an academic assignment such as the Grand Canyon University Case Study: Mrs. J. NRS 410V depends on the preparation done beforehand. The first thing to do once you receive an assignment is to quickly skim through the requirements. Once that is done, start going through the instructions one by one to clearly understand what the instructor wants. The most important thing here is to understand the required format—whether it is APA, MLA, Chicago, etc.

 

After understanding the requirements of the paper, the next phase is to gather relevant materials. The first place to start the research process is the weekly resources. Go through the resources provided in the instructions to determine which ones fit the assignment. After reviewing the provided resources, use the university library to search for additional resources. After gathering sufficient and necessary resources, you are now ready to start drafting your paper.

 

How to Write the Introduction for Case Study: Mrs. J. NRS 410V                                  

 

The introduction for the Grand Canyon University Case Study: Mrs. J. NRS 410V is where you tell the instructor what your paper will encompass. In three to four statements, highlight the important points that will form the basis of your paper. Here, you can include statistics to show the importance of the topic you will be discussing. At the end of the introduction, write a clear purpose statement outlining what exactly will be contained in the paper. This statement will start with “The purpose of this paper…” and then proceed to outline the various sections of the instructions.

 

How to Write the Body for Case Study: Mrs. J. NRS 410V                                   

 

After the introduction, move into the main part of the Case Study: Mrs. J. NRS 410V assignment, which is the body. Given that the paper you will be writing is not experimental, the way you organize the headings and subheadings of your paper is critically important. In some cases, you might have to use more subheadings to properly organize the assignment. The organization will depend on the rubric provided. Carefully examine the rubric, as it will contain all the detailed requirements of the assignment. Sometimes, the rubric will have information that the normal instructions lack.

 

Another important factor to consider at this point is how to do citations. In-text citations are fundamental as they support the arguments and points you make in the paper. At this point, the resources gathered at the beginning will come in handy. Integrating the ideas of the authors with your own will ensure that you produce a comprehensive paper. Also, follow the given citation format. In most cases, APA 7 is the preferred format for nursing assignments.

 

How to Write the Conclusion for Case Study: Mrs. J. NRS 410V                                   

 

After completing the main sections, write the conclusion of your paper. The conclusion is a summary of the main points you made in your paper. However, you need to rewrite the points and not simply copy and paste them. By restating the points from each subheading, you will provide a nuanced overview of the assignment to the reader.

 

How to Format the References List for Case Study: Mrs. J. NRS 410V                                   

 

The very last part of your paper involves listing the sources used in your paper. These sources should be listed in alphabetical order and double-spaced. Additionally, use a hanging indent for each source that appears in this list. Lastly, only the sources cited within the body of the paper should appear here.

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Sample Answer for Case Study: Mrs. J. NRS 410V

The case study provided for this discussion presents a 63-year-old married female patient with a history of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), chronic heart failure, and hypertension. The patient has been using 2L of oxygen/nasal cannula for respiratory aid during activity and still smokes about 2 packs of cigarettes every day for the past 40 years. However, her present flu-like symptoms such as malaise, nausea, productive cough, and fever started about 3 days ago. During this time, the patient reports defaulting from her antihypertensives. She reports difficulties in performing routine daily activities and even requires assistance to move around the house. Her current admission to the hospital ICU is a result of acute exacerbation of COPD and acute decompensated heart failure. This discussion evaluates the case of this patient from clinical manifestations, nursing interventions, and care plans to appropriate preventive measures.

Mrs. J. is a 63-year-old married woman who has a history of hypertension, chronic heart failure, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Despite requiring 2L of oxygen/nasal cannula at home during activity, she continues to smoke two packs of cigarettes a day and has done so for 40 years. Three days ago, she had sudden onset of flu-like symptoms including fever, productive cough, nausea, and malaise. Over the past 3 days, she has been unable to perform ADLs and has required assistance in walking short distances. She has not taken her antihypertensive medications or medications to control her heart failure for 3 days. Today, she has been admitted to the hospital ICU with acute decompensated heart failure and acute exacerbation of COPD.

Clinical Manifestations of Mrs. J.

Mrs. J reports that she started having flu-like symptoms such as malaise, nausea, productive cough, and fever about 3 days ago. She also needs assistance to move around the house, with difficulties in carrying out routine daily activities. The subjective portion of information reveals symptoms such as anxiety, lack of air, fatigue, shortness of breath, palpitations. Upon conducting a physical examination, it is noted that the patient is obese with increased heart rate, irregular heartbeats, bradycardia, presence of S3 sound with diminished S1 and S2, and atrial fibrillations. The patient also displays the presence of respiratory crackles, productive cough, bloody sputum, diminished right lower lobe breathing sound, and hepatomegaly.

Evaluation of Nursing Interventions at Admissions

The patient was admitted to the ICU with an acute exacerbation of COPD and acute decompensated heart failure. The recommended nursing interventions are thus aimed at improving the patient’s heart pump function and maintaining normal blood pressure in addition to relieving respiratory symptoms such as shortness of breath (Doenges et al., 2019). It was necessary to administer furosemide given that the patient was admitted as a result of acute decompensated heart failure which is associated with leg or foot swelling that is managed by diuretics. Enalapril was administered to help manage and prevent atrial fibrillation, which is demonstrated by the patient’s irregular and elevated heart rate of 118.

Metoprolol is effective in maintaining sinus rhythm and preventing atrial fibrillation but was not necessary at the point of admission given the patient’s low blood pressure (Doenges et al., 2019). Morphine was also not necessary given that the patient was not in any kind of pain.Inhaled short-acting bronchodilator (ProAir HFA) on the other hand was necessary for quick relief of the patient’s shortness of breath and prevent COPD complications. Lastly Inhaled corticosteroid (Flovent HFA) was not appropriate, given that this drug can only be considered in long-term therapy for patients with asthma, especially when a short-acting bronchodilator has already been used.

Cardiovascular Conditions Leading to Heart Failure and Interventions

Conditions such as hypertension, myocardial infarction, coronary artery disease, and abnormal heart valves. Hypertension is the main

risk factor for heart failure as a result of overworking the heart to promote normal blood circulation. In such a condition, the recommended nursing intervention is to regularly monitor the patient’s blood pressure and ensure great compliance with antihypertensives. Coronary artery disease is associated with cholesterol and fatty deposits in the heart arteries (Inciardi et al., 2020). Monitoring the patient’s cholesterol level and lipid profile in addition to the use of dietary control is necessary to prevent the development of heart failure. For patients who have had a history of heart attack the nursing care plan will involve monitoring the patient’s vitals regularly and administration of antianginals to prevent heart attack (Mahmud et al., 2020). Lastly, abnormal heart valves can also lead to overworking of the heart which can eventually lead to heart failure. This can be prevented by the use of blood thinners and lifestyle modifications.

Nursing Interventions for Older Patients to Prevent Problems Caused by Multiple Drug Interactions

Given that most elderly patients present with comorbidities, there isa high possibility of polypharmacy. To prevent problems associated with multiple drug interactions, it is necessary to eliminate duplicate medication during care transition to avoid toxic doses which promote adverse drug reaction (Unlu et al., 2020). Assessment of the treatment plan is crucial to prevent drug-drug interaction and avoid the associated adverse effects. Nurses should conduct medical reconciliation to avoid instances of prescription errors (Unlu et al., 2020). Lastly drug dosage review should be conducted to ensure that administered drugs are safe, with reduced incidences of adverse events.

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Health Promotion and Restoration Teaching Plan

The patient must be educated on the pathophysiology of his health condition and the importance of taking the prescribed medication (Inciardi et al., 2020). She should also adopt a healthy diet low on sodium, fats, and calories, and frequent physical exercise to promote her health (Mahmud et al., 2020). The patient should also be advised to stop smoking through the adoption of appropriate smoking cessation programs, to prevent the effects of tobacco smoke in worsening COPD symptoms. Consequently, she needs to frequently monitor her vitals to evaluate the treatment outcome. It is also necessary for the patient to sign up for cardiac rehabilitation which is crucial in improving the quality of life and even prolonging the patient’s life expectancy (Mahmud et al., 2020). Additional resources which will help the patient identify life modification strategies to promote health and independent living include ‘American Heart Association’, ‘Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’ and ‘National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute’ among others.

Method for Providing Education to Prevent Hospital Readmissions

To promote the patient’s recovery and prevent possibilities of readmission, it is necessary to advise the patients on the importance of complying with the medications prescribed at the indicated dose, frequency, and duration (Unlu et al., 2020). The patient must also be educated about the side effects to avoid unexpected symptoms which would otherwise make the patient stop using the drug.

COPD Triggers and Options for Smoking Cessation

Cigarette smoking is the leading cause of COPD, whereas tobacco smoke is also associated with increased increase exacerbation frequency. To help the patient stop smoking, and promote their quality of life it is necessary to consider referral to a smoking cessation counselor (Inciardi et al., 2020). The counselor will be able to evaluate the patient’s extend of addiction and develop the most effective cessation program to help the patient quit smoking.

Conclusion

The provided case study illustrates a patient with cardiorespiratory problems, which can lead to heart failure. The patient however received adequate care in the ICU, upon admission. It is however necessary to educate the patient on appropriate life modifications such as exercise and a healthy diet to promote well-being and prevent complications associated with these disorders.

References

Doenges, M. E., Moorhouse, M. F., & Murr, A. C. (2019). Nursing care plans: Guidelines for individualizing client care across the life span. FA Davis.

Inciardi, R. M., Lupi, L., Zaccone, G., Italia, L., Raffo, M., Tomasoni, D., … & Metra, M. (2020). Cardiac involvement in a patient with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). JAMA cardiology, 5(7), 819-824. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamacardio.2020.1096.

Mahmud, E., Dauerman, H. L., Welt, F. G., Messenger, J. C., Rao, S. V., Grines, C., … & Henry, T. D. (2020). Management of acute myocardial infarction during the COVID-19 pandemic: a position statement from the Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions (SCAI), the American College of Cardiology (ACC), and the American College of Emergency Physicians (ACEP). Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 76(11), 1375-1384. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2020.04.039.

Unlu, O., Levitan, E. B., Reshetnyak, E., Kneifati-Hayek, J., Diaz, I., Archambault, A., … & Goyal, P. (2020). Polypharmacy in older adults hospitalized for heart failure. Circulation: Heart Failure, 13(11), e006977. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.120.006977

Sample Answer 2 for Case Study: Mrs. J. NRS 410V

The case scenario concerns Mrs. J., a 63-year-old female with hypertension, chronic heart failure, and COPD. She usually uses 2L of oxygen at home during activity but has persisted in smoking cigarettes 2PPD for the last 40 years. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the patient’s condition.

Clinical Manifestations of Patient

The patient’s subjective findings include fever, nausea, productive cough, malaise, inability to perform ADLs, anxiety, palpitations, dyspnea, and fatigue. Objective findings include obesity (BMI-31.2), mild fever, low blood pressure, tachypnea, and tachycardia with irregular heart rhythm. In addition, the patient has jugular vein distention, distant heart sounds, S gallop, faint PMI at sixth ICS, and atrial fibrillation. Respiratory findings include frothy blood-tinged sputum, reduced breath sounds, pulmonary crackles, and SpO2 82%. GI findings include hepatomegaly.

Cardiovascular Conditions in Which Mrs. J Is At Risk

The patient’s obesity increases the risk of Coronary Artery Disease (CAD), which causes heart failure (HF) when cholesterol and fat deposits accumulate along the arteries obstructing myocardial blood flow. HF can be prevented in patients with CAD by administering lipid-lowering agents and lifestyle modification to lower cholesterol levels. Atrial fibrillation (AF) causes increased resting heart rate and an exaggerated heart rate response to exercise, causing a reduced diastolic filling time and eventually reduced cardiac output that causes HF (Schwinger, 2021). Lifestyle modification and maintaining optimal blood pressure can prevent the progression of AF to HF. Stroke induces cardiac damage like ventricular wall motion defects that increase the risk of HF. Cardiac damage can be prevented by controlling BP through antihypertensives and lifestyle modification. Myocardial infarction (MI) causes myocardial damage, stunning, and necrosis that impairs the heart’s contractility resulting in heart failure (Schwinger, 2021). HF in patients with MI can be mitigated by administering ACE inhibitors to decrease cardiac output and avoiding high-intense activities that increase oxygen demand.

Evaluation of Nursing Interventions at Admissions

The interventions during the admission of Mrs. J. included the administration of IV Lasix, Vasotec, Lopressor, IV Morphine, inhaled ProAir HFA, Flovent HFA, and oxygen via nasal cannula. The appropriate interventions included IV Lasix, ProAir HFA, and oxygen therapy. Lasix was appropriate because it alleviates symptoms of pulmonary congestion like cough, frothy sputum, palpitations, pulmonary crackles, and jugular vein distention (Oparil et al., 2019). ProAir HFA was also appropriate because it relieves COPD exacerbations, which would increase perfusion and alleviate dyspnea.

Oxygen therapy was ideal for improving the oxygen saturation levels to above 95%. Vasotec and Lopressor were inappropriate because they lower BP, which would worsen the patient’s low BP (Oparil et al., 2019). Furthermore, Morphine was unsuitable because it causes respiratory depression, which would worsen the patient’s breathing difficulties. Flovent HFA was inappropriate during admission since it is indicated for long-term COP maintenance to prevent exacerbations.

Nursing Interventions for Older Patients to Prevent Problems Caused by Multiple Drug Interactions

Lasix is a loop diuretic that facilitates water and sodium excretion by interfering with the chloride-binding cotransport system. This hinders the reabsorption of sodium and chloride in the ascending loop of Henle, and distal renal tubule, and lower preload in CHF (Oparil et al., 2019). Vasotec hinders the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II, causing elevated plasma renin levels and reduced aldosterone secretion. This lowers blood pressure and improves HF symptoms. Lopressor is a selective beta-1-adrenergic blocker that competitively blocks beta1-receptors at low doses and blocks beta2-receptors at higher doses (Oparil et al., 2019). It is used in HF because it lowers cardiac output through negative inotropic and chronotropic effects.

Morphine is an opioid analgesic that blocks the ascending pain pathways altering pain response. It produces analgesia, sedation, and respiratory depression. ProAir HFA is a Beta 2 Agonist that relaxes bronchial smooth muscles and is indicated to alleviate acute bronchospasms (Nici et al., 2020). Flovent HFA is an inhalant corticosteroid with an anti-inflammatory effect on eosinophils, neutrophils, macrophages, lymphocytes, mast cells, and mediators

Older adults are significantly affected by multiple drug interactions due to polypharmacy since they have comorbid health conditions. Nursing interventions to prevent drug interactions include medication reconciliation, which entails identifying and documenting all drugs a patient takes and comparing the list with the physician’s orders (Kurczewska-Michalak et al., 2021). The nurse can also note a patient’s coexisting conditions and medications and assess the possibility of resulting in adverse drug effects. In addition, the nurse should educate the patient on how to take the medications, including the medications, generic and brand names, indications, and potential side effects, and explain how long the medication will likely be taken (Kurczewska-Michalak et al., 2021). Furthermore, the nurse can regularly reevaluate the patient for the need to continue prescribed medications and inform the physician to stop those that are no longer necessary or medications with higher possible risks than benefits.

Health Promotion and Restoration Teaching Plan

The health promotion and restoration education plan for Mrs. J will focus on lifestyle modification to control BP, maintain a healthy weight, delay COPD progression, and prevent COPD exacerbations. Regarding COPD, Mrs. J will be educated on the benefits of smoking cessation and avoiding environmental pollutants to delay disease progression and prevent exacerbations. Physical exercises will further be emphasized to improve lung function (Burge et al., 2020). Health education to control BP will include engaging in moderate aerobic exercises at least 40 minutes daily to improve cardiovascular functioning, lower BP, and promote weight loss. In addition, she will be educated on a healthy diet and reducing caloric intake for weight loss and to lower BP.

A multidisciplinary approach will be needed for rehabilitation and will include pulmonary rehabilitation, nutritional counseling, education, and self-management. Pulmonary rehabilitation is a multidisciplinary intervention for COPD established to improve exercise tolerance, dyspnea, and health-related QoL (Young et al., 2021). Nutritional counseling by a dietitian is vital for COPD patients who are underweight or overweight. Education and self-management are vital aspects of the multidisciplinary approach. They involve educational sessions educating patients on the nature and course of COPD and how to live with the impact of the disease.

COPD Triggers and Options for Smoking Cessation

Mrs. J can be provided individual psychotherapy to help with smoking cessation and group-based behavioral counseling. Pharmacotherapy intervention for smoking cessation includes Nicotine replacement therapy (NRT). The patient can be administered nicotine transdermal patches, gum, lozenges, inhalers, or nasal spray (Krist et al., 2021). COPD triggers that can cause exacerbations and readmission include tobacco smoke, exposure to dust, and environmental pollutants like carbon monoxide, which cause bronchoconstriction.

Conclusion

Mrs. J has a risk of cardiovascular conditions like Coronary Artery Disease, Atrial fibrillation, Stroke, and Myocardial infarction. IV Lasix, ProAir HFA, and oxygen therapy were appropriate since they improve symptoms of pulmonary congestion and COPD exacerbations. However, Vasotec and Lopressor lower BP, which is unsuitable for the patient due to the low BP. Morphine would have caused respiratory depression, while Flovent HFA is indicated for long-term COPD maintenance and thus was inappropriate. The health education plan for Mrs. J focuses on lifestyle modification to control BP, promote weight loss, delay COPD progression, and prevent COPD exacerbations.

 References

Burge, A. T., Cox, N. S., Abramson, M. J., & Holland, A. E. (2020). Interventions for promoting physical activity in people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 4(4), CD012626. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD012626.pub2

Krist, A. H., Davidson, K. W., Mangione, C. M., Barry, M. J., Cabana, M., Caughey, A. B., … & US Preventive Services Task Force. (2021). Interventions for tobacco smoking cessation in adults, including pregnant persons: US Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. Jama, 325(3), 265-279. doi:10.1001/jama.2020.25019

Kurczewska-Michalak, M., Lewek, P., Jankowska-Polańska, B., Giardini, A., Granata, N., Maffoni, M., Costa, E., Midão, L., & Kardas, P. (2021). Polypharmacy Management in the Older Adults: A Scoping Review of Available Interventions. Frontiers in pharmacology, 12, 734045. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2021.734045

Nici, L., Mammen, M. J., Charbek, E., Alexander, P. E., Au, D. H., Boyd, C. M., … & Aaron, S. D. (2020). Pharmacologic management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. An official American Thoracic Society clinical practice guideline. American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine, 201(9), e56-e69. DOI: 10.1164/rccm.202003-0625ST

Oparil, S., Acelajado, M. C., Bakris, G. L., Berlowitz, D. R., Cífková, R., Dominiczak, A. F., Grassi, G., Jordan, J., Poulter, N. R., Rodgers, A., & Whelton, P. K. (2019). Hypertension. Nature reviews. Disease primers, p. 4, 18014. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrdp.2018.14

Schwinger, R. H. G. (2021). Pathophysiology of heart failure. Cardiovascular diagnosis and therapy, 11(1), 263–276. https://doi.org/10.21037/cdt-20-302

Young, M., Villgran, V., Ledgerwood, C., Schmetzer, A., & Cheema, T. (2021). Developing a Multidisciplinary Approach to the COPD Care Pathway. Critical care nursing quarterly, 44(1), 121–127. https://doi.org/10.1097/CNQ.0000000000000345

Sample Answer 3 for Case Study: Mrs. J. NRS 410V

The registered nurse must demonstrate an understanding of the pathophysiology of different diseases, including the patient’s clinical presentation and the appropriate treatment approaches. This paper analyzes Mrs. J’s case scenario, describing her clinical manifestations and nursing interventions. It also discusses cardiovascular conditions that may cause heart failure, nursing interventions that prevent health problems caused by interactions of using multiple drugs, a health education plan for the client, and options for smoking cessation provided to the client.

Clinical Manifestations

In the past, Mrs. J. struggled with chronic conditions including heart failure, hypertension, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) (COPD). In addition to this, she has been a smoker for the past four decades, despite the fact that she must receive 2 liters of oxygen every day through a nasal cannula. In the past three days, Mrs. J has developed symptoms that are consistent with the flu. These symptoms include a severe cough, fever, nausea, and tiredness. For the same amount of time, Mrs. J. has been unable to participate in activities necessary for everyday living (requiring help to walk over a short distance). She has not been taking her hypertension or heart failure medications. She has been admitted to the intensive care unit after being diagnosed with severe decompensated heart failure and COPD exacerbation.

Mrs. J is worried and asks if she is going to pass away. She also describes having an irregular and elevated heartbeat, sensations of tiredness, and a difficulty to get enough breath, all of which contribute to her being unable to eat or drink by herself. According to the objective assessment, the patient had a cough with blood-tinged sputum, hepatomegaly (4 centimeters below her costal margin), and audible pulmonary crackles on auscultation. During the initial cardiac monitoring, she also had reduced breath sounds, distant S1 and S2 waves, and distension in both of her jugular veins bilaterally. She also has atrial fibrillation. The patient’s temperature is 37.6 degrees, their blood pressure is 90/58 mmHg, and their SpO2 is 82 percent. The patient’s heart rate is 118 and erratic.

Nursing Interventions and Rationale for Medications

The nursing interventions at the time of Mrs. J’s admission were appropriate and timely, including supplemental oxygen at a flow rate of 2L/minute and administration of medications. These were called for to address her vital signs that were not within the normal ranges (RR 34, HR 118 and irregular, SPO2 82%). Intravenous furosemide (Lasix) is a loop diuretic. Lasix prevents the reabsorption of chloride and sodium ions from the loop of Henle and the distal convoluted tubule (DCT) (Adams et al., 2018). Subsequently, the renal excretion of sodium, water, and other electrolytes increases, mobilizing excess body fluid and reducing the blood pressure (Khan et al., 2022). These effects will enable the enhancement of the patient’s irregular heart rate.

A powerful vasoconstrictor is known as angiotensin 2. Enalapril, which is classified as an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), prevents the conversion of angiotensin 1 into angiotensin 2 in the body (Smith & Pacitti, 2020). Since enalapril will help reduce Mrs. J’s hypertension and the symptoms of heart failure, this medication can be prescribed to her. Metoprolol is a beta-blocker medication that works by inhibiting beta 1 (myocardial) adrenergic receptors. As a result, both the heart rate and blood pressure are lowered. Because of this, the medication plays an important role in the treatment plan for the patient.

Morphine sulfate is a type of opioid that is used as an analgesic. Morphine alters a person’s experience of pain as well as their reaction to it by binding to opiate receptors in the central nervous system (Adams et al., 2018). It is essential to have adequate pain management in order to achieve optimal benefits. As a result, the use of morphine as part of the treatment plan is a valid option. Short-acting bronchodilators include albuterol, also known as ProAir HFA. It does this by inhibiting beta-2 adrenergic receptors in the smooth muscles that line the airways, which results in bronchodilation and relaxation of those muscles. Mrs. J, who is suffering low SPO2, an elevated respiration rate, and breathing difficulties, would benefit from bronchodilation as a therapeutic treatment.

Flovent HFA, which is inhaled, is a corticosteroid. According to Adams et al. (2018), the medication acts as a long-acting anti-inflammatory agent in addition to modifying the immune system. As a consequence, it stops inflammation in the airways, which makes it easier to breathe and helps Mrs. J’s condition. In order to assist the patient in meeting the oxygen requirements that her body had, oxygen supplementation was also a crucial intervention that was performed. The patient’s blood oxygen saturation (SPO2) was low, she had tachypnea, and she was having trouble breathing, which indicates that her respiratory exchange was inadequate.

Cardiovascular Conditions Leading to Heart Failure

Heart failure is a complication that can arise from a number of cardiovascular disorders, including valvular disease, persistent hypertension, cardiomyopathies, and coronary artery disease (CAD). Plaque builds up on coronary arteries in coronary artery disease (CAD), which decreases the amount of blood that is able to reach the myocytes. As a direct result of this, hypoxic tissue injury and myocyte death occur, both of which lead to heart failure. Weight loss, lipid-lowering medications like statins, and healthy dietary adjustments are all part of the treatment for coronary artery disease (CAD) (Hinkle & Cheever, 2018).

The condition known as hypertension, in which the patient has an increased blood pressure, can be treated with medication and improved lifestyle choices. These include engaging in more physical activity, decreasing the amount of sodium in one’s diet, and achieving a healthier weight. Utilizing several medication categories is an integral part of pharmacotherapy. These medications include beta-blockers (like atenolol), calcium channel blockers (like nifedipine), vasodilators (like nifedipine), diuretics (like furosemide or hydrochlorothiazide), and ACE blockers (like enalapril) (Khalil & Zeltser, 2020). The goal of rational polypharmacy is to find optimal medicine combinations while minimizing adverse effects.

Congenital conditions or infections are typically the root causes of valvular disease. The inability of the valves to close or open all the way increases the stress placed on the heart muscles. If the heart muscles are unable to handle the increased workload, a myocardial infarction will occur, which will be followed by heart failure. Surgical replacement of valves, leading a healthy lifestyle, and using drugs that relieve symptoms and delay further cardiac problems are all part of the management strategy. Combining Lasix, enalapril, and metoprolol is an ideal intervention for the treatment of cardiomyopathies because it lowers blood pressure, minimizes water retention, and maintains a regular heartbeat, all of which help to ensure that the heart is not overworked.

Interventions to Prevent Multiple Drug Interactions

Nursing interventions that can assist patients in avoiding adverse drug interactions include educating patients on how to keep a record of all the medications and supplements (including herbal remedies) they are taking, assisting patients in doing so, instructing patients to take medications exactly as prescribed, educating patients on the potential adverse effects of those medications, and encouraging patients to have a single primary caregiver (Rankin et al., 2018). Clinicians can avoid prescribing medications that can interact with one another if they keep a drug log and update it regularly. When a client has a primary physician, it increases the likelihood that the provider will be familiar with their condition.

Rehabilitation Resources and Modifications

The lesson plan for Mrs. J’s health restoration and promotion class will emphasize the importance of physical activities, effective weight management, and dietary adjustments. In addition to that, it ought to include a plan for adherence and compliance in order to put the received health education into action. In addition, the utilization of an expert and specialist-filled team improves the overall quality of treatment provided to patients, as well as the patients’ overall well-being. As a result, an integrated team of subject matter specialists would work together to improve various aspects of the patients. A nurse, a doctor, a social worker, a counselor, and a dietitian are all essential members of the team.

 Teaching Method

Through patient education, nurses assist patients in taking a more active role and responsibility for their health. I would first assess what the patient knows regarding her health condition and management plan to demystify any misconceptions or misinformation. I would also use teaching posters to stimulate more memory. I would use the posters and teaching aids to demonstrate correct drug usage. Teaching would also focus on the symptoms she ought to watch out for. Lastly, I would request the client to give a recap of the components of health education. This would assist in identifying gaps and addressing them.

Smoking Cessation

The use of tobacco products is the single most important risk factor in the development of COPD. Stopping smoking, receiving medication, and making changes to one’s lifestyle are all essential components of effective COPD care. Medications like bupropion and nicotine replacement therapy like nicotine patches are some of the smoking cessation choices available (Sealock & Sharma, 2022). In addition, the healthcare provider should counsel patients to wait the gratification of their needs and stay away from the triggers. It is possible to reduce a patient’s desire to smoke by encouraging them to engage in activities that help them relax, such as physical activities and relaxation techniques. In order to motivate patients to stop smoking, it is important to periodically remind them of the positive effects quitting smoking will have on their health.

Conclusion

This paper provides additional and more in-depth insights into the management of cardiopulmonary complications through an investigation of a case study that has been offered. The patient’s nurse plays a crucial part in the process of educating and instructing the patient on all aspects of their diseases. The nurse ought to make it a priority to broaden their understanding of the pathophysiology of various diseases as well as the treatments available for those disorders. This would strengthen their professionalism and capacity to deliver safe and high-quality patient care, which would ultimately help them achieve the best possible health outcomes for their clients.

References

Adams, M., Carol Quam Urban, El-Hussein, M., Osuji, J., & King, S. (2018). Pharmacology for nurses: a pathophysiological approach. Pearson.

Hinkle, J. L., & Cheever, K. H. (2018). Brunner & Suddarth’s textbook of medical-surgical nursing. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.

Khalil, H., & Zeltser, R. (2020). Antihypertensive Medications. PubMed; StatPearls Publishing. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554579/

Khan, T. M., Patel, R., & Siddiqui, A. H. (2022). Furosemide. Nih.gov; StatPearls Publishing. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK499921/

Rankin, A., Cadogan, C. A., Patterson, S. M., Kerse, N., Cardwell, C. R., Bradley, M. C., Ryan, C., & Hughes, C. (2018). Interventions to improve the appropriate use of polypharmacy for older people. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 9(9). https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.cd008165.pub4

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