Discussion: Epidemiology and Population Health

Walden University Discussion: Epidemiology and Population Health-Step-By-Step Guide

This guide will demonstrate how to complete the Walden University Discussion: Epidemiology and Population Health assignment based on general principles of academic writing. Here, we will show you the A, B, Cs of completing an academic paper, irrespective of the instructions. After guiding you through what to do, the guide will leave one or two sample essays at the end to highlight the various sections discussed below.

How to Research and Prepare for Discussion: Epidemiology and Population Health

Whether one passes or fails an academic assignment such as the Walden University Discussion: Epidemiology and Population Health depends on the preparation done beforehand. The first thing to do once you receive an assignment is to quickly skim through the requirements. Once that is done, start going through the instructions one by one to clearly understand what the instructor wants. The most important thing here is to understand the required format—whether it is APA, MLA, Chicago, etc.

After understanding the requirements of the paper, the next phase is to gather relevant materials. The first place to start the research process is the weekly resources. Go through the resources provided in the instructions to determine which ones fit the assignment. After reviewing the provided resources, use the university library to search for additional resources. After gathering sufficient and necessary resources, you are now ready to start drafting your paper.

How to Write the Introduction for Discussion: Epidemiology and Population Health

The introduction for the Walden University Discussion: Epidemiology and Population Health is where you tell the instructor what your paper will encompass. In three to four statements, highlight the important points that will form the basis of your paper. Here, you can include statistics to show the importance of the topic you will be discussing. At the end of the introduction, write a clear purpose statement outlining what exactly will be contained in the paper. This statement will start with “The purpose of this paper…” and then proceed to outline the various sections of the instructions.

How to Write the Body for Discussion: Epidemiology and Population Health

After the introduction, move into the main part of the Discussion: Epidemiology and Population Health assignment, which is the body. Given that the paper you will be writing is not experimental, the way you organize the headings and subheadings of your paper is critically important. In some cases, you might have to use more subheadings to properly organize the assignment. The organization will depend on the rubric provided. Carefully examine the rubric, as it will contain all the detailed requirements of the assignment. Sometimes, the rubric will have information that the normal instructions lack.

Another important factor to consider at this point is how to do citations. In-text citations are fundamental as they support the arguments and points you make in the paper. At this point, the resources gathered at the beginning will come in handy. Integrating the ideas of the authors with your own will ensure that you produce a comprehensive paper. Also, follow the given citation format. In most cases, APA 7 is the preferred format for nursing assignments.

How to Write the Conclusion for Discussion: Epidemiology and Population Health

After completing the main sections, write the conclusion of your paper. The conclusion is a summary of the main points you made in your paper. However, you need to rewrite the points and not simply copy and paste them. By restating the points from each subheading, you will provide a nuanced overview of the assignment to the reader.

How to Format the References List for Discussion: Epidemiology and Population Health

The very last part of your paper involves listing the sources used in your paper. These sources should be listed in alphabetical order and double-spaced. Additionally, use a hanging indent for each source that appears in this list. Lastly, only the sources cited within the body of the paper should appear here.

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Sample Answer for Discussion: Epidemiology and Population Health

Epidemiology entails the study of distribution and determinants of health-related events or states such as disease and applying this study to manage the disease and other health issues (Evensen, 2019). As an NP, the place I work, patients suffer from different health conditions like obesity, coronary artery disease, kidney failure, and uncontrolled hypertension. Diabetes mellitus is another major comorbidity that needs to be addressed. According to the World Health Organization, the number of diabetes patients has increased since 1980 from 108 million to 488 million in 2014. Most of the patients are in the lower and middle classes (Evensen, 2019). In addition, diabetes-related deaths are estimated to be 1.5 million annually. Public awareness is encouraged to lower the number of diabetes cases (Friis & Sellers, 2021). The public should be educated about complications related to diabetes like blindness, kidney damage, stroke, and heart disease. Prevention is also possible through ensuring a healthy weight, exercise, and healthy diet.

After reading the Smallpox Eradication Programme, I realized the primary emphasis was on a worldwide scale and involved collaborations from countries across the globe (Center for Global Development, 2012). Diabetes mellitus affects people globally, and awareness should be based on a global approach. Diabetes is a global problem, and just like the smallpox issue, it would require collaborations among nations to bring awareness and minimize the number of patients diagnosed annually.

In 2012, the United States center for disease control estimated $245 billion in medical-related diabetes costs. Such costs relate to medical services and goods, and indirect costs like early death, disability, and lost workdays (Center for Global Development, 2012). Minimizing the prevalence in the population may drastically plummet annual costs for individuals, insurance companies, and health care facilities. Bringing awareness to people would be ineffective; however, addressing the health issues as a population would prove more effective.

References

Center for Global Development. (n.d.). Case 1: Eradicating smallpox.

http://www.cgdev.org/doc/millions/MS_case_1.pdf

Evensen, E. K. (2019). Overweight/obesity, body composition and bone mass in late adolescence: the relation with birth weight, childhood body mass index and growth. The Tromsø Study: Fit Futures, a longitudinal cohort study. Fit Futures. https://munin.uit.no/handle/10037/14589

Friis, R. H., & Sellers, T. A. (2021). Epidemiology for public health practice (6th ed.). Jones

& Bartlett.

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Sample Answer 2 for Discussion: Epidemiology and Population Health

Brief Summary of Selected Population Health Problem

The concept of population health is seeking to reveal patterns among multiple systems and develop approaches that respond to

Discussion Epidemiology and Population Health

the needs of populations using rigorous analysis of outcomes to prevent reoccurrence in the future (Nash et al., 2019). Dementia is

one of the most devastating diseases affecting Americans in the United States (U.S.). Death rates for cancer and heart disease are

declining, while death rates for Alzheimer’s disease are increasing, even with many of these deaths being under-reported on death

certificates (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], n.d.).

It is estimated that more than 5 million Americans 65 years or older are living with dementia, and by 2060 the number will have

grown to 13.9 million (American Pubic Health Association [APHA], 2020). The sixth-leading cause of death in the U.S. is Alzheimer’s

disease, accounting for 60% to 80% of all dementia cases (APHA, 2020). Dementia affects the person living with the disease and their

family members, who are frequently their caregivers.

Applying the principles of Epidemiology

Despite the many challenges to reducing the impact of dementia worldwide, translating research findings into customizing policy

and practice approaches has great potential to transform dementia prevention (Sexton & Yaffe, 2019). Applying four of the seven uses

of epidemiology would be valuable in studying patients with dementia. For instance, searching for the cause, identifying the

syndromes, and accessing health services are beneficial concepts in eradicating dementia in the future.

Lesson learned from the Eradication of Smallpox

Like smallpox in this week’s discussion example, dementia is a global phenomenon affecting millions of lives internationally.

Globally in 2018, an estimated 50 million people were living with dementia, with an expected 152 million by 2050, which is an increase

of 204% (Alzheimer’s Research UK, 2018). The financial burden on a nation’s economy has a similar effect as the smallpox outbreak.

Cost-Effectiveness of Population-Level vs. Individual Level of Dementia

When looking at the cost-effectiveness of dementia patients at the population and individual levels, the amounts are staggering. In

2020, the total cost of caring for a dementia patient cost approximately $305 billion, with Medicare and Medicaid covering about $206

billion of this cost (APHA, 2020). Families’ out-of-pocket expenses in 2020, amounting to about $66 billion, and by 2050 an increase of

more than $1.1 trillion annually is expected, raising public and private costs (APHA, 2020). In caring for the dementia population there

is no cost saving to the nation or families, so finding an alternative method to care or a cure is essential.

References

Alzheimer’s Research UK. (2018). Global prevalence. https://www.dementiastatistics.org/statistics/global-prevalence/

American Pubic Health Association. (2020, October 24). Strengthening the dementia care workforce: A public health priority. https://www.apha.org/Policies-and-Advocacy/Public-Health-Policy-Statements/Policy-Database/2021/01/13/Strengthening-the-Dementia-Care-Workforce

American Public Health Association. (2020, October 24). Strengthening the dementia care workforce: A public health priority. https://www.apha.org/Policies-and-Advocacy/Public-Health-Policy-Statements/Policy-Database/2021/01/13/Strengthening-the-Dementia-Care-Workforce

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (n.d.). Alzheimer’s disease and related dementias. Retrieved 2021, from https://www.cdc.gov/aging/aginginfo/alzheimers.htm#what-to-do

Nash, D. B., Skoufalos, A., Fabius, R. J., & Oglesby, W. H. (2019). Population health: Creating a culture of wellness (3rd ed.). Jones & Bartlett Learning. https://online.vitalsource.com/#/books/9781284205367/cfi/6/2!

Sexton, C. E., & Yaffe, K. (2019). Population-based approaches to dementia prevention. Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease, 70(s1), S15–S17. https://doi.org/10.3233/jad-190104

Sample Answer 3 for Discussion: Epidemiology and Population Health

Thank you for your insightful post. You make a very important point about the importance of recognizing diabetes and the importance of managing it effectively. In a very interesting article by Schultze et al. (2019), the authors had nursing students use virtual reality simulations to assess nursing students’ ability to interview and educate patients with diabetes. The results were that older nursing students asked fewer questions, but provided more education and empathy than younger students. Additionally, Casagrande et al. (2018), point out that ethnic minorities are less likely to be diagnosed than Caucasians. These points combined reinforce your statement about the need to raise awareness. It may also give us insight into a population that needs to be targeted and techniques that should d be deployed for effective screening.

References:

Casagrande, S. S., Menke, A., Aviles-Santa, L., Gallo, L. C., Daviglus, M. L., Talavera, G. A., Castañeda, S. F., Perreira, K., Loop, M. S., Tarraf, W., González, H. M., & Cowie, C. C. (2018). Factors associated with undiagnosed diabetes among adults with diabetes: Results from the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos (HCHS/SOL). Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice, 146, 258–266. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diabres.2018.11.004

Schultze, S. R., Mujica, F. C., & Kleinheksel, A. J. (2019). Demographic and spatial trends in diabetes-related virtual nursing examinations. Social Science & Medicine, 222, 225–230. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2019.01.002

Sample Answer 4 for Discussion: Epidemiology and Population Health

As people live, they experience an array of health challenges that impact their productivity adversely. They face severe problems as individuals, communities, and nations. Due to the far-reaching consequences of such challenges, it is crucial to assess the root and possible interventions. Epidemiology plays a critical role in researching and addressing population health challenges by studying various health-related elements in populations and suggesting control.

On researching population health challenges, epidemiology forms the basis for health problem detection. According to Stanhope and Lancaster (2016), epidemiology is used to examine the causes of illnesses and different populations’ health outcomes. It views individuals and communities collectively when investigating the cause of their health-centered problems. Contextually, epidemiology studies several interrelated issues of population health, such as distribution and health determinants in specified populations (Prüss-Üstün et al., 2016). It explores the frequency, patterns, causes, and risk factors of health-related matters besides diseases. The study can be global or within a specified area such as a neighborhood, state, or city.

On addressing population health challenges, epidemiology, as a study, applies the study outcomes to control health problems. When studying control, epidemiology concentrates on various issues such as environmental exposures, infectious diseases, injuries, and natural disasters (Prüss-Üstün et al., 2016). On contemporary issues, the level and patterns of homicides in a community are areas that epidemiology can research and address. For instance, issues such as poverty, ethnic fractionalization, and substance abuse have been noted as risk factors for homicide (Noonan et al., 2016). Epidemiology assesses such problems and possible control. It ensures that the root, frequency, and risk factors of a public health problem are known and suggests some control measures.

Broadly, every population health problem has a cause. Epidemiology studies the problem from a general perspective to understand its magnitude and possible control. It looks beyond diseases to include other matters such as health states and events. Therefore, it is the foundation of a better state of public health since causes and controls are known through a systematic study of the situation.

References

Noonan, A. S., Velasco-Mondragon, H. E., & Wagner, F. A. (2016). Improving the health of African Americans in the USA: an overdue opportunity for social justice. Public health reviews, 37, 12. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40985-016-0025-4

Prüss-Üstün, A., Wolf, J., Corvalán, C., Bos, R., & Neira, M. (2016). Preventing disease through healthy environments: a global assessment of the burden of disease from environmental risks. World Health Organization.

Stanhope, M., & Lancaster, J. (2016). Public health nursing: Population-centered health care in the community. Elsevier.