Discussion Gender Inequality
Discussion Gender Inequality
I’m working on a Sociology question and need guidance to help me study.
Identify how work-based gender inequality contributes to societal gender inequality, presenting how each of the four major forms of discrimination discussed in the text impact structural inequality specifically. Then discuss strategies that attempt to address these issues.
Gender inequality is the social phenomenon in which men and women are not treated equally. The treatment may arise from distinctions regarding biology, psychology, or cultural norms prevalent in the society. Some of these distinctions are empirically grounded, while others appear to be social constructs. Studies show the different experiences of genders across many domains including education, life expectancy, personality, interests, family life, careers, and political affiliation. Gender inequality is experienced differently across different cultures and it also affects non-binary people.
Biology
Natural differences exist between the sexes based on biological and anatomic factors, mostly differing reproductive roles. Biological differences include chromosomes and hormonal differences.[1] There is a natural difference also in the relative physical strengths (on average) of the sexes, both in the lower body and more pronouncedly in the upper-body, though this does not mean that any given man is stronger than any given woman.[2][3] Men, on average, are taller, which provides both advantages and disadvantages.[4] Women, on average, live significantly longer than men,[5] though it is not clear to what extent this is a biological difference – see Life expectancy. Men have larger lung volumes and more circulating blood cells and clotting factors, while women have more circulating white blood cells and produce antibodies faster.[6] Differences such as these are hypothesized to be an adaption allowing for sexual specialization.[7]
A girl hugs her boyfriend and wants to feel a connection with him.
Prenatal hormone exposure influences the extent to which a person exhibits typical masculine or feminine traits.[8][9] Negligible differences between males and females exist in general intelligence.[10] Men are significantly more likely to take risks than women.[11] Men are also more likely than women to be aggressive, a trait influenced by prenatal and possibly current androgen exposure.[12][13] It has been theorized that these differences combined with physical differences are an adaption representing sexual division of labor.[7] A second theory proposes sex differences in intergroup aggression represent adaptions in male aggression to allow for territory, resource and mate acquisition.[6] Females are (on average) more empathetic than males, though this does not mean that any given woman is more empathetic than any given man.[14] Men and women have better visuospatial and verbal memory, respectively. These changes are influenced by the male sex hormone testosterone, which increases visuospatial memory in both genders when administered.[15]
From birth, males and females are socialised differently, and experience different environments throughout their lives. Due to societal influence, gender often greatly influences many major characteristics in life; such as personality.[16] Males and females are led on different paths due to the influences of gender role expectations and gender role stereotypes often before they are able to choose for themselves. For instance, in Western societies,the colour blue is commonly associated with boys, and they are often given toys that are associated with traditional masculine roles, such as machines and trucks. Girls are associated with the colour pink, and are given toys related to traditional feminine roles, such as dolls, dresses, and dollhouses. These influences by parents or other adult figures in the child’s life encourage them to fit into these roles.[17] This tends to affect personality, career paths, or relationships. Throughout life, males and females are seen as two very different species who have very different personalities and should stay on separate paths.[18]
Researcher Janet Hyde found that, although much research has traditionally focused on the differences between the genders, they are actually more alike than different, which is a position proposed by the gender similarities hypothesis.[19]
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Topic 1 DQ 1
Oct 3-5, 2022
What would spirituality be according to your own worldview? How do you believe that your conception of spirituality would influence the way in which you care for patients?
According to Hart (1994, p. 23), spirituality is the way a person lives out their beliefs in daily life and the way they “respond to the end conditions of individual existence” (Bożek, Nowak, , & Blukacz, 2020).A sense of peace and well-being are generated by spirituality, which is defined by faith, a search for life’s meaning and purpose and a feeling of belonging with one another. Through spiritual connection life satisfaction may increase or make it easier to accommodate illness or disability. Although, the idea of spirituality encompasses a huge range of personal experiences and convictions. Every individual has a unique perspective on spirituality. We may develop more comprehensive and compassionate healthcare systems by addressing the spiritual needs of our patients.
Nurses are being required more and more to recognize and respond to spiritual issues because of the emphasis on holistic care and meeting the requirements of each individual patient. Physical healing, pain relief, and personal development might result from attending to the patient’s spiritual needs. The nurse must attend to the patient’s emotional as well as physical demands in order to meet their total needs.The way in which we provide patient care would be influenced by our personal understanding of spirituality. For example, my spiritual beliefs consist of treating everyone with respect, compassion, care and equality regardless of their health status, race, spiritual view, gender, etc. I can take that into consideration into my practice by providing culturally competent, holistic care so I can better understand what I can do to assist the patient’s physical, spiritual, and mental wellbeing. Further, hospitals are held liable by The Joint Commission (TJC) for upholding patient rights, which includes making accommodations for cultural, religious, and spiritual values. The bodies, minds, and spirits of patients must all be taken into consideration by healthcare practitioners and systems (Swihart, Yarrarapu, & Martin, 2021).
Bożek, A., Nowak, P. F., & Blukacz, M. (2020). The Relationship Between Spirituality, Health-Related Behavior, and Psychological Well-Being. Frontiers in Psychology, 11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01997
Swihart, D.L., Yarrarapu ,S.N.S & Martin R.L. (2021). Cultural Religious Competence In Clinical Practice. StatPearls Publishing https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK493216/
Nurse practitioners (NPs) in Alabama have a reduced scope of practice. This means NPs are restricted to at least one practice element and require a career-long formal collaborative agreement with a physician. In Alabama, all collaborative practice agreements between an NP and a physician are approved by the Joint Committee of the Alabama Board of Medical Examiners (ABME) and the Alabama Board of Nursing (Hart et al., 2020). Besides, NPs in Alabama are acknowledged only based on their collaborative relationship with a qualified Alabama physician. NPs also have a restricted prescriptive authority. This means that for NPs to prescribe legend drugs, the drug type, dose, quantity, and number of refills must be authorized in the approved protocol signed by the collaborating physician (Hayes et al., 2023). Moreover, the prescribed medication must be on the list of medicines recommended by the joint committee and adopted by the ABME and the Board of Nursing. NPs must have a Qualified Alabama Controlled Substances Registration Certificate (QACSC) to prescribe Schedules III-V controlled substances.
NPs in Alabama face multiple barriers to independent practice. For instance, if the mandated collaborative relationship is disbanded, the NP ceases being recognized, even with advanced education and national certification. Unfortunately, NPs in Alabama are not issued with licenses. They are only certified and recognized in a collaborative relationship with a physician (Hart et al., 2020). According to the Alabama legislation, the NP-Physician collaboration requires professional oversight and direction as mandated by the rules and regulations of the ABME and the Board of Nursing. Furthermore, the agreement must comprise practice sites, prescription orders, and quality assurance (Mason et al., 2021). However, the collaboration does not necessitate direct, on-site supervision of the activities of the NP by the collaborating physician. The restricted practice in Alabama greatly inhibits the NP role. This is because, without a collaborative relationship, they are just recognized as registered nurses. They cannot practice to their full training and education and cannot carry out roles that nurses in states with full practice conduct independently.
References
Hart, L., Ferguson, R., & Amiri, A. (2020). Full scope of practice for Alabama nurse practitioners: Act now. The Journal for Nurse Practitioners, 16(2), 100-104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nurpra.2019.10.016
Hayes, W., Baker, N. R., Benson, P., & O’Keefe, L. C. (2023). The State of Advanced Practice Registered Nursing in Alabama. Journal of Nursing Regulation, 13(4), 44-53. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2155-8256(23)00030-3
Mason, D., Dickson, E., McLemore, M., And Perez, G. (2021) Policy and Politics in Nursing and Healthcare. 8th Edition. Elsevier Publishing. ISBN: 9780323554985