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Discussion: Individual Right Versus the Collective Good

NURS 8100 Discussion: Individual Right Versus the Collective Good

Walden University Discussion: Individual Right Versus the Collective Good-Step-By-Step Guide

 

This guide will demonstrate how to complete the Walden University  Discussion: Individual Right Versus the Collective Good  assignment based on general principles of academic writing. Here, we will show you the A, B, Cs of completing an academic paper, irrespective of the instructions. After guiding you through what to do, the guide will leave one or two sample essays at the end to highlight the various sections discussed below.

 

How to Research and Prepare for  Discussion: Individual Right Versus the Collective Good

 

Whether one passes or fails an academic assignment such as the Walden University   Discussion: Individual Right Versus the Collective Good depends on the preparation done beforehand. The first thing to do once you receive an assignment is to quickly skim through the requirements. Once that is done, start going through the instructions one by one to clearly understand what the instructor wants. The most important thing here is to understand the required format—whether it is APA, MLA, Chicago, etc.

 

After understanding the requirements of the paper, the next phase is to gather relevant materials. The first place to start the research process is the weekly resources. Go through the resources provided in the instructions to determine which ones fit the assignment. After reviewing the provided resources, use the university library to search for additional resources. After gathering sufficient and necessary resources, you are now ready to start drafting your paper.

 

How to Write the Introduction for  Discussion: Individual Right Versus the Collective Good

 

The introduction for the Walden University   Discussion: Individual Right Versus the Collective Good is where you tell the instructor what your paper will encompass. In three to four statements, highlight the important points that will form the basis of your paper. Here, you can include statistics to show the importance of the topic you will be discussing. At the end of the introduction, write a clear purpose statement outlining what exactly will be contained in the paper. This statement will start with “The purpose of this paper…” and then proceed to outline the various sections of the instructions.

 

How to Write the Body for  Discussion: Individual Right Versus the Collective Good 

 

After the introduction, move into the main part of the  Discussion: Individual Right Versus the Collective Good assignment, which is the body. Given that the paper you will be writing is not experimental, the way you organize the headings and subheadings of your paper is critically important. In some cases, you might have to use more subheadings to properly organize the assignment. The organization will depend on the rubric provided. Carefully examine the rubric, as it will contain all the detailed requirements of the assignment. Sometimes, the rubric will have information that the normal instructions lack.

 

Another important factor to consider at this point is how to do citations. In-text citations are fundamental as they support the arguments and points you make in the paper. At this point, the resources gathered at the beginning will come in handy. Integrating the ideas of the authors with your own will ensure that you produce a comprehensive paper. Also, follow the given citation format. In most cases, APA 7 is the preferred format for nursing assignments.

 

How to Write the Conclusion for  Discussion: Individual Right Versus the Collective Good

 

After completing the main sections, write the conclusion of your paper. The conclusion is a summary of the main points you made in your paper. However, you need to rewrite the points and not simply copy and paste them. By restating the points from each subheading, you will provide a nuanced overview of the assignment to the reader.

 

How to Format the References List for  Discussion: Individual Right Versus the Collective Good

 

The very last part of your paper involves listing the sources used in your paper. These sources should be listed in alphabetical order and double-spaced. Additionally, use a hanging indent for each source that appears in this list. Lastly, only the sources cited within the body of the paper should appear here.

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Discussion: Individual Right Versus the Collective Good

Patient acuity is rising while registered nurses (RNs) at the bedside are dwindling. The State of Texas nursing shortage is at an average of 11.06% of its registered nurse slots unfilled (Wieck, Oehler, Green, & Jordan, 2004). American Nurses Association (ANA) Principles for Nurse Staffing (1999) served as a framework for policy change. Nurse strategists undertook the challenge with the overall intent to provide excellent patient care.

An example to address nurse staffing and the ensuing problems is the California Staffing Ratio Law. Nurse-to-patient ratios (NPR) are a direct association between errors and the number of RNs. Moghri, Kokabisaghi, & Tabatabaee’s (2021) studies on NPR show that a high ratio affects the quality of treatment, increases adverse events, and raises the patient’s hospitalization period. It is a perfect example of the tension that significantly affects nurses’ individual rights and the collective good. Addressing the nursing shortage issues in health care institutions is both challenging and controversial. Suppose a patient’s prolonged hospitalization period can cost the hospital financial strains. Hospitals are businesses; the median length of stay was six days, the median total cost was $11,267, and the median cost per day was $1,772 (Study: Covid-19 hospitalization costs, outcomes in 2020 improved over time, 2022). Nevertheless, at what cost will it have on nurses’ rights?

Nurses are sworn to follow a set of ethics such as Beneficence & Nonmaleficence. While health care providers are obligated to help people in need, we must do not harm (Bodenheimer & Grumbach, 2009). Nurses are overworked and unable to provide good care for their patients and consequently consider leaving their jobs. The tension between ethical and legal consideration leave nurses in a dilemma. For example, a nurse will work overtime hours to help the hospital organization but is at risk of committing a medical error that can lead to legal consequences. Mandatory overtime laws prohibit healthcare facilities from requiring employees to work more than their regularly scheduled hours except during a health care disaster that increases the need for health care personnel unexpectedly (Bae & Brewer, 2010). On the other hand, hospitals are still experiencing staffing shortages to care for their patients.

Reference

Bae, S.-H., & Brewer, C. (2010). Mandatory Overtime Regulations and Nurse Overtime. Policy, Politics, & Nursing Practice, 11(2), 99–107. https://doi.org/10.1177/1527154410382300

Bodenheimer, T., & Grumbach, K. (2009). Understanding Health Policy : A Clinical Approach: Vol. 5th ed. McGraw-Hill Professional.

Moghri, J., Kokabisaghi, F., & Tabatabaee, S. S. (2021). Nurse staffing norms in a hospital: Determining a golden standard using a new estimation method. International Journal of Healthcare Management, 14(4), 1367–1372. https://doi.org/10.1080/20479700.2020.1760586

Study: Covid-19 hospitalization costs, outcomes in 2020 improved over time. Texas A&M Today. (2022, January 3). Retrieved April 4, 2022, from https://today.tamu.edu/2022/01/03/study-covid-19-hospitalization-costs-outcomes-in-2020-improved-over-time/

Wieck, K. L., Oehler, T., Green, A., & Jordan, C. (2004). Safe Nurse Staffing: A Win-Win Collaboration Model for Influencing Health Policy. Policy, Politics, & Nursing Practice, 5(3), 160–166. https://doi.org/10.1177/1527154404266578

Health Care Policy.

Covid-19 vaccine mandate for health care workers gained a lot of publicity towards the end of last year. It was very important to have a

Discussion Individual Right Versus the Collective Good
Discussion Individual Right Versus the Collective Good

policy that would guide health care workers due to COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy that was rampant in all population sectors for different reasons. A regulation was established to ensure all staff who were eligible to receive a COVID-19 vaccine would do so by January of this year before providing any care or treatment (Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services, 2021). It was the responsibility of companies especially skilled long-term care facilities to establish a policy that would ensure those who qualified to be exempted did so in alignment of the guidelines established by the federal laws.

Tension between Individual Rights and the Collective Good.

In the health care world, herd immunity has been promoted especially in community nursing. It is very important because with herd immunity not everybody but the majority of the people can receive vaccination that leads to immunity of a disease. This makes infection transmission to be unlikely leading to the entire population being protected. This would cover even those who are not eligible for vaccinations. It is therefore important for bedside staff to be vaccinated. However according to Farah, Breeher, Shah, Hainy, Tommaso  & Swift (2022), there are major  disparities in actual vaccination rates among different health care workers (HCWs). Advanced practice staff who spend the least amount of time with patients have statistically received the vaccines than nurses and support staff. The probability of an infected support staff spreading COVID-19 would likely be higher because the close proximity of proving care with activities of daily living like showers may not be completed with full personal protective equipment (PPE) in place.

There are  HCWs who are hesitant to receive the COVID-19 vaccine. Bellanti (2021), refers a delay in acceptance or outright refusal of vaccines as vaccine hesitancy. Those staff members who decline to receive the vaccine even when they are eligible to get it cannot work in some hospitals or nursing homes. This creates a further challenge with staff shortage already being a major concern.

It is an undeniable fact that every person has a right to choose what goes in their body but it would not be wise to put people at risk if it was avoidable. To decline to get a vaccine because of misinformation, fallacies, or myths is unfortunate. This is relevant to the COVID-19 vaccine.

Ethical and Legal Considerations of the Policy.

There are different factors that surround the mandate for COVID-19 vaccination policy among HCWs.  Perez, Paul, Raghuraman, Carter, Odibo,  Kelly & Foeller (2022), point out the nature of HCWs make them have a high occupational  risk for contracting and transmitting the COVID-19 infection after exposure. Legally and ethically it would therefore be fair to give them a priority to receive the vaccines first.

Getting to a point of herd immunity would also be critical. This is not achievable if the vaccine is not accessible on a global level. According to Hosseini (2021), one of challenges of COVID-19 vaccine is whether the manufactures of the vaccine can be forced to share information with competitors so that availability of the vaccine across the globe can be reached quickly. It would be ethically meaningful to look at infectious diseases as public rights instead of individual needs.

Education is key to knowledge. It is important to acknowledge vaccinations have been an important tool that has been used to contain some dangerous diseases in the past. According to Gurenlian,  Eldridge, Estrich,  Battrell,  Lynch,  Morrissey, Araujo, Vujicic & Mikkelsen (2022), it would be for the greater good to further educate HCWs on topics like virology and epidemiology.

Reference

Bellanti, J. A. (2021). COVID-19 vaccines and vaccine hesitancy: Role of the allergist/immunologist in promotion of vaccine acceptance. Allergy and Asthma Proceedings, 42(5), 386–394. https://doi.org/10.2500/aap.2021.42.210063

Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services. (November, 2021). Biden-Harris Administration Issues Emergency Regulation Requiring COVID-19 Vaccination for Health Care Workers.https://www.cms.gov/newsroom/press-releases/biden-harris-administration-issues-emergency-regulation-requiring-covid-19-vaccination-health-care#:~:text=All%20eligible%20staff%20must%20have,beliefs%2C%20observances%2C%20or%20practices.

Farah, W., Breeher, L., Shah, V., Hainy, C., Tommaso, C. P., & Swift, M. D. (2022). Disparities in COVID-19 vaccine uptake among health care workers. Vaccine. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2022.03.045

Gurenlian, J. R., Eldridge, L. A., Estrich, C. G., Battrell, A., Lynch, A., Morrissey, R. W., Araujo, M. W. B., Vujicic, M., & Mikkelsen, M. (2022). COVID-19 Vaccine Intention and Hesitancy of Dental Hygienists in the United States. Journal of Dental Hygiene, 96(1), 5–16.

Hosseini, M.(2021). A Covid Competition Dilemma: Legal and Ethical Challenges Regarding the Covid-19 Vaccine Policies during and after the Crisis. Public Governance, Administration and Finances Law Review, 6(1), 51–63. https://doi.org/10.53116/pgaflr.2021.1.5

Perez, M. J., Paul, R., Raghuraman, N., Carter, E. B., Odibo, A. O., Kelly, J. C., & Foeller, M. E. (2022). Characterizing initial COVID-19 vaccine attitudes among pregnancy-capable healthcare workers. American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology MFM, 4(2). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajogmf.2021.100557

Thanks for the insightful discussion. From your discussion, I have learned that with herd immunity not everybody but the majority of the people can receive vaccination that leads to immunity of a disease. If enough people are vaccinated, it can create a ‘herd immunity’ that protects even those who cannot be vaccinated for medical reasons or because they are too young (Giubilini et al., 2018). For example, measles is highly contagious and can easily spread in a population that is not immune. But if most people in the population are vaccinated against measles, then the disease cannot spread as easily. That is because when there are enough people who are vaccinated, it becomes very difficult for the disease to find new hosts (people to infect). So even those who can’t be vaccinated (such as newborns) benefit from herd immunity. The decision about whether or not to get vaccinated for COVID-19 will be based on an individual’s specific risk factors and health history (Farah et al., 2022). However, most healthcare workers should consider getting vaccinated, as they are more likely than the general population to come into contact with people who are infected with the virus. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends that all healthcare workers receive the vaccine for both seasonal flu and H1N1 (swine flu), as these viruses are similar to COVID-19 (Randolph & Barreiro, 2020). In addition, those who work in healthcare facilities should routinely practice good hand hygiene and respiratory etiquette to help prevent the spread of infection.

References

Farah, W., Breeher, L., Shah, V., Hainy, C., Tommaso, C. P., & Swift, M. D. (2022). Disparities in COVID-19 vaccine uptake among health care workers. Vaccine. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2022.03.045

Randolph, H. E., & Barreiro, L. B. (2020). Herd immunity: understanding COVID-19. Immunity, 52(5), 737-741. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.immuni.2020.04.012

Giubilini, A., Douglas, T., & Savulescu, J. (2018). The moral obligation to be vaccinated: utilitarianism, contractualism, and collective easy rescue. Medicine, Health Care and Philosophy, 21(4), 547-560. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11019-018-9829-y