Discussion: NURS 6640 Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Walden University Discussion: NURS 6640 Posttraumatic Stress Disorder-Step-By-Step Guide
This guide will demonstrate how to complete the Walden University Discussion: NURS 6640 Posttraumatic Stress Disorder assignment based on general principles of academic writing. Here, we will show you the A, B, Cs of completing an academic paper, irrespective of the instructions. After guiding you through what to do, the guide will leave one or two sample essays at the end to highlight the various sections discussed below.
How to Research and Prepare for Discussion: NURS 6640 Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Whether one passes or fails an academic assignment such as the Walden University Discussion: NURS 6640 Posttraumatic Stress Disorder depends on the preparation done beforehand. The first thing to do once you receive an assignment is to quickly skim through the requirements. Once that is done, start going through the instructions one by one to clearly understand what the instructor wants. The most important thing here is to understand the required format—whether it is APA, MLA, Chicago, etc.
After understanding the requirements of the paper, the next phase is to gather relevant materials. The first place to start the research process is the weekly resources. Go through the resources provided in the instructions to determine which ones fit the assignment. After reviewing the provided resources, use the university library to search for additional resources. After gathering sufficient and necessary resources, you are now ready to start drafting your paper.
How to Write the Introduction for Discussion: NURS 6640 Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
The introduction for the Walden University Discussion: NURS 6640 Posttraumatic Stress Disorder is where you tell the instructor what your paper will encompass. In three to four statements, highlight the important points that will form the basis of your paper. Here, you can include statistics to show the importance of the topic you will be discussing. At the end of the introduction, write a clear purpose statement outlining what exactly will be contained in the paper. This statement will start with “The purpose of this paper…” and then proceed to outline the various sections of the instructions.
How to Write the Body for Discussion: NURS 6640 Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
After the introduction, move into the main part of the Discussion: NURS 6640 Posttraumatic Stress Disorder assignment, which is the body. Given that the paper you will be writing is not experimental, the way you organize the headings and subheadings of your paper is critically important. In some cases, you might have to use more subheadings to properly organize the assignment. The organization will depend on the rubric provided. Carefully examine the rubric, as it will contain all the detailed requirements of the assignment. Sometimes, the rubric will have information that the normal instructions lack.
Another important factor to consider at this point is how to do citations. In-text citations are fundamental as they support the arguments and points you make in the paper. At this point, the resources gathered at the beginning will come in handy. Integrating the ideas of the authors with your own will ensure that you produce a comprehensive paper. Also, follow the given citation format. In most cases, APA 7 is the preferred format for nursing assignments.
How to Write the Conclusion for Discussion: NURS 6640 Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
After completing the main sections, write the conclusion of your paper. The conclusion is a summary of the main points you made in your paper. However, you need to rewrite the points and not simply copy and paste them. By restating the points from each subheading, you will provide a nuanced overview of the assignment to the reader.
How to Format the References List for Discussion: NURS 6640 Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
The very last part of your paper involves listing the sources used in your paper. These sources should be listed in alphabetical order and double-spaced. Additionally, use a hanging indent for each source that appears in this list. Lastly, only the sources cited within the body of the paper should appear here.
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Sample Answer for Discussion NURS 6640 Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
It is estimated that more than 6% of the U.S. population will experience posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in their lifetime (National Center for PTSD, 2010). This debilitating disorder often interferes with an individual’s ability to function in daily life. Common symptoms of anxiousness and depression frequently lead to substance abuse issues and even physical ailments. For this Discussion, as you examine the Thompson Family Case Study in this week’s Learning Resources, consider how you might assess and treat clients presenting with PTSD.
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)[a] is a mental and behavioral disorder[6] that can develop because of exposure to a traumatic event, such as sexual assault, warfare, traffic collisions, child abuse, domestic violence, or other threats on a person’s life.[1][7] Symptoms may include disturbing thoughts, feelings, or dreams related to the events, mental or physical distress to trauma-related cues, attempts to avoid trauma-related cues, alterations in the way a person thinks and feels, and an increase in the fight-or-flight response.[1][3] These symptoms last for more than a month after the event.[1] Young children are less likely to show distress but instead may express their memories through play.[1] A person with PTSD is at a higher risk of suicide and intentional self-harm.[2][8]
Most people who experience traumatic events do not develop PTSD.[2] People who experience interpersonal violence such as rape, other sexual assaults, being kidnapped, stalking, physical abuse by an intimate partner, and incest or other forms of childhood sexual abuse are more likely to develop PTSD than those who experience non-assault based trauma, such as accidents and natural disasters.[9][10][11] Those who experience prolonged trauma, such as slavery, concentration camps, or chronic domestic abuse, may develop complex post-traumatic stress disorder (C-PTSD). C-PTSD is similar to PTSD but has a distinct effect on a person’s emotional regulation and core identity.[12]
Prevention may be possible when counselling is targeted at those with early symptoms but is not effective when provided to all trauma-exposed individuals whether or not symptoms are present.[2] The main treatments for people with PTSD are counselling (psychotherapy) and medication.[3][13] Antidepressants of the SSRI or SNRI type are the first-line medications used for PTSD and are moderately beneficial for about half of people.[4] Benefits from medication are less than those seen with counselling.[2] It is not known whether using medications and counselling together has greater benefit than either method separately.[2][14] Medications, other than some SSRIs or SNRIs, do not have enough evidence to support their use and, in the case of benzodiazepines, may worsen outcomes.[15][16]
In the United States, about 3.5% of adults have PTSD in a given year, and 9% of people develop it at some point in their life.[1] In much of the rest of the world, rates during a given year are between 0.5% and 1%.[1] Higher rates may occur in regions of armed conflict.[2] It is more common in women than men.[3]
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Symptoms of trauma-related mental disorders have been documented since at least the time of the ancient Greeks.[17] A few instances of evidence of post-traumatic illness have been argued to exist from the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, such as the diary of Samuel Pepys, who described intrusive and distressing symptoms following the 1666 Fire of London.[18] During the world wars, the condition was known under various terms, including “shell shock” and “combat neurosis.”[19] The term “post-traumatic stress disorder” came into use in the 1970s in large part due to the diagnoses of U.S. military veterans of the Vietnam War.[20] It was officially recognized by the American Psychiatric Association in 1980 in the third edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-III).
Symptoms
Service members use art to relieve PTSD symptoms.
See also: Psychological stress and sleep
Symptoms of PTSD generally begin within the first three months after the inciting traumatic event, but may not begin until years later.[1][3] In the typical case, the individual with PTSD persistently avoids either trauma-related thoughts and emotions or discussion of the traumatic event and may even have amnesia of the event.[1] However, the event is commonly relived by the individual through intrusive, recurrent recollections, dissociative episodes of reliving the trauma (“flashbacks”), and nightmares (50 to 70%[22]).[23] While it is common to have symptoms after any traumatic event, these must persist to a sufficient degree (i.e., causing dysfunction in life or clinical levels of distress) for longer than one month after the trauma to be classified as PTSD (clinically significant dysfunction or distress for less than one month after the trauma may be acute stress disorder).[1][24][25][26] Some following a traumatic event experience post-traumatic growth.[27]
Associated medical conditions
Trauma survivors often develop depression, anxiety disorders, and mood disorders in addition to PTSD.[28]
Substance use disorder, such as alcohol use disorder, commonly co-occur with PTSD.[29] Recovery from post-traumatic stress disorder or other anxiety disorders may be hindered, or the condition worsened, when substance use disorders are comorbid with PTSD. Resolving these problems can bring about improvement in an individual’s mental health status and anxiety levels.[30][31]
In children and adolescents, there is a strong association between emotional regulation difficulties (e.g. mood swings, anger outbursts, temper tantrums) and post-traumatic stress symptoms, independent of age, gender, or type of trauma.
Sample Answer 2 for Discussion NURS 6640 Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Explanation of my Observation of William
William, a war veteran previously based in Iraq, is a 38-year-old African American male who became homeless after failure to pay his mortgage. He lives with his wife and works as a lawyer with a specialty in finance law. However, his career is in a jeopardy due to his habit of alcohol consumption, which he uses as a survival mechanism from posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD).
From my analysis of the client, he is experiencing stressful events based on the evaluation using the Diagnostics and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders fifth edition (DSM-5) tool (Moskowitz et al., 2019). William exhibits re-occurring symptoms of irritability, concentration problems as well as sleep disturbances, which arise from nightmares, flashbacks, and hallucinations. These are exacerbated by thoughts about the traumatic experiences he encountered as an American soldier in Iraq. Even though William’s depression and PTSD scores reveal a low level of distress, his current life experiences affect how he functions at work (Sareen, 2014). Mainly, he reports intense fear, horror, and sometimes helplessness, which makes him self-medicate with alcohol. However, William is consistently connected to his wife and closest friends, which is mainly achieved through texting rather than direct communication. This is an indication of avoidant coping indicating that he prefers to manage his affairs in isolation.
As I use the PTSD explorer to examine William, his mood and energy keep on fluctuating from moderate status to worst condition. He is mainly stressed about his previous encounters in the military environment (Zamorski et al., 2015). The client is mainly concerned about the nature of his work as a lawyer in which in some instances, he handles customers whose reprimanding demands reminds him about the nature of the military encounters in Iraq. His mood scores fluctuate and this calls for the need for medications to manage such dilapidating mood disorder.
Therapeutic Approaches for the Client
Due to anxiety, I will administer Klonopin 0.25mg PO x 2 daily (Moskowitz et al., 2019). The patient will be expected to take the medication for one month until panic stops. However, I might increase the dosage of 0.125mg to the 0.25mg of Klonopin every three days to ensure that anxiety and panic are under control. I will also prescribe Ziprasidone 40mg PO BID for the client. This medication will be used in a combination with Lorazepam 1mg PO BID to address hallucinations and nightmares that occur to the patient due to a flashback about the experiences of the military environment (Moskowitz et al., 2019). However, in the event the patient does not realize improvement in perceptual disturbances, I will increase Ziprasidone gradually up to 80mg PO BID within three days of medication. I will also administer Duloxetine 60mg PO x 1 daily to restore positive mood in the patient.
Expected Outcomes
I will expect William to adhere to the prescribed medication regimen for him to realize a positive change in his psychotic disorder. Upon completion of the drugs, I anticipate to observe a remarkable improvement in the patient particularly in how he relates with the family and friends (Sareen, 2014). This means that his habit of isolation will reduce. I also expect William’s mood to change and his anxiety to drop following the use of the medication after one month. This will mean that his depression will drop based on the analysis using the depression survey score tool (Zamorski et al., 2015). A positive outcome from the psychotropic medication suggests that patient is responding well to the therapy and this provides a valuable understanding of the character dynamics for these clients which guide the decision on medication adjustment or withdrawal.
References
Moskowitz, A., Dorahy, M. J., & Schäfer, I. (Eds.). (2019). Psychosis, Trauma, and Dissociation: Evolving Perspectives on Severe Psychopathology. New Jersey, NJ: Wiley-Blackwell.
Sareen, J. (2014). Posttraumatic stress disorder in adults: impact, comorbidity, risk factors, and treatment. The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 59(9), 460-467. Doi: 10.1177/070674371405900902
Zamorski, M. A., Rolland-Harris, E., Jetly, R., Downes, A., Whitehead, J., Thompson, J., & Pedlar, D. (2015). Military deployments, posttraumatic stress disorder, and suicide risk in Canadian Armed Forces personnel and veterans. The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 60(4), 200-200.doi:10.1177/070674371506000407