Discussion: t Tests and ANOVA in Clinical Practice NURS 8200

Walden University Discussion: t Tests and ANOVA in Clinical Practice NURS 8200-Step-By-Step Guide

This guide will demonstrate how to complete the Walden University Discussion: t Tests and ANOVA in Clinical Practice NURS 8200 assignment based on general principles of academic writing. Here, we will show you the A, B, Cs of completing an academic paper, irrespective of the instructions. After guiding you through what to do, the guide will leave one or two sample essays at the end to highlight the various sections discussed below.

How to Research and Prepare for Discussion: t Tests and ANOVA in Clinical Practice NURS 8200

Whether one passes or fails an academic assignment such as the Walden University Discussion: t Tests and ANOVA in Clinical Practice NURS 8200 depends on the preparation done beforehand. The first thing to do once you receive an assignment is to quickly skim through the requirements. Once that is done, start going through the instructions one by one to clearly understand what the instructor wants. The most important thing here is to understand the required format—whether it is APA, MLA, Chicago, etc.

After understanding the requirements of the paper, the next phase is to gather relevant materials. The first place to start the research process is the weekly resources. Go through the resources provided in the instructions to determine which ones fit the assignment. After reviewing the provided resources, use the university library to search for additional resources. After gathering sufficient and necessary resources, you are now ready to start drafting your paper.

How to Write the Introduction for Discussion: t Tests and ANOVA in Clinical Practice NURS 8200

The introduction for the Walden University Discussion: t Tests and ANOVA in Clinical Practice NURS 8200 is where you tell the instructor what your paper will encompass. In three to four statements, highlight the important points that will form the basis of your paper. Here, you can include statistics to show the importance of the topic you will be discussing. At the end of the introduction, write a clear purpose statement outlining what exactly will be contained in the paper. This statement will start with “The purpose of this paper…” and then proceed to outline the various sections of the instructions.

How to Write the Body for Discussion: t Tests and ANOVA in Clinical Practice NURS 8200

After the introduction, move into the main part of the Discussion: t Tests and ANOVA in Clinical Practice NURS 8200 assignment, which is the body. Given that the paper you will be writing is not experimental, the way you organize the headings and subheadings of your paper is critically important. In some cases, you might have to use more subheadings to properly organize the assignment. The organization will depend on the rubric provided. Carefully examine the rubric, as it will contain all the detailed requirements of the assignment. Sometimes, the rubric will have information that the normal instructions lack.

Another important factor to consider at this point is how to do citations. In-text citations are fundamental as they support the arguments and points you make in the paper. At this point, the resources gathered at the beginning will come in handy. Integrating the ideas of the authors with your own will ensure that you produce a comprehensive paper. Also, follow the given citation format. In most cases, APA 7 is the preferred format for nursing assignments.

How to Write the Conclusion for Discussion: t Tests and ANOVA in Clinical Practice NURS 8200

After completing the main sections, write the conclusion of your paper. The conclusion is a summary of the main points you made in your paper. However, you need to rewrite the points and not simply copy and paste them. By restating the points from each subheading, you will provide a nuanced overview of the assignment to the reader.

How to Format the References List for Discussion: t Tests and ANOVA in Clinical Practice NURS 8200

The very last part of your paper involves listing the sources used in your paper. These sources should be listed in alphabetical order and double-spaced. Additionally, use a hanging indent for each source that appears in this list. Lastly, only the sources cited within the body of the paper should appear here.

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Sample Answer for Discussion: t Tests and ANOVA in Clinical Practice NURS 8200

t Tests and ANOVA in Clinical Practice

The topic I selected for discussion is on a study done on blood donation among college students in Saudi Arabia and their likelihood of becoming donors. For this weeks’ discussion we learned of quantitative methods to use in research such as t Tests and analysis of variance (ANOVA). Both t tests and ANOVA are examples of inferential statistics in which there are two or more variables involved. The t test is a parametric statistical test used to evaluate means (Grove & Cipher, 2017). There are 3 different scenarios where a t test would be used: (1) in a 1 sample hypothesis testing, (2) independent comparisons, (3) paired sample comparisons (Jankowski et al., 2018).

Summary of Article Selected

In the article used for this discussion was written by Mahfouz., et al. (2021), entitled “Blood donation among university students: Practices, motivation and barriers in Saudi Arabia.” This study was conducted in the town of Jazan in Saudi Arabia. The researchers chose this city because it has a high prevalence of inherited blood diseases that requires blood transfusions and they felt a large population of students would be willing to donate blood if they had family members or friends that would need blood. The study method used was an observational cross-sectional study. The university chosen had an undergraduate population of 56,000 students. The sample size was chosen of 480 students during the 2017-2018 academic year. A stratified random sampling technique was used to select study participants, and the group was further divided into 2 groups: health-related colleges and non-health colleges (Mahfouz, et al., 2021). Data was collected using questionnaires, and data analysis were analyzed using SPSS Version 2.0. Statistical analysis involved both descriptive and inferential statistics. The questionnaires consisted of adding a score and classified into 3 categories: low (<40), medium (40-70), and high (70+) (Mahfouz et al., 2021). Gender distribution showed 210 (44.9%) were female, while 258 (55.1%) were male. The researcher further classified the sample group by age, with 188 (41.8%) were in the age group 22-23 years, and 127 (28.3%) was age 20-21 (Mahfouz et al., 2021).

The conclusion of the research was that the prevalence of blood donation was found to be low and the students knowledge regarding blood donation appeared to be lacking (Mahfouz, et al., 2021). Furthermore the college type had no significant influence on the prevalence of blood donation as 28.5% were donors from the health-related college and 28% was from the non-health college (Mahfouz, et al., 2021). The male respondents were more likely to be blood donors than the female respondents. Using inferential statistics strengthen the article and its application to EBP.

References

Grove, S.K., & Cipher, D.J. (2017). Statistics for Nursing Research: A workbook for Evidence-Based Practice. 2nd ed. Missouri: Elsevier; 2017: ISBN: 978-0-323358811

Jankowski, K.R.B., Flannelly, K.J. & Flannelly, L.T. (2018). The t-Test: An influential inferential tool to Chaplancy and other healthcare research. JHealth Care Champlain. 2018; 24(1): 30-39. doi: 10.1080/08854726.1335050

Mahfouz, M.S., Majed, R., Hamzi, N.A., Zaeri, D.A., Dahdoh, A.A., Almalki, A.J., Hakami, J.A., Aqeeli, A.A., & Tawashi, I.H. (2021). Blood donations among university students: Practices, motivation and barriers in Saudi Arabia. Avicenna Journal of Medicine, April 1, 2021. DOI: 10.4103/ajn_113_20. www.avicennajmed.com

Sample Answer 2 for Discussion: t Tests and ANOVA in Clinical Practice NURS 8200

Post an explanation of the translation science framework or model that you selected and explain why it is most relevant to your practice problem. Be specific and provide examples.

Click here to ORDER an A++ paper from our MASTERS and DOCTORATE WRITERS: Discussion: t Tests and ANOVA in Clinical Practice NURS 8200

Research Question: What are the advantages and disadvantages of delivering mental health care through telepsychiatry instead of face-to-face in mental health visits?

Translation Science

Research is an in-depth process that takes time and effort to go through the steps of starting the process to implementing the findings. Translation science can help with this process. This can be started by testing different interventions that will be implemented and use the findings to enhance the outcomes for patients and the health of the community (White et al., 2019).

The Theory of Reasoned Action

Translation Science is made up of many different actions and one of the actions is The Theory of Reasoned Action. This action is defined by different variables behavior, intention, attitude, and norms. These variables represent the action that is needed, the behaviors they will be observed pending the attitude and norms, the feelings towards the behaviors and how the individual views the behaviors (White et al., 2019). When change is occurring, it is important to realize that the individual must be motivated and willing for the change. The individual should feel that they have control over the situation and the other individuals should also see the change as positive (White et al., 2019).

Practice Problem

The Translation Science action, Theory of Reasoned Action, can be used when doing research for telepsychiatry. This is a relatively new process on how patients are interviewed. It is important for the individual to see the benefits of the change as well as getting the input of the providers and patients using then new process. The behavior is that the individual needs to decide why telepsychiatry should be implemented, how it will be done and who will benefit from this change. The intention of change will be influenced by the attitudes and norms of the providers and patients to make the change towards telehealth. The attitude of the patient’s and individuals can either be negative or positive. The norm is my perception towards the providers and patients views of the behavior.

References

Titler, M. G. (2018). Translation Research in Practice: An Introduction. Online Journal of Issues

in Nursing, 23(2), 1. https://doi-org.ezp.waldenulibrary.org/10.3912/OJIN.Vol23No02Man01

White, K. M., Dudley-Brown, S., & Terhaar, M. F. (Eds.). (2019). Translation of evidence into nursing and healthcare (3^rd ed.). Springer.

Sample Answer 3 for Discussion: t Tests and ANOVA in Clinical Practice NURS 8200

Introduction

The topic in which I focused on as a discussion, highlighted the point that there is an increasing number of nurse prescribers (NIP), however, there is little evidence that exists about their antibiotic prescribing practices (Ness, Currie, Reilly, McAloney-Kocaman, & Price, 2021). The article reports that the objective of the study was to measure nurse independent prescribers, who are managing the care of patients presenting with an upper respiratory tract infection for the first time, without prescribing an antibiotic, and assess what are the determinants for not prescribing antibiotics (2021). The literature shared that the inferential analysis was carried out using Spearman’s correlation to explore the relationship of the direct and indirect measures (independent variables) with intention (dependent variable) (2021). The analysis identified the significant predictors of intention for the multiple linear regression model, which was used due to the ordinal nature of the data and lack of normality. Also, the researchers used the Test-retest reliability to carry out the study by asking participants to complete the questionnaire again two weeks later and Spearman’s ρ correlation coefficient was used to check for stability of indirect measures. In my opinion, this strengthened the research (2021). In my opinion, this standard of practice strengthened.

Study Findings

The findings from 184 participants it was found that NIPs intended to manage their patients who presented with a URTI for the first time, without prescribing an antibiotic (2021). Key determinants were perceived norm, perceived behavioral control, and moral norm for this study (2021).

ANOVA

Calculating statistical data to obtain the mean is often a long and tedious process (Rosenfeld, 2021). The t-test and the one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) are the two most common tests used for this purpose (2021). The literature reports that in the first decades of the twentieth century, an Englishman by the name of Ronald Aylmer Fisher radically changed the use of statistics in research (2021). He invented the technique called Analysis of Variance and founded the entire modern field called Design of Experiments (2021). ANOVA is a test that provides a global assessment of a statistical difference in more than two independent means (Sullivan, 2021).

ANOVA Example

A clinical trial is run to compare weight loss programs and the participants are randomly assigned to one of the comparison programs and these individuals are counseled on the details of the assigned program (Sullivan, 2021). Partakers in the test followed the assigned program for 8 weeks. The outcome of interest focused on is weight loss, in which is defined for the study as the difference in weight measured at the start of the study (baseline) and weight measured at the end of the study (8 weeks), measured in pounds. The trial included three popular weight loss programs. The first one is a low-calorie diet. The second is a low-fat diet and the third is a low carbohydrate diet. For comparison purposes, the team built in a fourth group as a control lineup (2021). The trial implemented the ANOVA by using the following five-step approach.

Set up hypotheses and determine the level of significance

Select the appropriate test statistic

Set up decision rule.

Compute the test statistic

Conclusion

T-Test

William Sealy Gosset introduced the t-statistic in 1908 (Peckinpaugh, 2018). The t-test is a statistical hypothesis test where it follows a Student’s t – distribution if the null hypothesis is supported (2018). The t-test conveys how significant the differences between groups are; In other words, the t-test identifies if the differences (measured in means) could have happened by chance (2018). With that being said, both the t-test as well as the ANOVA looks at the difference in means and the spread of the distributions (i.e., variance) across groups; however, the ways that they determine the statistical significance are different (Peckinpaugh, 2018). The t-test is used when determining whether two averages or means are the same or different (2018). A t-test has more odds of committing an error when more means are used, which is why ANOVA is used when comparing two or more means (2018).

T-Test Example

T-tests can be used in real life to compare averages (Glen, 2021). For example, a drug company may want to test a new cancer drug to find out if it improves life expectancy. In an experiment, there’s always a control group (Glen, 2021). The control group may show an average life expectancy of +5 years, while the group taking the new drug might have a life expectancy of +6 years (2021). It would seem that the drug might work. But it could be due to a fluke. To test this, researchers would use a t-test to find out if the results are repeatable for an entire population. There are three main types of t-test:

An Independent Samples t-test compares the means for two groups.

A Paired sample t-test compares means from the same group at different times (say, one year apart).

A-One sample t-test tests the mean of a single group against a known mean.

Use the following tools to calculate the t-test:

How to do a T-test in Excel.

T-test in SPSS.

T distribution on the TI 89.

T distribution on the TI 83.

Reference

Circulation (2008). Analysis of variance Retrieved From https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.654335Circulation. 117:115–121

Glen, S., (2021). T-Test (Student’s T-Test): Definition and Examples From StatisticsHowTo.com: Elementary Statistics for the rest of us! https://www.statisticshowto.com/probability-and-statistics/t-test/

Franscisco, (2017). Difference Between T-TEST and ANOVA. Difference Between Similar Terms and Objects. http://www.differencebetween.net/miscellaneous/difference-between-t-test-and-anova/.

Ness, V., Currie, K., Reilly, J., McAloney-Kocaman, K., & Price, L. (2021). Factors associated with independent nurse prescribers’ antibiotic prescribing practice: a mixed-methods study using the Reasoned Action Approach. Journal of Hospital Infection, 113, 22–29. https://doi-org.ezp.waldenulibrary.org/10.1016/j.jhin.2021.04.008

Rosenfeld, B., Vermont Mathematics Initiative (2021) https://higherlogicdownload.s3.amazonaws.com/AMSTAT/1484431b-3202-461e-b7e6-ebce10ca8bcd/UploadedImages/Classroom_Activities/HS_8__FISHER_and_Design_of_experiments.pdf

Sullivan, L., (2021). Hypothesis Testing – Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). https://sphweb.bumc.bu.edu/otlt/mph-modules/bs/bs704_hypothesistesting-anova/bs704_hypothesistesting-anova_print.html

Sample Answer 4 for Discussion: t Tests and ANOVA in Clinical Practice NURS 8200

Article Description

With the COVID-19 pandemic, many colleges had to change their format to an online program instead of an in-person format. The article that I have selected discusses the switch to the online format and how nursing students feel about this change. It took a quantitative approach utilizing an online form to collect data from students to discover if they are satisfied with the online format and if there are any barriers that have been identified with this learning style.

Summary of Sample Studied

The sample that was studied includes 219 nursing students. These nursing students are both undergraduate and graduate students. They are attending university in India.

Data Sources

The data sources come from a questionnaire that the participants filled out. This questionnaire asked the demographic profile of the student filling out the questionnaire, their overall satisfaction with the program being online, and barriers that have been identified with the program being online. The satisfaction portion of the questionnaire had 15 items for study participants to fill out with categories ranging from highly dissatisfied to highly satisfied. The barriers portion had 20 items for study participants to fill out with always, sometimes, and never as options.

Inferential Statistics used and associated findings

Inferential statistics help a researcher to draw conclusions from a sample to a population (Guetterman, 2019). Inferential statistics were used to analyze the data. This was used to help find the association of online learning and barriers related to the sociodemographic variables.

Purpose and value of this research

The value of this research is helping to determine if the online learning model that many institutions were forced to adopt during the pandemic is something that can continue instead of moving back to the in-person model. By utilizing an online-only approach to learning, institutions can then employ instructors around the country instead of being limited to just the immediate vicinity that the institution is located in. This can also help the institution cut down on overhead costs by owning/renting fewer buildings.

Did using inferential statistics strengthen or weaken this study’s application?

Utilizing inferential statistics is beneficial to researchers because they are able to make assumptions on data by using a smaller population, thus saving time and resources (Testbook, 2023). Using inferential statistics strengthened this study’s application. By better understanding what the barriers are related to online-only learning, institutions can help fix these to make online learning more beneficial to their students. For example, one of the biggest barriers that was noted in this study was a physical barrier such as eye strain. By identifying that this is a barrier that many students are noting with online classes, institutions can help to educate how to prevent eye strain and can also work to decrease eye strain themselves as well.

References

Guetterman T. C. (2019). Basics of statistics for primary care research. Family medicine and community health, 7(2), e000067. https://doi.org/10.1136/fmch-2018-000067

Kumar, A., Kalal, N., Rana, N., Vyas, H., Choudhary, V., & Rani, R. (2021). Online learning in nursing students: Satisfaction and barriers. Journal of education and health promotion, 10, 411. https://doi.org/10.4103/jehp.jehp_1221_20

Testbook. (2023, May 23). Inferential Statistics: Definition, Types, Formulas with Examples. Testbook. https://testbook.com/maths/inferential-statistics#:~:text=Inferential%20statistics%20enables%20us%20to