HLT 362 Article Analysis and Evaluation of Research Ethics SOLUTION

HLT 362 Article Analysis and Evaluation of Research Ethics SOLUTION

HLT 362 Article Analysis and Evaluation of Research Ethics SOLUTION

Assessment Description

Quantitative Analysis

Article Citation and Permalink	Article 1 Potgieter, M., & Rooyen, F. (2017). Perceptions of mental healthcare consumers regarding their conditions. Mental Health, Religion & Culture, 20(10), 1055- 1067. doi: 10.1080/13674676.2018.1442425 https://eds-p-ebscohost-com.lopes.idm.oclc.org/eds/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=1&sid=51968e94-ae1a-4863-b97d-27d9f91d4615%40redis
Point	Description
Broad Topic Area/Title	Perceptions of mental health care consumers regarding their conditions
Problem Statement	The understanding of patients’ mental conditions varies differently among different people. It relies significantly on social factors such as culture, religion, and spirituality, which determine how people perceive mental distress. Hence, patients usually view their conditions concerning these factors. Therefore, they primarily seek spiritual and cultural interventions before visiting psychiatrists.
Purpose Statement	This research investigates mental patients’ cultural and religious beliefs about their conditions and how they determine the interventions they seek to remedy their situations.
Research Questions	The researchers investigated how various social factors, namely culture, religion, and spirituality, influence people’s perceptions concerning mental health issues.
Define Hypothesis	The causes of mental problems among patients relate to spiritual and cultural factors.
Identify Dependent and Independent Variables and Type of Data for the Variables	The dependent variable in this study is how people view the issue of mental illness. On the other hand, in this instance, the independent variable is the social factors, specifically, culture, religion, and spirituality. They are thought to be the root causes of mental health issues. Also, the researchers utilized observational data on the target population for the two variables.
Population of Interest for Study	Free State Psychiatric Complex’s mental health patients.
Sample	The study involved a total of 94 people with mental health conditions.
Sampling Method	The researchers conducted convenient sampling with a target of including approximately 80 mental patients in the study.
Identify Data Collection	The investigators collected patients’ beliefs about their mental condition and treatment choice through a survey. They used questionnaires written in English and Sesotho.
Summarize Data Collection Approach	Before the trial started, the patients provided their informed permission. This procedure came after the nurses had identified potential volunteers. They were then given a questionnaire with 29 questions related to the study’s objectives. Specifically, the questionnaire asked about religious convictions, demographic information, and cultural formation.
Discuss Data Analysis	In this instance, the investigators did not use statistical tests when analyzing the data. Instead, they examined the data per the eight research components: the participants’ demographic factors like racial and ethnic backgrounds, educational and occupational backgrounds, religious convictions, patients’ diagnoses, views on the biological causes of mental ailments, psychological and social aspects, and traditional beliefs.
Summarize Results of Study	Religious and cultural beliefs were the foundation for the participants’ perceptions of mental illnesses. Under the direction of religious authorities, the Christians who participated in the study believed that God’s interventions resolved the issue of mental diseases. Similarly, some individuals who adhere to traditionalism believe that ancestors’ wrath causes mental health issues. They also believed that individuals might use conventional drugs to treat the disease. However, they opposed the use of western medicine because they think it is more harmful to the patients than it helps them.
Summary of Assumptions and Limitations	The study does not apply to outpatient psychiatric patients since the intensity of symptoms impacts the type of care they receive in the hospital setting. It means that the responsiveness to professional psychiatric care may differ among patients who do not necessitate inpatient treatment. The research was based in an urban environment but did not disclose the participants’ residences. Therefore the results cannot be generalized to rural settings.

Article Analysis and Evaluation of Research Ethics

Article Citation and Permalink (APA format)	Article 1 Fernandes, S., Fond, G., Zendjidjian, X. Y., Baumstarck, K., Lançon, C., Berna, F., Schurhoff, F., Aouizerate, B., Henry, C., Etain, B., Samalin, L., Leboyer, M., Llorca, P., Coldefy, M., Auquier, P., & Boyer, L. (2020). Measuring the patient experience of mental health care: A systematic and critical review of patient-reported experience measures. Patient Preference and Adherence, 14, 2147-2161. https://doi.org/10.2147/ppa.s255264
Point	Description
Broad Topic Area/Title	Measuring the Patient Experience of Mental Health Care: A Systematic and Critical Review of Patient-Reported Experience Measures
Problem Statement (What is the problem research is addressing?)	The number of patients requiring mental healthcare continues to rise; therefore, the healthcare systems must be better equipped to handle the emerging health needs. A serious concern is linked with the low quality of mental health. Most healthcare institutions are not well equipped to handle mental disorders such as schizophrenia and major depression. Besides, patients with mental illnesses also have a low life expectancy and this calls for the development of better methods and systems for handling mental health issues among the populations. The patient-reported experience measures are commonly used in determining the patients’ experience with the quality of healthcare services they receive. Using such tools helps in identifying the areas of healthcare delivery processes that must be addressed to improve the management and treatment of mental illnesses. The research explores the usefulness of the PREM tool in measuring the experiences of patients with mental health.
Purpose Statement (What is the purpose of the study?)	The purpose of the research was to identify the PREMs used in measuring the mental healthcare experiences and analyze their methodological quality. Furthermore, the study aimed at exploring the contents and the psychometric properties of the PREMs.
Research Questions (What questions does the research seek to answer?)	The research questions include: What are the components of the PREMs tools and how effective are they in assessing the experiences of the patients with mental health issues?
Define Hypothesis (Or state the correct hypothesis based upon variables used)	Patients with positive experiences and PREMs report have improved health outcomes. The methodology quality of the PREMs instruments varies depending on their contents.
Identify Dependent and Independent Variables and Type of Data for the Variables	The dependent variables include the contents of the PREMs while the independent variables included the satisfactory rate in meeting the
The population of Interest for Study	The study focused on the articles written on the development and validation process of the mental healthcare quality assessment instruments.
Sample	The study recruited a total of 86 articles
Sampling Method	The sampling method involved a systematic literature review where articles were screened and their eligibility for the study determined. The search words included patients’ satisfaction, the patients’ experiences, the mental health services, instrument, and psychometric among others.
Identify Data Collection Identify how data were collected	The data collection involve a literature review of the selected articles
Summarize Data Collection Approach	The relevant information from the articles was recorded in excel. The data included authors, publication years, instruments, and sample population among others.
Discuss Data Analysis Include what types of statistical tests were used for the variables.	The descriptive statistics were developed from the data collected.
Summarize Results of Study	The results indicated a significant variation in the PREMs tools. Only four papers used the statistical methods from the item response theory. The key contents in the instruments included interpersonal relationships, dignity, access, and care coordination, psychological care, drug therapy, information, and the care environment. On the other hand, only a few handled information on patients’ satisfaction.
Summary of Assumptions and Limitations Identify the assumptions and limitations of the article. Report other potential assumptions and limitations of your review not listed by the author.	The sample used in the research was obtained from a single database and this could cause biases in the results. Furthermore, the study assumed that patient experience was the best keyword to be used in the search. Though, the term is relatively recent and so studies applying it were also few.

 

Ethical Considerations

The article explored the usefulness of the PREMs tool in assessing the quality of care delivery to people with mental health issues. The article seeks to provide important information for improving the patients’ experiences. However, research works are always guided by ethical principles. The common ethical principles in research include justice, respect for autonomy and confidentiality and ”do not harm”. The nature of the research conducted by Fernandes et al. (2020) presents limited ethical concerns considering that no invasive procedure was involved. The study involved a systematic review. On the other hand, complying with the copyright issues and ensuring to recognize the authors of all the sources used is critical. The study complied with the ethical guidelines and cited all the data used in the research accordingly. Furthermore, the study methodology was appropriate to provide reliable and credible findings. The study reviewed a total of 86 articles and this was a large sample population to provide an accurate conclusion on the research topic.

The ethical aspect of the study can also be analyzed based on the usefulness of the research. The principle of beneficence requires that the research bear positive outcomes to the population of interest. In this case, the research aims to define the components of the PREMs tool and their effectiveness in meeting the patients’ experiences. Findings from the study will be used in strengthening the framework of care delivery to the patients with mental health issues and ensure the most beneficial outcome in their treatment interventions.

Article analysis involves consideration of different factors, including methodology, the process of data collection, data analysis, sampling process, and the conclusion or the research findings. The validity and applicability of quantitative research depend on the accuracy of the methodology, data collection, and data analysis. The quantitative article selected for this analysis is, Impact of Sleep Characteristics and Obesity on Diabetes and Hypertension across Genders and Menopausal Status by Matsumoto et al. (2018). The article investigates the effects of sleep characteristics and obesity on high blood pressure and obesity. The article adheres to the quantitative approaches; it incorporates methodology, hypothesis, research questions, sampling processes, data analysis, and findings. The purpose of this assignment is to undertake article analysis and evaluation of the research ethics.

Article Analysis and Evaluation of Research Ethics

Article Citation and Permalink (APA format)	Matsumoto, T., Murase, K., Tabara, Y., Gozal, D., Smith, D., Minami, T., … & Chin, K. (2018). Impact of sleep characteristics and obesity on diabetes and hypertension across genders and menopausal status: the Nagahama study. Sleep, 41(7), zsy071. Permalink: https://doi.org/10.1093/sleep/zsy071
Point	Description
Broad Topic Area/Title	The effect of sleep characteristics and obesity on diabetes and hypertension across genders and menopausal status
Problem Statement (What is the problem research is addressing?)	The main problem being addressed in the research study is the increased hypertension and diabetes due to obesity and sleep characteristics.
Purpose Statement (What is the purpose of the study?)	The purpose of the study is to determine the potential relationships between sleep disordered breathing, obesity, objective sleep duration, and high blood pressure for different genders, as well as the impacts of pre or post-menopausal status.
Research Questions (What questions does the research seek to answer?)	Is there a strong relationship between sleep disordered breathing, obesity, objective sleep duration, and high blood pressure for different genders?   Is there positive impacts between sleep disordered breathing, obesity, objective sleep duration, and high blood pressure on pre or post-menopausal status?
Define Hypothesis (Or state the correct hypothesis based upon variables used)	Null Hypothesis (HO):  There is no strong correlation between sleep disordered breathing, obesity, objective sleep duration, and high blood pressure for different genders Alternative Hypothesis (H1): There is a strong correlation between sleep disordered breathing, obesity, objective sleep duration, and high blood pressure for different genders
Identify Dependent and Independent Variables and Type of Data for the Variables	Independent variable: blood pressure (continuous variable) Dependent variable: breathing rates, body weight, and sleep duration (continuous variable)
Population of Interest for Study	The population of interest in the study included middle-aged to elderly citizens.
Sample	A large sample size of 9850 was used in the study.
Sampling Method	Simple random sampling was used in the study process.
Identify Data Collection Identify how data were collected	The data used in the study was collected by the use of questionnaires. Each participant had a questionnaire where detail of body weight, breathing rates, sleep duration, and blood pressure were recorded.
Summarize Data Collection Approach	The process of data collection involved administration of questionnaires to the identified research participants. Healthcare professionals were involved in the measurement and determination of blood pressure, body weight, breathing rates, and sleep duration.
Discuss Data Analysis Include what types of statistical tests were used for the variables.	Descriptive statistics including mean, median, and mode were used to determine the distribution of variables involved in the study processes. For instance, the mean age of men with normal blood pressure was 56.1 years with a standard deviation of 12.4 years. Also, given that this was a correlation research, correlation analysis was used to determine the relationship between the independent and dependent variables. Strong correlation between variables were found to be greater than 0.5. In other words, there were strong relationship between the variables under the study. Student t-test and Mann–Whitney U-tests were also used to determine or assess the group difference.
Summarize Results of Study	Severity of sleep disordered breathing or obesity was strongly related to the shorter sleep duration. Besides, SDB showed a significant association with systematic high blood pressure, particularly in men. The severity of SDB strongly related to diabetes, however, this was only evident in women. There was no significant association between short sleep duration and diabetes.
Summary of Assumptions and Limitations Identify the assumptions and limitations from the article. Report other potential assumptions and limitations of your review not listed by the author.	Assumption of normality of data was applied in the study. In other words, it was assumed that the dataset used was normally distributed. Additionally, it was assumed that the study was undertaken under perfect environment where all the factors were constant. Limitation of the study was based on the time consumption and cost of operation. Also, there was difficulty in determining or verifying authentic and applicable information.

 

Ethical Considerations

The success of the quantitative research process relies on adherence to ethical practices. Besides, for research outcomes to be considered valid and applicable, there is the need for ethical consideration in undertaking different processes or procedures in the course of the study (Alderson & Morrow, 2020). Ethical practices often start from the planning, data collection, data analysis, and at the point of data presentation. Confidentiality of information is one of the ethical considerations that must be considered in the course of quantitative research (Edwards, 2020). While designing quantitative studies, there is always the need to consider processes and procedures that will ensure the security of data/information collected. In the above research study, the confidentiality of information was observed at all levels; therefore, the outcome of the research can be considered valid, applicable, and reliable (Yang et al., 2020). In the process of data collection, the respondents or participants were recognized by the unique codes assigned before the data collection processes. This aids in the protection of personal information that was captured. In general, the confidentiality of information collected was achieved through the use of coded language.

The signing of consent is another ethical practice that ought to be considered in the course of research processes. While recruiting study respondents, there is the need for the researchers to consider their willingness to take part in the study and to give relevant information that can be used to enhance the reliability of outcomes (Ingels et al., 2017). In the above study, research participants were involved in signing consent to confirm their readiness to give appropriate information/data. There was no form of coercion, those who found it difficult to give their personal information were dropped at the initial stages of the research. Also, those who changed their minds in the course of the study were dropped, and this led to the change in the sample size.

Conclusion

The outcomes/findings of the quantitative research are valid, applicable, and reliable given the approaches that were taken in the study. Researchers adhered to ethical practices while planning and undertaking data collection processes. Confidentiality of information is one of the ethical considerations that was considered in the course of quantitative research. Seeking consent is another ethical procedure that was considered in the research process. Although the research outcomes were valid, reliable, and applicable, the entire research process proved to be expensive and time-consuming.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

References

Alderson, P., & Morrow, V. (2020). The ethics of research with children and young people: A practical handbook. Sage.

Edwards, J. R. (2020). The peaceful coexistence of ethics and quantitative research. Journal of Business Ethics, 167(1), 31-40. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10551-019-04197-6

Ingels, J. S., Misra, R., Stewart, J., Lucke-Wold, B., & Shawley-Brzoska, S. (2017). The effect of adherence to dietary tracking on weight loss: using HLM to model weight loss over time. Journal of diabetes research, 2017. https://www.hindawi.com/journals/jdr/2017/6951495/

Yang, L., Magnussen, C. G., Yang, L., Bovet, P., & Xi, B. (2020). Elevated blood pressure in childhood or adolescence and cardiovascular outcomes in adulthood: a systematic review. Hypertension, 75(4), 948-955. https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/full/10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.119.14168