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NRNP 6635 Wk 1 Discussion: Factors That Influence the Development of Psychopathology

NRNP 6635 Wk 1 Discussion: Factors That Influence the Development of Psychopathology

Walden University NRNP 6635 Wk 1 Discussion: Factors That Influence the Development of Psychopathology-Step-By-Step Guide

This guide will demonstrate how to complete the Walden University NRNP 6635 Wk 1 Discussion: Factors That Influence the Development of Psychopathology assignment based on general principles of academic writing. Here, we will show you the A, B, Cs of completing an academic paper, irrespective of the instructions. After guiding you through what to do, the guide will leave one or two sample essays at the end to highlight the various sections discussed below.

How to Research and Prepare for NRNP 6635 Wk 1 Discussion: Factors That Influence the Development of Psychopathology

Whether one passes or fails an academic assignment such as the Walden University NRNP 6635 Wk 1 Discussion: Factors That Influence the Development of Psychopathology depends on the preparation done beforehand. The first thing to do once you receive an assignment is to quickly skim through the requirements. Once that is done, start going through the instructions one by one to clearly understand what the instructor wants. The most important thing here is to understand the required format—whether it is APA, MLA, Chicago, etc.

After understanding the requirements of the paper, the next phase is to gather relevant materials. The first place to start the research process is the weekly resources. Go through the resources provided in the instructions to determine which ones fit the assignment. After reviewing the provided resources, use the university library to search for additional resources. After gathering sufficient and necessary resources, you are now ready to start drafting your paper.

How to Write the Introduction for NRNP 6635 Wk 1 Discussion: Factors That Influence the Development of Psychopathology

The introduction for the Walden University NRNP 6635 Wk 1 Discussion: Factors That Influence the Development of Psychopathology is where you tell the instructor what your paper will encompass. In three to four statements, highlight the important points that will form the basis of your paper. Here, you can include statistics to show the importance of the topic you will be discussing. At the end of the introduction, write a clear purpose statement outlining what exactly will be contained in the paper. This statement will start with “The purpose of this paper…” and then proceed to outline the various sections of the instructions.

How to Write the Body for NRNP 6635 Wk 1 Discussion: Factors That Influence the Development of Psychopathology

After the introduction, move into the main part of the NRNP 6635 Wk 1 Discussion: Factors That Influence the Development of Psychopathology assignment, which is the body. Given that the paper you will be writing is not experimental, the way you organize the headings and subheadings of your paper is critically important. In some cases, you might have to use more subheadings to properly organize the assignment. The organization will depend on the rubric provided. Carefully examine the rubric, as it will contain all the detailed requirements of the assignment. Sometimes, the rubric will have information that the normal instructions lack.

Another important factor to consider at this point is how to do citations. In-text citations are fundamental as they support the arguments and points you make in the paper. At this point, the resources gathered at the beginning will come in handy. Integrating the ideas of the authors with your own will ensure that you produce a comprehensive paper. Also, follow the given citation format. In most cases, APA 7 is the preferred format for nursing assignments.

How to Write the Conclusion for NRNP 6635 Wk 1 Discussion: Factors That Influence the Development of Psychopathology

After completing the main sections, write the conclusion of your paper. The conclusion is a summary of the main points you made in your paper. However, you need to rewrite the points and not simply copy and paste them. By restating the points from each subheading, you will provide a nuanced overview of the assignment to the reader.

How to Format the References List for NRNP 6635 Wk 1 Discussion: Factors That Influence the Development of Psychopathology

The very last part of your paper involves listing the sources used in your paper. These sources should be listed in alphabetical order and double-spaced. Additionally, use a hanging indent for each source that appears in this list. Lastly, only the sources cited within the body of the paper should appear here.

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Sample Answer for NRNP 6635 Wk 1 Discussion: Factors That Influence the Development of Psychopathology

Psychopathology is the study of mental health disorders, their causes, classifications, their courses across all stages of development, their manifestations (symptoms), and treatments. It is best to employ a multidimensional integrative approach to the study of psychopathology which holds that mental disorders develop as a result of multiple interacting causal factors. None of these factors alone operates in isolation. Such factors include biological (genetic and neuroscientific); psychological (behavioral and cognitive processes, emotional, developmental); and social, cultural, and interpersonal factors. Understanding the interplay of these factors will help PMHNP to take a multidimensional and integrative approach which will yield better outcomes for the management of mental health disorders.

The needs of the pediatric patient differ depending on age, as do the stages of developmen

NRNP 6635 Wk 1 Discussion Factors That Influence the Development of Psychopathology
NRNP 6635 Wk 1 Discussion Factors That Influence the Development of Psychopathology

t and the expected assessment findings for each stage. In a 500-750-word paper, examine the needs of a school-aged child between the ages of 5 and 12 years old and discuss the following:

  1. Compare the physical assessments among school-aged children. Describe how you would modify assessment techniques to match the age and developmental stage of the child.
  2. Choose a child between the ages of 5 and 12 years old. Identify the age of the child and describe the typical developmental stages of children that age.
  3. Applying developmental theory based on Erickson, Piaget, or Kohlberg, explain how you would developmentally assess the child. Include how you would offer explanations during the assessment, strategies you would use to gain cooperation, and potential findings from the assessment.

Biological (Genetic and Neuroscientific) Factors

The biological approach to psychopathology lies in the argument that mental health disorders have an organic or physical cause. Biological factors will include genetics, neurotransmitters, neurophysiology, neuroanatomy, and so on (Jimenez et al., 2018).  Mental disorders are related to the physical structure and functioning of the brain. For example, the neurobiological explanation for the development of a mental health disorder such as depression will be based on the “monoamines hypothesis of depression” which postulates that low levels of monoamines neurotransmitters such as serotonin, noradrenaline, and dopamine can result in depressive symptoms (Marathe et al., 2018). There is also considerable evidence that the predisposition to the development of depression is inherited through genes (McCance & Huether, 2019). Genetic factors have been associated with the etiology of different forms of psychopathology, including bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, alcoholism, anxiety disorders, and attention deficit disorder. Looking at the genetic predisposition to schizophrenia, McCance and Huether (2019) identify that schizophrenia is a heritable disorder, with a 30% to 50% concordance rate in monozygotic twins.

Psychological (Behavioral and Cognitive Processes, Emotional, Developmental)

When faced with traumatic events, there is an intense physical or emotional response to thoughts and reminders of

NRNP 6635 Wk 1 Discussion Factors That Influence the Development of Psychopathology
NRNP 6635 Wk 1 Discussion Factors That Influence the Development of Psychopathology

the event which may linger for a long time. The persistent feelings of fear and helplessness may last for years after the event. According to Sadock et al. (2015), the cascade of detrimental overactivity of the fear response may lead to mental health problems such as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression. Early childhood experiences have long been suspected to be at the root of psychopathology since the earliest theories of Sigmund Freud (Sadock et al., 2015).  Freud’s childhood psychoanalysis believes that events in our childhood have a great influence on our adult lives, shaping our personality. According to Butcher and Kendall (2018), the consequences of maltreatment of children include severe psychological adjustment problems in young people. For example, mental health issues such as anxiety may originate from traumatic experiences in a person’s past.

Social, Cultural, and Interpersonal Factors

Research has shown that in any society, there are mental health disparities across sociocultural determinants such as “class, race/ethnicity, gender, and sexual orientation” (Cheung & Mak, 2018).  The cultural practices and beliefs of some people may influence the way they view and cope with psychological distress and mental health disorders. For example, according to Mackenzie et al. (2013), African Americans hold beliefs of stigma related to mental health disorders and shy away from help-seeking, which in turn affects their coping behaviors. Studies conducted in the USA showed that the less privileged (less educated, unemployed, lower-income earners) have been found to be associated with a higher prevalence of common mental disorders (Cheung & Mak, 2018). Cheung and Mak (2018) go further to state that other studies carried out in the United States, show that gay and bisexuals were found to have a higher prevalence of depression, panic attacks, and overall psychological distress than heterosexuals.

As earlier mentioned, the psychiatric nurse practitioner, should have a good understanding of the factors that influence psychopathology. A good initial history-taking including thorough documentation of a patient’s psychosocial history is important to understanding any social and cultural variations thus helping to create a multidimensional and integrative approach to mental health care.

References

Butcher, J. N., & Kendall, P. C. (2018). Introduction to childhood and adolescent psychopathology. In J. N. Butcher & P. C. Kendall (Eds.), APA handbook of psychopathology: Child and Adolescent Psychopathology,2, 3-14. American Psychological Association. https://doi-org.ezp.waldenulibrary.org/10.1037/0000065-001

Cheung, F. M., & Mak, W. W. S. (2018). Sociocultural factors in psychopathology. In J. N. Butcher & J. M. Hooley (Eds.), APA handbook of psychopathology: Psychopathology: Understanding, Assessing, and Treating Adult Mental Disorder., 1, 127–147. American Psychological Association. https://doi-org.ezp.waldenulibrary.org/10.1037/0000064-006

Jimenez, J. P., Botto, A., Herrera, L., Leighton, C., Rossi, J. L., Quevedo, Y., Silva, J. R., Martinez, F., Assar, R., Salazar, L. A., Ortiz, M., Rios, U., Barros, P., Jaramillo, K., & Luyten, P. (2018). Psychotherapy and Genetic Neuroscience: An Emerging Dialog. Frontiers in Genetics, 9. https://doi-org.ezp.waldenulibrary.org/10.3389/fgene.2018.00257

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Mackenzie, C. S., Knox, V. J., Gekoski, W. L., Macaulay, H. L., Ward, E. C., Wiltshire, J. C., Detry, M. A., & Brown, R. L. (2013). Inventory of Attitudes Toward Seeking Mental Health Services. Nursing Research, 62(3), 185–194.

Marathe, S. V., D’almeida, P. L., Virmani, G., Bathini, P., & Alberi, L. (2018). Effects of Monoamines and Antidepressants on Astrocyte Physiology: Implications for Monoamine Hypothesis of Depression. Journal of Experimental Neuroscience, 12, 1. https://doi-org.ezp.waldenulibrary.org/10.1177/1179069518789149

McCance, K. L. & Huether, S. E. (2019). Pathophysiology: The biologic basis for disease in adults and children (8th ed.). St. Louis, MO: Mosby/Elsevier.

Sadock, B. J., Sadock, V. A., & Ruiz, P. (2015). Kaplan & Sadock’s synopsis of psychiatry (11th ed.). Wolters Kluwer.

Sample Answer 2 for NRNP 6635 Wk 1 Discussion: Factors That Influence the Development of Psychopathology

Explain the biological (genetic and neuroscientific); psychological (behavioral and cognitive processes, emotional, developmental); and social, cultural, and interpersonal factors that influence the development of psychopathology.

Nurse practitioners need to consider the many factors that affect psychopathology development when diagnosing psychiatric patients. Psychopathology is influenced by biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors affecting a person’s mental health. Society has a cultural norm for behavior, and when a person’s behavior does not fall within these norms, they are often pathologized.

Biological (genetic and neuroscientific)

The biological viewpoint for mental illness focuses on genetics, neurological, physiological, and anatomical etiologies of psychological disorders aims to explain mental illness as being caused by biological factors that lead to changes in behavior. Biological theories of psychopathology believe that abnormal behavior has its causes in physical problems. Various biological processes can affect the nervous system and affect the brain and how it works. Such biological factors can involve infection, neurotransmitters, brain damage, stress, hormones, and genetics (Sadock et al., 2015).

A patient can present with abnormal behavior when various signaling pathways with neurotransmitters cause biochemical changes when there are too many or not enough neurotransmitters. Defects in genes that are passed on from parents to children can cause changes in behavior. The biological approach uses a scientific approach to look at the brain and believes that diseases affect a person’s behavior. The biological theories do not evaluate a person’s environment (Sadock et al., 2015).

Behavioral and personality changes can occur with damage to the prefrontal lobes, specifically the orbital and medial regions (Jackson & Milberg, 2018). Personality changes can also happen when damage occurs to the limbic structures such as the amygdala, thalamic nuclei, right hemisphere structures, and changes in the person’s ability to plan, organize, or execute (Jackson & Milberg, 2018). Cognitive impairment such as memory dysfunction can also be associated with mental health conditions.

Psychological (behavioral and cognitive processes, emotional, developmental)

Behavioral theories of psychopathology are learned behavior through observation or interaction with the environment. Children who grow up in abusive environments may grow up to have learned maladaptive behaviors. Various developmental milestones need to be reached and mastered, and if someone does not meet one of the developmental milestones, they can have psychopathic problems (Masten & Kalstabakken, 2018). And internal conflicts as children must be resolved. Cognitive theories look at a person’s perception and ability to solve problems and how their responses to certain situations affect their emotions and behaviors and see if they have cognitive distortions (Sadock et al., 2015).

Social, Cultural, and Interpersonal Factors

The sociocultural perspective looks at culture and social interaction’s effect on mental health. Poverty and lower socioeconomic factors have an impact on mental health and mental health outcomes. Different cultural practices and behaviors could be considered that the patient has a mental disorder, and their behavior is seen as abnormal in American culture. Clinicians need to be aware and mindful of these cultural practices, not marginalizing these populations, and ensure that a multidimensional and integrative approach is imperative.

Sociocultural factors influence the development, presentation, classification, and assessment of psychological disorders. Emotional and behavioral disorders are closely tied to the social world. While there are universal commonalities in mental disorders, psychopathology is embedded in sociocultural-based systems of meaning and values. Social and cultural variations are found in the formation, expression, labeling, and treatment of symptom experiences and diagnosis from the DSM-5 (Cheung & Mak, 2018).

 

References

Cheung, F. M., & Mak, W. W. S. (2018). Sociocultural factors in psychopathology. In J. N. Butcher & J. M. Hooley (Eds.), APA handbook of psychopathology: Psychopathology: Understanding, assessing, and treating adult mental disorders., Vol. 1. (pp. 127–147). American Psychological Association. https://doi-org.ezp.waldenulibrary.org/10.1037/0000064-006

Jackson, C. E., & Milberg, W. P. (2018). Examination of neurological and neuropsychological features in psychopathology. In J. N. Butcher & J. M. Hooley (Eds.), APA handbook of psychopathology: Psychopathology: Understanding, assessing, and treating adult mental disorders., Vol. 1. (pp. 65–90). American Psychological Association. https://doi-org.ezp.waldenulibrary.org/10.1037/0000064-004

Masten, A. S., & Kalstabakken, A. W. (2018). Developmental perspectives on psychopathology in children and adolescents. In J. N. Butcher & P. C. Kendall (Eds.), APA handbook of psychopathology: Child and adolescent psychopathology., Vol. 2. (pp. 15–36). American Psychological Association. https://doi-org.ezp.waldenulibrary.org/10.1037/0000065-002

Sadock, B. J., Sadock, V. A., & Ruiz, P. (2015). Kaplan & Sadock’s synopsis of psychiatry (11th ed.). Wolters Kluwer.

Sample Answer 3 for NRNP 6635 Wk 1 Discussion: Factors That Influence the Development of Psychopathology

In this discussion, I will explain the literature emphasize on environmental influences on psychopathology as well as biological, psychological, social, cultural, and interpersonal factors influencing psychopathology development.

Biological (genetic and neuroscientific)

According to Beck and Biedermeier (2016), differences between individual genetic trait play a significant role – influencing human behavior. The literature supports those neutral substrates exist which vary overtime from an individual to another which explains the different processes and behavioral characterizes among others. This influential human behavior somehow predicts the variation with differences in human vulnerability based on an individual psychopathological, such as neuropsychiatric disorders, like depression and anxiety for example. Based on these various reasons, researchers sought to explore scientific evidence by enlightening on the association of human brain, genes, and couple with some behaviors (Hettema et al., 2020). For example, the differences between human behaviors which leads to the diagnoses of subsequent psychiatric disorders such as bipolar disorder and schizophrenia.

Psychological (behavioral and cognitive processes, emotional, developmental)

There are various contributing factors psychologically that are interrelated to the growth and development of psychopathological disorders. Thus, resulting in cognitive misbehaviors, social impairments, dysfunctional interpersonal development, impairment social judgement, influential cultural personality, conflicting interpersonally, and misunderstood biological diseases (Isvoranu, Abdin, Chong, Vaingankar,  Borsboom & Subramaniam, 2021). Furthermore, those dysfunctional cognitive behaviors influence some of the biological disease processes, contributing to impaired emotional processes; thus, contributing to various psychopathological diseases (Shahar, 2013).

Social, cultural, and interpersonal factors

The literature explained that there are considerable factors which significantly contribute to individual interpersonal behaviors, social, and culture factors leading to the development of psychopathological disorders. These psychopathological disorders are primarily influence by stress and anxiety among other factors. This explains that multicultural factors contribute to individuals’ growths in different cultural contexts as it influences psychopathology. For example, in one cultural – an individual states “I am being attacked evil spirits every day” thus, attracting many people within that culture group to render the individual immobile and it is normal and understandable, within that culture group. Nevertheless, this is not a normal behavior – typical signs of schizophrenia (Chentsova-Dutton & Tsai, 2007). Psychiatry mental health nurse practitioners should take into consideration patients biological, psychological, and interpersonal factors that influence society.

 

References

Beck, A. T., & Bredemeier, K. (2016). A unified model of depression: Integrating clinical, cognitive, biological, and evolutionary perspectives. Clinical Psychological Science, 4(4), 596–619.

Chentsova-Dutton, Y. E., & Tsai, J. L. (2007). Cultural factors influence the expression of psychopathology. In S. O. Lilienfeld & W. T. O’Donohue (Eds.), The great ideas of clinical science: 17 principles that every mental health professional should understand (p. 375–396). Routledge/Taylor & Francis Group.

Hettema, J. M., Bourdon, J. L., Sawyers, C., Verhulst, B., Brotman, M. A., Leibenluft, E., Pine, D. S., & Roberson-Nay, R. (2020). Genetic and environmental risk structure of internalizing psychopathology in youth. Depression and Anxiety37(6), 540–548. https://doi-org.ezp.waldenulibrary.org/10.1002/da.23024

Isvoranu, A.-M., Abdin, E., Chong, S. A., Vaingankar, J., Borsboom, D., & Subramaniam, M. (2021). Extended network analysis: from psychopathology to chronic illness. BMC Psychiatry21(1), 119. https://doi-org.ezp.waldenulibrary.org/10.1186/s12888-021-03128-y

Shahar, G. (2013). Self, cognition, and psychopathology: Introduction to the special section. International Journal of Cognitive Therapy, 6(3), 203–207.

Sample Answer 4 for NRNP 6635 Wk 1 Discussion: Factors That Influence the Development of Psychopathology

The Development of Psychopathology

Biological (Genetic and Neuroscientific) Factors

The relationship between psychopathology and biological factors has scientifically been based on gene susceptibility. Despite the complexity of the human genome, Jiménez et al. (2018) noted that our genetic makeup could help forecast how we interact with our environment through conditioning. Contemporary models of genetic interactions are based on the reasoning that environmental processes present significant moderating roles on phenotypes. For these reasons, people react in diverse ways to stressful or negative environmental situations, thus rendering specific individuals at a higher risk of mental illness compared to the rest of the population.

Psychological (Behavioral and Cognitive Processes, Emotional, Developmental) Factors

​Developmental problems, emotional trauma, and behavioral issues define an individual’s perceptions and management of traumatic experiences. The majority of people who have endured hurtful events have been diagnosed with Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, indicating that not all distressing situations end in PTSD. These findings highlighted the existence of psychological factors that enhance susceptibility to psychopathology. Sayed, Iacoviello, and Charney (2015)noted that risk factors for psychopathology after disturbing events include the duration of traumatic experiences endured by an individual, the availability of social support, and familial psychiatric wellbeing.

Social and Cultural Factors

​Numerous aspects of psychological wellbeing and mental ailments are impacted by social factors, including household patterns, ethnicity, race, social class, and gender. Enabling factors such as the availability of drugs and substances and low-income support may define how people react to stress and trauma. Zarani (2017) also noted that cultural factors play crucial roles in the development of psychopathology. According to the researcher, cultural beliefs and practices can either assist individuals in dealing with psychological conditions or be a cause of conflict and distress. An individual’s cultural environment can also determine the degree of tolerance to adverse mental health diagnoses and healthcare-seeking tendencies.

Interpersonal Factors

​Interpersonal factors are linked to early exposure to traumatic situations, including painful family separations, child neglect, child abuse, and the death of loved ones. Muñoz and Weissman (2020) indicated that acutely traumatized children were more exposed to PTSD compared to those who had not been exposed to distressful events early on. In addition, children born to mentally ill mothers were likely to develop psychopathological conditions due to localized neuro-bacterial infections that enhance the likelihood of suffering from ailments such as schizophrenia.

References

Jiménez, J. P., Botto, A., Herrera, L., Leighton, C., Rossi, J. L., Quevedo, Y., … & Luyten, P. (2018). Psychotherapy and genetic neuroscience: An emerging dialog. Frontiers in Genetics, 9, 257.

Muñoz, R. F., & Weissman, M. M. (2020). Fostering healthy mental, emotional, and behavioral development in children and youth. American Journal of Psychiatry, 177(9), 808-810.

Sayed, S., Iacoviello, B. M., & Charney, D. S. (2015). Risk factors for the development of psychopathology following trauma. Current Psychiatry Reports, 17(8), 1-7.

Zarani, F. (2017). Analysis of The role of culture in psychopathology. Rooyesh-e-Ravanshenasi Journal (RRJ), 6(1), 191-224.

Sample Answer 5 for NRNP 6635 Wk 1 Discussion: Factors That Influence the Development of Psychopathology

In the last decade, developmental psychopathology (DP), which is generally characterized as a scientific discipline whose ultimate focus is to integrate formative science and psychopathology into a comprehensive strategy to theoretical approaches for psychopathological advancement, becoming the prevalent approach for understanding the provenance of mental disorders in children and adolescents. As a result, anyone working in clinical pediatrics should have a rudimentary awareness of DP’s essential ideas. Comprehending psychopathology in one’s formative phases of life, from birth to death, and how it affects psychological health, therapy, diagnostics. As a result, the DP integrated strategy affects theory, diagnosis, evaluation, study, and intervention across various fields concerned with the psychological health and well-being of infants, adolescents, and adults of all ages throughout their developmental lifecycle.

It is critical to remember that genes, environment, and contact can all impact and alter an individual’s psychological health throughout time. For example, all external forces on a growing fetus, including nutrition, trauma, or disease encountered by the expectant mother, might disrupt the genetics of the child’s development before delivery. In addition, the nurse or caregivers manage or mediate the earliest infancy events. As children mature, they deal with more explicit systems such as peer play, schooling, job, social connections, and siblings, all of which impact their mental health and how they engage with particular people or systems (Bernal et al., 2017). The implications of the genetic code and gene function in psychological health are being studied again using technology developments in current epigenetic studies.

In addition to genetic and behavioral impacts on patho-psychology, social interactions play a critical role in an individual’s developmental psychopathology. Individuals and their contextual interactions are evaluated using transformational models. The theory that children affect their growth by influencing the contacts that shape their own requires to advance the aspect of individual activity in evolution (Shadrina et al., 2018). As children get older, they become more involved in their growth and control how they interact with others and their surroundings. Simultaneously, transactional models acknowledge the significant importance of external sociocultural circumstances in restricting or modifying growth (Butcher & Kendall, 2018). Deprivation, discrimination, conflict, training, and various beneficial possibilities are all factors that impact.

To correctly diagnose and treat each client individually, whether medication administration or psychotherapy, skilled practitioners must thoroughly understand their clients’ cultures, beliefs, and socioeconomic class. Cultural differences with the same ailment or psychiatric illness may not have the same symptoms as other ethnicities, so having a strong working understanding and history of the client by studying their culture will help in efficiently diagnosis and treatment them. People recognize and describe physical and emotional problems varies by culture (Cheung & Mak, 2018). While some cultures prefer to seek treatment from a skilled practitioner or psychotherapy, others may seek relief through religious practice or herbal medicines. It’s imperative to remember that some clients may have multiple cultures. Whether this is religion, military career, gender, or ethnicity, experienced practitioners must spend some time learning about the various cultures, even if it involves asking the client directly concerning them (Javanbakht & Alberini, 2019).

In combination with the costs of psychotherapy and behavioral rehabilitation treatment, the expense of psychotropic drugs is a major reason for psychiatric care failures. Those with a socioeconomically disadvantaged standing may be unable to afford or gain access to therapies. The resource scarcity makes it difficult for people in poverty and those stigmatized as having a mental illness to receive adequate care. Lack of health insurance, mobility, and awareness on psychological health and how to seek treatment when required are some of the challenges this demographic faces. As advanced clinicians, it is our responsibility to educate people who are suffering from psychiatric conditions and others in society about mental disease and give resources when they are accessible.

 

References

Bernal, D. R., Herbst, R. B., Lewis, B. L., & Feibelman, J. (2017). Ethical care for vulnerable populations receiving psychotropic treatment. Ethics & Behavior, 27(7), 582–598. https://doi.org/10.1080/10508422.2016.1224187

Butcher, J. N., & Kendall, P. C. (2018). Introduction to childhood and adolescent psychopathology. In J. N. Butcher & P. C. Kendall (Eds.), APA handbook of psychopathology: Child and adolescent psychopathology (pp. 3–14). American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/0000065-001

Cheung, F. M., & Mak, W. W. S. (2018). Sociocultural factors in psychopathology. In J. N. Butcher & J. M. Hooley (Eds.), APA handbook of psychopathology: Psychopathology: Understanding, assessing, and treating adult mental disorders (pp. 127–147). American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/0000064-006

Javanbakht, A., & Alberini, C. M. (2019). Editorial: Neurobiological Models of Psychotherapy. Frontiers in behavioral neuroscience, 13, 144. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnbeh.2019.00144

Shadrina, M., Bondarenko, E. A., & Slominsky, P. A. (2018). Genetics Factors in Major Depression Disease. Frontiers in Psychiatry. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00334

Sample Answer 6 for NRNP 6635 Wk 1 Discussion: Factors That Influence the Development of Psychopathology

Factors that influence psychological development are often attributed to childhood exposure to biological and environmental factors. Psychopathology factors include gender, physiological, developmental, socioeconomics, threat, stress, refugee, overmedication, and access to treatment. Biological and genetic mental illnesses are attributed to gene combination transference. Biological and genetic factors increase the susceptibility to mental illness but are shaped by environmental factors such as exposure to low socioeconomic status and increasing poverty-related stress causing psychological issues.

Puberty is known to cause depression due to the developmental changes the person endures. Gender individualizes the increased risk for disorders such as anxiety and depression, and some risks may be determined by hormonal development. Threats such as trauma, abuse, disasters, and uprooting from another country increase the prevalence of PTSD, which influence negative psychological adjustments. Stress increases the risk of behavioral issues and can be associated with factors such as academics and interpersonal relationships at school with instructors or peers. Access to care and overmedication influence medical factors that increase psychological development, (Butcher, 2018).

Sociocultural factors such as gender, sexual orientation, class, race, and ethnicity influence the development of emotional and behavioral disorders. The rate of depression, self-harm, drug abuse, and mental disorders is higher in people with ethnic backgrounds, non-hetero orientation, low income, and other sociocultural influences. Bias thinking can influence the accuracy of clinical judgment and hinder the appropriate treatment for the patient if a multicultural perspective is not developed, (Cheung, 2018). Understanding early adolescent development of psychological issues increases the ability to acquire a developmental perspective to treat the patient’s lifespan by shaping pathways through multi-level processes (Masten, 2018).

Understanding causative factors and the association of neurological involvement with psychological development is fundamental in selecting the appropriate treatment for the patient. Disorders of brain regions such as the amygdala, cingulate gyrus, hippocampus, thalamus, insular cortex, and frontal cortex cause mental health conditions such as anxiety, depression, BPD, and PTSD. Knowledge of how each system will increase the ability to understand how the limbic system, orbitofrontal cortex, insular cortex, and orbital frontal cortex may be responsible for multiple disorders, but the limbic system is definitive to an anxiety disorder, (Jackson, 2018).

Resources

Butcher, J. N., & Kendall, P. C. (2018). Introduction to childhood and adolescent psychopathology. In J. N. Butcher & P. C. Kendall (Eds.), APA handbook of psychopathology: Child and adolescent psychopathology Links to an external site.., Vol. 2. (pp. 3–14). American Psychological Association. https://go.openathens.net/redirector/waldenu.edu?url=https://doi.org/10.1037/0000065-001

Links to an external site.

Cheung, F. M., & Mak, W. W. S. (2018). Sociocultural factors in psychopathology. In J. N. Butcher & J. M. Hooley (Eds.), APA handbook of psychopathology: Psychopathology: Understanding, assessing, and treating adult mental disorders., Vol. 1 Links to an external site.. (pp. 127–147). American Psychological Association. https://go.openathens.net/redirector/waldenu.edu?url=https://doi.org/10.1037/0000064-006

Links to an external site.

Jackson, C. E., & Milberg, W. P. (2018). Examination of neurological and neuropsychological features in psychopathology. In J. N. Butcher & J. M. Hooley (Eds.), APA handbook of psychopathology: Psychopathology: Understanding, assessing, and treating adult mental disorders., Vol. 1 Links to an external site.. (pp. 65–90). American Psychological Association. https://go.openathens.net/redirector/waldenu.edu?url=https://doi.org/10.1037/0000064-004

Links to an external site.

Masten, A. S., & Kalstabakken, A. W. (2018). Developmental perspectives on psychopathology in children and adolescents. In J. N. Butcher & P. C. Kendall (Eds.), APA handbook of psychopathology: Child and adolescent psychopathology., Vol. 2 Links to an external site.. (pp. 15–36). American Psychological Association. https://go.openathens.net/redirector/waldenu.edu?url=https://doi.org/10.1037/0000065-002

Sample Answer 7 for NRNP 6635 Wk 1 Discussion: Factors That Influence the Development of Psychopathology

Psychopathology refers to the scientific exploration of abnormal cognition, behavior, and experience that differ from social norms. (Schultze-Lutter et al., 2018). For centuries, research has focused on understanding the exact basis for the development of mental disorders to enhance the effectiveness of their treatment. The development of psychopathology is considered complex and multifactorial encompassing biological, psychological, environmental, social, and cultural factors. The subsequent discussion will elaborate on the aforementioned factors.

Biological Factors

Genetic and neuroscientific studies have demonstrated a correlation between biological factors and psychopathology. Population studies over the past 5 decades have consistently exhibited a heritable component to mental disorders (Sadock et al., 2015). Neuropsychiatric conditions such as schizophrenia and depression have heritable components due to concordance rates between monozygotic and dizygotic twins (Sadock et al., 2015). Similarly, having a parent with a mental disorder increases the risk of subsequent development of psychopathology in the offspring. Additionally, several structural brain changes including atrophy have been found in individuals with psychiatric conditions such as schizophrenia (Caspi & Moffitt, 2018). Finally, neurotransmitter abnormalities and dysregulations have been implemented in the causation of mental disorders such as schizophrenia.

Psychological Factors

Psychological factors influence cognitive, behavioral, and socio-emotional development (Isaksson et al., 2021). Experiencing adverse life events during childhood predisposes to the development of psychopathology in adulthood. These adverse events including child abuse and trauma influence stress regulation systems that can lead to depression, PTSD, and anxiety (Isaksson et al., 2021). Similarly, psychological factors impact feelings and the process of thinking throughout life which is associated with diversified cognitive, intellectual, emotional, and personality growth in addition to the perceptual framework (Isaksson et al., 2021).

Social, Cultural, and Interpersonal Factors

Social, cultural, and interpersonal factors principally focus on the interaction between individuals, peer groups, families, and communities (Moleiro, 2018). Several factors including gender, age, religion, culture, socioeconomic status, and literacy levels have been correlated with mental health disparities (Moleiro, 2018). Additionally, social factors have a considerable impact on the treatment of psychopathologies as some patients may choose not to seek healthcare due to fear of social stigmatization. Finally, behavioral and emotional disorders are closely linked to the social world as individuals with these abnormalities act outside the social norms.

References

Caspi, A., & Moffitt, T. E. (2018). All for one and one for all: Mental disorders in one dimension. The American Journal of Psychiatry175(9), 831–844. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2018.17121383

Isaksson, J., Zetterqvist, V., & Ramklint, M. (2021). Psychological and social risk factors are associated with the development of psychopathology, controlling for biological influence. Current Opinion in Psychiatry34(6), 600–607. https://doi.org/10.1097/YCO.0000000000000744

Moleiro, C. (2018). Culture and psychopathology: New perspectives on research, practice, and clinical training in a globalized world. Frontiers in Psychiatry9, 366. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00366

Sadock, B. J., Sadock, V. A., & Ruiz, P. (2015). Kaplan & Sadock’s synopsis of psychiatry. Wolters Kluwer.

Schultze-Lutter, F., Schmidt, S. J., & Theodoridou, A. (2018). Psychopathology-a precision tool in need of re-sharpening. Frontiers in Psychiatry9, 446. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00446

Sample Answer 8 for NRNP 6635 Wk 1 Discussion: Factors That Influence the Development of Psychopathology

Psychopathology studies mental health issues, which have numerous causes (Masten et al., 2021). The emergence of psychopathology is impacted by a myriad of variables, some of which include interpersonal, social, cultural, and biological. Psychopathological development may have numerous interrelated factors. This discussion focuses on how these elements affect the development of psychopathology.

Biological Factors

Neuroanatomy, genetics, neurotransmitters, and neurophysiology are all biological factors that influence the development of psychopathology. Depression and psychosis are two examples of mental diseases that may be brought on by a dysfunction in the neurotransmitter network system, which also causes the neurological system to operate differently. Deficits in neurotransmitters, including GABA, acetylcholine, norepinephrine, and serotonin, have been linked to the development of mental illnesses (Smith et al., 2020). Psychopathology disorders are hypothesized to possess distinct, immutable essences situated in the brain or DNA concerning genetics. They are ascribed to the atypical symptoms and conduct exhibited by patients.

Psychological Factors

Psychological variables influencing the development of psychopathology include financial stress, which is linked to mental problems among low-income persons. Mental disorders have been associated with developmental factors such as cyberbullying, child maltreatment, and exposure to domestic violence (O’Donnell & Meaney, 2020). The high incidence of mental diseases, such as mood and anxiety disorders, may be attributed to the fact that individuals who have dealt with unpleasant and stressful life experiences are more likely to suffer from these conditions. The degree of psychological stress that people experience is increased when they have a poor socioeconomic position, when they live in hazardous neighborhoods, and when they live in locations that have restricted access to healthcare services. This leads to the development of psychopathology.

Interpersonal, Societal, and Cultural Factors

The development of psychopathology is also associated with cultural elements such as practices, norms, and beliefs. Culture influences how people convey distress, where they seek assistance, and how they experience distress (Fonagy et al., 2021). Hence, individuals hailing from cultures where modes of distress expression and assistance-seeking are ineffective are more susceptible to the development of psychiatric disorders. Additionally, certain mental disorders exhibit a higher prevalence among individuals of one gender than the other. For example, men have a larger incidence of personality disorders, but women have a higher frequency of depressive illnesses. Interpersonal factors consist of an individual’s self-esteem and coping mechanisms. Individuals who possess diminished self-esteem and ineffective coping mechanisms are more susceptible to the development of mental disorders.

 

 References

Fonagy, P., Campbell, C., Constantinou, M. P., Higgitt, A., Allison, E., & Luyten, P. (2021). Culture and psychopathology: An attempt at reconsidering the role of social learning. Development and Psychopathology, 34(4), 1205–1220. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0954579421000092

Masten, A. S., Lucke, C., Nelson, K. M., & Stallworthy, I. C. (2021). Resilience in development and psychopathology: Multisystem perspectives. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 17(1), 521–549. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-081219-120307

O’Donnell, K. J., & Meaney, M. J. (2020). Epigenetics, development, and psychopathology. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 16(1), 327–350. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-050718-095530

Smith, G. T., Atkinson, E. G., Davis, H. A., Riley, E. N., & Oltmanns, J. R. (2020). The general factor of psychopathology. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 16(1), 75–98. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-071119-115848

Sample Answer for NRNP 6635 Wk 1 Discussion: Factors That Influence the Development of Psychopathology

Through psychopathology, healthcare professionals have been able to gain a comprehensive understanding of the issues relating to mental health and ways of managing them. Smith et al. (2020) elaborate several factors which are associated with the development of mental disorders, broadly categorized into two; biological and non-biological. The biological factors include physical aspects associated with higher risk of development of psychiatric condition. Such factors include infections, genetics, substance use, prenatal damage, neurological defects or injury and exposure to toxins (Smith et al., 2020). From a neurological basis the etiology of mental disorders is associated with physical deformities to the brain or alterations in the levels of central nervous system neurotransmitters like serotonin and dopamine.

Non-biological factors, on the other hand comprise of psychological stressors like neglect, emotions, emotional detachment, stress, physical or sexual abuse, and traumatic experiences (Barker et al., 2017). These factors are associated with high risk of mental illness. Additionally, neurocognitive and cognitive factors like coping mechanisms, personality, and individuals’ behavior are also associated with the recovery process or worsening of the mental problems.

Social factors like poverty, poor education, income inequality, inability to access healthcare services and unequal distribution of opportunities and resources also play a crucial role in the psychopathology. Such factors affect the way and individual interacts with the environment contributing to the development of mental disorders. Cultural diversity also affects the way in which a given community perceive certain mental disorder, leading to discrimination among other factors that might worsen the patients mental problem (Morris et al., 2017). Finally, interpersonal factors like neglect, poor social interaction and children born of depressed parentsamong others also contribute to the development of mental disorders such as anxiety and depression.

References

Barker, B., Iles, J. E., & Ramchandani, P. G. (2017). Fathers, fathering, and child psychopathology. Current opinion in psychology15, 87-92.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2017.02.015

Morris, A. S., Houltberg, B. J., Criss, M. M., & Bosler, C. D. (2017). Family context and psychopathology: The mediating role of children’s emotion regulation.https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118554470.ch18

Smith, G. T., Atkinson, E. A., Davis, H. A., Riley, E. N., & Oltmanns, J. R. (2020). The general factor of psychopathology. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology16, 75-98.https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-071119-115848