NRS 410 Case Study: Mr. M. Assignment

NRS 410 Case Study: Mr. M. Assignment

Grand Canyon University NRS 410 Case Study: Mr. M. Assignment-Step-By-Step Guide

 

This guide will demonstrate how to complete the NRS 410 Case Study: Mr. M. Assignment assignment based on general principles of academic writing. Here, we will show you the A, B, Cs of completing an academic paper, irrespective of the instructions. After guiding you through what to do, the guide will leave one or two sample essays at the end to highlight the various sections discussed below.

 

How to Research and Prepare for NRS 410 Case Study: Mr. M. Assignment                                   

 

Whether one passes or fails an academic assignment such as the Grand Canyon University   NRS 410 Case Study: Mr. M. Assignment depends on the preparation done beforehand. The first thing to do once you receive an assignment is to quickly skim through the requirements. Once that is done, start going through the instructions one by one to clearly understand what the instructor wants. The most important thing here is to understand the required format—whether it is APA, MLA, Chicago, etc.

 

After understanding the requirements of the paper, the next phase is to gather relevant materials. The first place to start the research process is the weekly resources. Go through the resources provided in the instructions to determine which ones fit the assignment. After reviewing the provided resources, use the university library to search for additional resources. After gathering sufficient and necessary resources, you are now ready to start drafting your paper.

 

How to Write the Introduction for NRS 410 Case Study: Mr. M. Assignment                                   

 

The introduction for the Grand Canyon University   NRS 410 Case Study: Mr. M. Assignment is where you tell the instructor what your paper will encompass. In three to four statements, highlight the important points that will form the basis of your paper. Here, you can include statistics to show the importance of the topic you will be discussing. At the end of the introduction, write a clear purpose statement outlining what exactly will be contained in the paper. This statement will start with “The purpose of this paper…” and then proceed to outline the various sections of the instructions.

 

How to Write the Body for NRS 410 Case Study: Mr. M. Assignment                                   

 

After the introduction, move into the main part of the NRS 410 Case Study: Mr. M. Assignment assignment, which is the body. Given that the paper you will be writing is not experimental, the way you organize the headings and subheadings of your paper is critically important. In some cases, you might have to use more subheadings to properly organize the assignment. The organization will depend on the rubric provided. Carefully examine the rubric, as it will contain all the detailed requirements of the assignment. Sometimes, the rubric will have information that the normal instructions lack.

 

Another important factor to consider at this point is how to do citations. In-text citations are fundamental as they support the arguments and points you make in the paper. At this point, the resources gathered at the beginning will come in handy. Integrating the ideas of the authors with your own will ensure that you produce a comprehensive paper. Also, follow the given citation format. In most cases, APA 7 is the preferred format for nursing assignments.

 

How to Write the Conclusion for NRS 410 Case Study: Mr. M. Assignment                                   

 

After completing the main sections, write the conclusion of your paper. The conclusion is a summary of the main points you made in your paper. However, you need to rewrite the points and not simply copy and paste them. By restating the points from each subheading, you will provide a nuanced overview of the assignment to the reader.

 

How to Format the References List for NRS 410 Case Study: Mr. M. Assignment                                   

 

The very last part of your paper involves listing the sources used in your paper. These sources should be listed in alphabetical order and double-spaced. Additionally, use a hanging indent for each source that appears in this list. Lastly, only the sources cited within the body of the paper should appear here.

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Sample Answer for NRS 410 Case Study: Mr. M. Assignment

            The case scenario discussed in this week’s assignment is about 70-year-old Mr. M a resident of the assisted living facility who presents with difficulty in recalling, agitation, aggression, and difficulty in ambulation. The conditions have rendered him dependent on others. He is being managed for hypertension which is well controlled and hypercholesterolemia. His assessment reveals that he is obese and the laboratory results show leukocytosis and feature suggestive of urinary tract infections. The purpose of this assignment is to describe Mr. M’s clinical manifestations, discuss his primary and secondary diagnoses, then highlight the physical, psychological, and emotional impact of his diagnoses on him and the family including the nursing interventions that could be employed in addressing these effects.

The 32year old Mr. C who has had the challenge of being overweight since childhood presents to the clinic inquiring about the possibility of undergoing bariatric surgery. He has been experiencing leg swelling, shortness of breath during physical activity, and pruritus. He is employed at the catalog telephone center and reports to have both high blood pressure and sleep apnea that he has been managing by restriction of sodium intake. His laboratory assessment reveals deranged kidney functions, hyperglycemia, and dyslipidemia whereas his physical assessment shows morbid obesity and high blood pressure. The purpose of this assignment is to explain Mr. C’s clinical manifestation and the risks he faces due to obesity, then discuss the functional health patterns identified in the case study, describe the staging of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) and ESRD prevention strategies that could be employed for Mr. C.

Clinical Manifestations

Mr. M is an elderly male who presents with memory problems for the past 2months with reports of trouble in recalling names of people and even objects such as things he read or his room nu

mber. This is associated with aggressive behaviors and has rendered him dependent on others to help with activities of daily living. The urinalysis done on the patient showed that his urine was cloudy in appearance with a considerable amount of leukocytes detected. The patient’s forgetfulness may be diagnosed as dementia which accounts for most of these cases, especially in old patients (Arvanitakis et al., 2019). Due to the forgetfulness in dementia, the patient may be frustrated at his inability to remember information thus the agitation and aggression that is reported by Mr. M. The agitation and aggression may also relate to deterioration in personality that usually results from dementia (Gale et al., 2018).

The urinalysis results obtained are consistent with a diagnosis of urinary tract infections (UTI). This condition has an interesting relationship with dementia as more cases are reported in dementia due to reduced hygiene levels and neglected personal care (Yourman et al., 2020). Further, dementia may be worsened by UTI due to increased inflammatory response in UTI with most patients experiencing delirium and disorientation despite the previously stable dementia (Arvanitakis et al., 2019). UTIs should therefore be properly diagnosed and promptly managed in dementia to prevent deterioration.

Primary and Secondary Diagnoses

The patient’s primary diagnosis is dementia and UTI. Dementia that manifests with memory problems and personality changes is probably due to Alzheimer’s disease (AD) which accounts for 80% of dementia and is characterized by gradual onset and deterioration in memory (Parnetti et al., 2019). On the other hand, UTIs have been diagnosed based on urinalysis results. His primary diagnoses are therefore AD and UTI.

Mr. M’s secondary diagnoses as derived from his past medical history include hypercholesterolemia and hypertension. He had reported that he had been diagnosed with hypercholesterolemia and hypertension that was managed with 40mg Lipitor and 20mg of lisinopril daily respectively. Given they are still on these medications during the current presentation, it can be assumed that he is still suffering from hypercholesterolemia and hypertension (Gale et al., 2018). However, the normal blood pressure of 123/78mmHg that was obtained confirms that hypertension is well controlled at the current doses of antihypertensive drugs. Hypercholesterolemia should however be controlled aggressively to minimize the risk of cardiovascular events.

Abnormalities during Nursing Assessment

When the nurse analyzes the health information provided about Mr. M, some abnormalities can easily be identified. Such abnormalities include abnormal urinalysis results consistent with UTI, a history of progressive memory loss suggestive of dementia, as well as elevated lymphocyte levels. Leukocytosis and lymphocytosis may be induced by the body’s response to an infectious pathogen such as the one implicated in UTI (Yourman et al., 2020). In addition to these abnormalities and laboratory reports, some abnormalities that are anticipated during patient examination include cognitive disturbance, poor memory, and low intelligence during mini-mental status examination due to dementia (Parnetti et al., 2019).

Psychological, Emotional, and Physical Effects of the Disease on Mr. M and the Family

Dementia results in a decline in physical and psychological function. The neglect of physical hygiene and personal care predisposes the patients to infections such as UTIs and even pressure sores that develop when the patients assume the same sitting or lying posture for a long time without shifting (Gale et al., 2018). The forgetfulness may also affect the eating schedule with patients going without meals for long especially when they live alone. As such, their physical well-being including body mass as well as physique thus the increased risk of infections (Parnetti et al., 2019). The loss of muscles and dementia itself may affect the patient’s ability to control bowels and thus further deteriorates personal hygiene.

In addition to the physical effects, the condition also poses psychological impacts on the patients including anger, depression, and anxiety. The depression results from the increased dependence on other family members to help with activities that the patient could initially able to achieve (Gale et al., 2018). Further, forgetfulness is also frustrating and may contribute to depression (Arvanitakis et al., 2019). The family members are equally affected by the AD especially due to the required financial support, the need to play a physical caregiving role, as well as the depression that results when they witness their loved ones being affected by the illness (Parnetti et al., 2019).

Nursing Interventions to Assist Mr. M and the Family

The nursing interventions will seek to address the physical and psychological needs resulting from the patient’s diagnosis. Timely administration of antibiotic medications would be appropriate for the management of the suspected UTI, cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) would be indicated for improving the cognitive status of the patient, as well as family education that would improve family involvement in patient care (Arvanitakis et al., 2019). Further, the nurse can refer the patient to other healthcare workers such as nutritionists and occupational therapists whose services would be needed (Yourman et al., 2020). They can also link the patient to the support groups in the society where they would be assisted with physical resources as well as pieces of advice that improve their wellbeing.

Actual or Potential Problems

Mr. M has the risk of developing pressure ulcers, deep venous thrombosis (DVT), sepsis, and depressive illness. The pressure ulcers would develop due to neglect of physical care and prolonged sitting or sleeping in the same posture whereas DVT would result from stasis due to being bedridden (Kassahun, 2018). On the other hand, sepsis results from untreated UTI, and depression would be a consequence of the chronic illness, DVT, that reduces the health status (Yourman et al., 2020). These problems should be prevented or screened for and promptly treated.

Conclusion

Chronic conditions such as dementia that present with memory loss may result from degenerative illnesses or may be triggered by acute illnesses such as UTIs to progress to delirium. The conditions have physical and psychological impacts on the patients and their families thus the need for nurses’ involvement in supporting the affected individuals. Some of the assistance strategies include drug administration, linking with support groups, as well as provision of family education. These measures help in prevention of complications including DVT and sepsis.

References

Arvanitakis, Z., Shah, R. C., & Bennett, D. A. (2019). Diagnosis and management of dementia: Review. JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association, 322(16), 1589–1599. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2019.4782

Gale, S. A., Acar, D., & Daffner, K. R. (2018). Dementia. The American Journal of Medicine, 131(10), 1161–1169. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjmed.2018.01.022

Kassahun, W. T. (2018). The effects of pre-existing dementia on surgical outcomes in emergent and nonemergent general surgical procedures: assessing differences in surgical risk with dementia. BMC Geriatrics, 18(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-018-0844-x

Parnetti, L., Chipi, E., Salvadori, N., D’Andrea, K., & Eusebi, P. (2019). Prevalence and risk of progression of preclinical Alzheimer’s disease stages: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Alzheimer’s Research & Therapy, 11(1), 7. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13195-018-0459-7

Yourman, L. C., Kent, T. J., Israni, J. S., Ko, K. J., & Lesser, A. (2020). Association of dementia diagnosis with urinary tract infection in the emergency department. Journal of the American College of Emergency Physicians Open, 1(6), 1291–1296. https://doi.org/10.1002/emp2.12268

Sample Answer 2 for NRS 410 Case Study: Mr. M. Assignment

The case study concerns Mr. M 70-year-old male living at an assisted living facility. The patient’s health status has rapidly deteriorated in the past two months. He struggles to remember his family members’ names and room number and repeats things he has read. Mr. M quickly becomes agitated and aggressive. The purpose of this assignment is to analyze Mr. M’s health condition and interventions to support him and the family.

Clinical Manifestations of Mr. M.

Mr. M exhibits clinical manifestation of cognitive decline in memory as seen by forgetting family members’ names and room number and getting lost. He has mood symptoms, as evidenced by getting quickly agitated and aggressive. In addition, the patient has difficulties performing ADLs independently. The patient is overweight, with a BMI of 27.9. Diagnostic results show that the patient has leukocytosis and lymphocytosis. Urinalysis results reveal cloudy urine and leukocytes, indicating a possible urinary tract infection (UTI).

Diagnoses and Secondary Diagnoses

The primary diagnosis is Alzheimer’s dementia (AD). The patient demonstrates positive AD symptoms like a gradual decline in memory, difficulties remembering familiar names and places, confusion with wandering at night, aggression and agitation, reading difficulties, and inability to perform ADLs independently (Tahami Monfared et al., 2022).

The secondary diagnosis is Asymptomatic Bacteriuria (ABU). ABU is characterized by leukocytes on urinalysis but with no reported clinical symptoms of UTI. Persons living with dementia often have atypical clinical manifestations and high ABU rates (Yourman et al., 2020). The patient has not expressed any symptoms consistent with UTI, but urinalysis results of cloudy urine and leukocytes indicate UTI, making ABU the secondary diagnosis. The nursing diagnosis derived from AD is Impaired memory related to chemical imbalances in the brain as evidenced by memory loss. The nurse should consider this diagnosis by evaluating the patient’s cognitive function and memory.

Expected Abnormalities during Nursing Assessment

Abnormal findings are expected in nursing assessment in the general, neurological, and mental status assessment based on the AD medical diagnosis. On general assessment, the nurse can expect to find a nervous, restless, and disoriented patient with explosive behavior when asked about his cognitive decline symptoms (Tahami Monfared et al., 2022). The patient may also exhibit paranoia and inappropriate social behavior. The likely neurological exam findings include short-term memory loss, reduced attention span, dysarthria, and impaired executive functioning.

The expected abnormal mental status exam (MSE) findings include disorganization, disorientation to time, place, and person, impaired reasoning, abstract thought and judgment, problems with calculation, and decreased attention span. In addition, the patient may demonstrate deterioration in personal care and appearance and have poor cooperation (Tahami Monfared et al., 2022). The nurse may not identify any abnormal findings with ABU because it is asymptomatic. However, a thorough genitourinary exam is crucial to identify if the patient has costovertebral angle tenderness, penile ulcers or lesions, scrotal tenderness, meatal discharge, or prostatic tenderness.

Health Status Effect on Physical, Psychological, and Emotional Aspects of Patient and Family

AD has a significant physical, psychological, and emotional impact on patient and their families. The patient is at risk of developing perceptual-motor problems which cause disturbances in ambulation, gait, balance, and motor coordination. This increases the risk of falls and fractures (Grabher, 2018). Besides, the difficulties in performing ADLs cause self-care deficits in bathing, dressing, and toileting. If the skin is not properly cleaned or dried, it can cause skin conditions due to impaired skin integrity. Self-care deficit in feeding can also cause nutrition deficiency and dehydration because of inadequate dietary intake (Grabher, 2018). The limited ability to perform ADLs and cognitive decline in AD patients cause psychological distress, which increases the risk of developing depression and anxiety disorders. Therefore, Mr. M’s aggression and agitation can be linked to cognitive decline.

The family of Mr. M may be required to help him with ADLs, which causes physical exhaustion and burnout, especially if they have not been trained to care for an AD patient. Besides, they may develop psychological distress that progresses to depression or anxiety when they see their loved one lose his independence (Grabher, 2018). Exhaustion and burnout also increase psychological distress. Furthermore, Mr. M’s care will require financial resources if the family hires a caregiver or takes him to a nursing home. The financial drain caused by the care of AD patients adversely affects the patient’s and family’s emotional well-being.

Interventions for Support

Mr. M can be supported through supportive psychotherapy, where he gets a platform to talk about how his thoughts and feelings affect his mood and behavior. For instance, he can be started on group psychotherapy for persons with dementia, which improves depression and anxiety symptoms and interpersonal functioning. Supportive psychotherapy can also help Mr. M understand his life situation’s reality, including his limitations and what he can and cannot achieve. Mr. M’s family can be supported through caregiver training to educate them on how to provide care to their loved ones at home and avoid burnout (Simpson et al., 2018). Besides, the family can be introduced to social support groups for AD caregivers, where they interact with other families and learn how to cope.

Actual/Potential Problems

Mr. M’s actual problems include impaired memory caused by the AD disease process and chemical imbalances in the brain. He also has self-care deficits in bathing, dressing, and feeding caused by impairment in neuromuscular and cognitive functioning (Breijyeh & Karaman, 2020). In addition, the patient has confusion with a reduced ability to interpret his environment caused by the AD disease process. The patient has a risk for injury due to confusion, disorientation, and impaired decision-making.

Conclusion

Mr. M has clinical features of memory loss, confusion, disorientation, and aggression, which are consistent with Alzheimer’s disease making it the primary diagnosis. The secondary diagnosis is ABU since urinalysis results suggest a UTI, but the patient has no symptoms. AD affects the patient’s and family’s physical, psychological, and emotional well-being, increasing the risk of depression and anxiety disorders. The patient and family can be supported through psychotherapy, training on caregiving, and social support groups.

 References

Breijyeh, Z., & Karaman, R. (2020). Comprehensive Review on Alzheimer’s Disease: Causes and Treatment. Molecules (Basel, Switzerland), 25(24), 5789. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25245789

Grabher, B. J. (2018). Alzheimer’s disease and the Effects it has on the Patient and their Family. Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology, jnmt-118.

Simpson, G. M., Stansbury, K., Wilks, S. E., Pressley, T., Parker, M., & McDougall, G. J., Jr (2018). Support groups for Alzheimer’s caregivers: Creating our own space in uncertain times. Social work in mental health, 16(3), 303–320. https://doi.org/10.1080/15332985.2017.1395780

Tahami Monfared, A. A., Byrnes, M. J., White, L. A., & Zhang, Q. (2022). Alzheimer’s Disease: Epidemiology and Clinical Progression. Neurology and therapy, 11(2), 553–569. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40120-022-00338-8

Yourman, L. C., Kent, T. J., Israni, J. S., Ko, K. J., & Lesser, A. (2020). Association of dementia diagnosis with urinary tract infection in the emergency department. Journal of the American College of Emergency Physicians open, 1(6), 1291–1296. https://doi.org/10.1002/emp2.12268

Sample Answer 3 for NRS 410 Case Study: Mr. M. Assignment

Neurodegenerative problems have a significant effect on the mental health and functioning of the patient. Patients with neurodegenerative disorders require support in undertaking most of their activities of the daily living. The patients are also predisposed to a number of actual and potential health problems that affect their health and wellbeing further. Nurses and other healthcare providers have the responsibility of ensuring that the developed care plans address the prioritized and potential health needs of the patients as well as their families. Therefore, this essay examines Mr. M’s case study to determine the clinical manifestations, primary and secondary diagnoses, effects of health condition, interventions, and actual or potential health problems.

Clinical Manifestations

Mr. M has a number of clinical manifestations that should be considered by the healthcare team. Firstly, he has symptoms similar to those associated with degenerative disorders of the brain. The symptoms include trouble in recalling names of his family members, remembering room number, repeating what he reads, being agitated and aggressive, wandering and getting lost at night and dependent with his activities of the daily living. The patient is also pre-hypertensive. Accordingly, the blood pressure should be below 120/80. The client’s systolic pressure is elevated by 3mmHg, hence the need for further assessment of his lifestyle and dietary habits. The patient also has elevated white blood cell count. The normal white blood cell count ranges between 4500 and 11000 per microliter, while that of the patient is 19.2/uL, which indicates an underlying infection. The patient also has elevated level of lymphocytes (6700 cells/uL) (Ignatavicius et al., 2017). The urinalysis also showed the patient to have urinary tract infection due to presence of leucocytes and cloudy urine.

Primary Medical Diagnosis

The primary medical diagnosis for the client is Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimer’s disease is a neurodegenerative condition that is characterized by the progressive deficits in cognitive and behavioral functioning. The disorder arises from the accumulation of tau and amyloid deposits in the brain. Patients with Alzheimer’s disease have cognitive symptoms that include loss of short-term, visuospatial, and executive functions as well as praxis. Patients also experience neuropsychiatric symptoms that include irritability, anxiety and apathy (Weller & Budson, 2018). Mr. M has the above symptoms, hence, Alzheimer’s disease being the primary medical diagnosis.

Secondary Medical Diagnosis

The secondary medical diagnosis for the client is urinary tract infection. Urinary tract infection can be diagnosed based on the analysis of urine sample or the symptoms that the client has. The examination of urine under a microscope would reveal the presence of leucocytes or bacteria, which indicates an infection. Similarly, the appearance of urine also guides the development of the diagnosis. Patients with urinary tract infection often pass cloudy or foamy urine (Ignatavicius et al., 2017). Mr. M has leucocytes and passes cloudy urine, hence, urinary tract infection being the secondary diagnosis.

Abnormalities Expected

The abnormalities that would be expected in the assessment of the patient include symptoms of cognitive decline, neuropsychiatric symptoms, and normal neurologic examination results. Some of the symptoms of cognitive decline include memory impairment, language disturbance, loss of visuospatial skills, and decline in executive functions. The neuropsychiatric symptoms that the patient may have include anxiety, apathy, irritability, delusions, hallucinations, sleep disturbances, lack of insight, and psychosis. The above symptoms are attributed to neurodegenerative disorder affecting the client. The patient may also report pain in urination, difficulty in urination and supra-pubic pain due to urinary tract infection (Ignatavicius et al., 2017).

Physical, Psychological and Emotional Effects of Health on Mr. M

Mr. M’s current health condition has physical, psychological and emotional effects. The physical effects include difficulties in performing activities of the daily living such as bladder and bowel control and swallowing. The patient also experiences difficulties in undertaking additional activities such as dressing and bathing. The other physical effects include increased risk of self-injury due to confusion and wandering at night. The psychological effects of the client’s current health status include increased risk for depression, anxiety, psychosis, and apathy. The emotional effects include agitation, anger, fear, aggression, and stress due to disorderly behaviors (Deb et al., 2017). The family is also affected by Mr. M’s condition. Accordingly, there is the emotional and psychological impacts of the disease due to the increased care needs of the patient. The family is also likely to experience stress in adjusting to the increasing care needs of the patient such as the high cost of care that would be incurred in meeting the health needs of the patient (Weller & Budson, 2018).

Interventions

A number of interventions should be embraced to support Mr. M and his family. The first intervention entails initiating Mr. M on medications that slow neurodegenerative processes in Alzheimer’s disease. The patient should also be initiated on antibiotic therapy to treat the urinary tract infection. The patient and his family should also be educated about the non-pharmacological interventions that can be embraced to slow the memory loss. The education should focus on the use of interventions such as participating in cognitive activities, regular physical activity, taking Alzheimer’s diet, reducing stress and maintain good sleeping habits. The patient and family should also be linked to the available social support systems for patients with Alzheimer’s disease (Loi et al., 2018). Social support groups are important in facilitating adjustment with the disorder and act as source of social, mental, emotional, and psychological support to the patient and his family.

Actual or Potential Problems

One of the actual problem for Mr. M is activity intolerance due to the loss of neurological functions as evidenced by the inability of the patient to perform his activities of the daily living independently. The other actual problem for the patient is anxiety. Anxiety is attributed to the fear of the unknown outcomes of the disease and loss of normal functioning abilities. The potential problems that the client is at risk of include self-injury due to wandering and confusion at night and getting lost in familiar places. The patient also has the potential problem of developing disturbed sleeping pattern due to the neuropsychiatric symptoms of the disease (Weller & Budson, 2018). Therefore, it is important for the nurse and healthcare providers to develop care plans that will address the above actual and potential health problems.

Conclusion

Overall, Mr. M has a positive diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease. The diagnosis is attributed to the clinical manifestations that he has. Mr. M should therefore be put on pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions that minimize the progression of the disease. The patient and his family also require support due to physical, emotional and psychological impacts of the disease. Consequently, the developed plans of care should be specific to the identified actual and potential health problems for the patient and his family.

References

Deb, A., Thornton, J. D., Sambamoorthi, U., & Innes, K. (2017). Direct and indirect cost of managing alzheimer’s disease and related dementias in the United States. Expert Review of Pharmacoeconomics & Outcomes Research, 17(2), 189–202. https://doi.org/10.1080/14737167.2017.1313118

Ignatavicius, D. D., Workman, M. L., Heimgartner, N. M., & Rebar, C. R. (2017). Medical-surgical Nursing: Concepts for Interprofessional Collaborative Care. Elsevier.

Loi, S. M., Eratne, D., Kelso, W., Velakoulis, D., & Looi, J. C. (2018). Alzheimer disease: Non-pharmacological and pharmacological management of cognition and neuropsychiatric symptoms. Australasian Psychiatry, 26(4), 358–365. https://doi.org/10.1177/1039856218766123

Weller, J., & Budson, A. (2018). Current understanding of Alzheimer’s disease diagnosis and treatment. F1000Research, 7. https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.14506.1