NRS 410 Describe the Clinical Manifestations Present in Mr. C
Grand Canyon University NRS 410 Describe the Clinical Manifestations Present in Mr. C-Step-By-Step Guide
This guide will demonstrate how to complete the NRS 410 Describe the Clinical Manifestations Present in Mr. C assignment based on general principles of academic writing. Here, we will show you the A, B, Cs of completing an academic paper, irrespective of the instructions. After guiding you through what to do, the guide will leave one or two sample essays at the end to highlight the various sections discussed below.
How to Research and Prepare for NRS 410 Describe the Clinical Manifestations Present in Mr. C
Whether one passes or fails an academic assignment such as the Grand Canyon University NRS 410 Describe the Clinical Manifestations Present in Mr. C depends on the preparation done beforehand. The first thing to do once you receive an assignment is to quickly skim through the requirements. Once that is done, start going through the instructions one by one to clearly understand what the instructor wants. The most important thing here is to understand the required format—whether it is APA, MLA, Chicago, etc.
After understanding the requirements of the paper, the next phase is to gather relevant materials. The first place to start the research process is the weekly resources. Go through the resources provided in the instructions to determine which ones fit the assignment. After reviewing the provided resources, use the university library to search for additional resources. After gathering sufficient and necessary resources, you are now ready to start drafting your paper.
How to Write the Introduction for NRS 410 Describe the Clinical Manifestations Present in Mr. C
The introduction for the Grand Canyon University NRS 410 Describe the Clinical Manifestations Present in Mr. C is where you tell the instructor what your paper will encompass. In three to four statements, highlight the important points that will form the basis of your paper. Here, you can include statistics to show the importance of the topic you will be discussing. At the end of the introduction, write a clear purpose statement outlining what exactly will be contained in the paper. This statement will start with “The purpose of this paper…” and then proceed to outline the various sections of the instructions.
How to Write the Body for NRS 410 Describe the Clinical Manifestations Present in Mr. C
After the introduction, move into the main part of the NRS 410 Describe the Clinical Manifestations Present in Mr. C assignment, which is the body. Given that the paper you will be writing is not experimental, the way you organize the headings and subheadings of your paper is critically important. In some cases, you might have to use more subheadings to properly organize the assignment. The organization will depend on the rubric provided. Carefully examine the rubric, as it will contain all the detailed requirements of the assignment. Sometimes, the rubric will have information that the normal instructions lack.
Another important factor to consider at this point is how to do citations. In-text citations are fundamental as they support the arguments and points you make in the paper. At this point, the resources gathered at the beginning will come in handy. Integrating the ideas of the authors with your own will ensure that you produce a comprehensive paper. Also, follow the given citation format. In most cases, APA 7 is the preferred format for nursing assignments.
How to Write the Conclusion for NRS 410 Describe the Clinical Manifestations Present in Mr. C
After completing the main sections, write the conclusion of your paper. The conclusion is a summary of the main points you made in your paper. However, you need to rewrite the points and not simply copy and paste them. By restating the points from each subheading, you will provide a nuanced overview of the assignment to the reader.
How to Format the References List for NRS 410 Describe the Clinical Manifestations Present in Mr. C
The very last part of your paper involves listing the sources used in your paper. These sources should be listed in alphabetical order and double-spaced. Additionally, use a hanging indent for each source that appears in this list. Lastly, only the sources cited within the body of the paper should appear here.
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Sample Answer for NRS 410 Describe the Clinical Manifestations Present in Mr. C
Obesity is a lifestyle disease characterized by abnormal or excessive accumulation of adipose tissue in the body. It is a multisystem condition that increases the risk of most non-communicable diseases (Ansari et al., 2020). This paper seeks to examine a case of an obese patient, including potential health risks, staging of ESRD, and health promotion opportunities for the patient.
Clinical Manifestations Present In Mr. C
Clinical manifestations in Mr. C include being overweight with a weight gain of roughly 100 pounds over 2-3 years. Mr. C has sleep apnea, a history of high blood pressure, dyspnea on exertion, pruritus, and ankle edema. Clinical objective findings include a BMI indicating obesity, tachypnea, elevated blood pressure, and bilateral 3+ pitting edema. Besides, he has hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, high serum creatinine, and BUN levels, suggesting impaired kidney function.
Potential Health Risks for Obesity
Potential health risks for Mr. C secondary to obesity include heart failure evidenced by symptoms of dyspnea on exertion and pitting feet and ankle edema. He is at risk of developing hypertension, as seen by the history of elevated blood pressure (Ansari et al., 2020). Mr. C has a risk of respiratory conditions, including Obesity hypoventilation syndrome, as seen with complaints of dyspnea on exertion and sleep apnea. Sleep apnea also indicates that he is at risk of Obstructive sleep apnea (Ansari et al., 2020). Furthermore, he is at risk of Type 2 Diabetes, as demonstrated by hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia. Kidney failure is a concern due to high serum creatinine and BUN levels.
Bariatric surgery is an appropriate intervention for Mr. C. It results in a considerable and relative weight loss in persons with morbid obesity and related comorbidities (Albaugh & Abumrad, 2018). Mr. C is fit for bariatric surgery due to a BMI of above 40 and the presence of obesity comorbidities such as peripheral edema, hypertension, obstructive sleep apnea, type 2 diabetes, hyperlipidemia, respiratory insufficiency, and heart failure (Albaugh& Abumrad, 2018). Bariatric surgery can resolve or improve these obesity comorbidities.
Actual or Potential Problems in the Functional Health Pattern
Problems in the Nutritional-Metabolic pattern include altered nutrition, more than the body’s nutritional needs. It can be attributed to a disproportion between energy intake and the body’s energy use (Ansari et al., 2020). In the Elimination pattern, the patient has a risk for impaired urinary elimination. The elevated levels of BUN and creatinine indicate a reduced kidney function, which can progress to kidney failure. The Activity and Exercise pattern has altered perfusion of the cardiopulmonary tissue due to a reduced blood supply to the myocardial tissue from a reduced cardiac output (Ansari et al., 2020). The Sleep and Rest pattern has a disturbed sleep pattern manifested by sleep apnea, caused by reduced chest wall compliance (Ansari et al., 2020). In the Self-perception and Self-concept pattern, the patient may develop a disturbed body image due to overweight.
Staging Of End-Stage Renal Disease (ESRD) and Contributing Factors to Consider
ESRD is staged based on the presence of kidney damage for not less than three months or a glomerular filtration rate (GFR) below 60 mL/min within the same duration. ESRD is staged in five stages. In stage 1, there is kidney damage but a normal GFR greater than 90 ml/min (Chen et al., 2019). Stage 2 has a GFR of 60-89 ml/min. Stage 3 has 3a with a GFR of 45-59 ml/min and 3b with a GFR of 30-44 ml/min (Chen et al., 2019). Stage 4 has a GFR of 15-29 ml/min, while stage 5 manifests with renal failure of a GFR below 15 ml/min (Chen et al., 2019). Causative factors to be considered in staging include a history of smoking, dehydration, uncontrolled diabetes, hyperlipidemia, systemic Hypertension, proteinuria, hyperphosphatemia, and Nephrotoxins.
ESRD Prevention and Health Promotion Opportunities
Opportunities to prevent ESRD in Mr. C include lifestyle modification of diet and physical activity. Diet modification includes advising him to take a low-protein diet to promote protein metabolism and prevent proteinuria. A low-protein slows the decline of GFR in a patient with a rapid GFR decline and improves proteinuria (Kramer, 2019). Hypertension is a risk factor for kidney failure and ESRD. Mr. C should be recommended to have a low sodium intake and take up the DASH diet to lower blood pressure and prevent ESRD (Kramer, 2019). Furthermore, he should be educated on moderate aerobic and muscle-strengthening exercises to boost cardiovascular health, lower blood pressure, and reduce weight.
Resources Available For ESRD Patients for Non-acute Care and Type of Multidisciplinary Approach
Non-acute care resources for ESRD patients are provided to slow the progression of acute kidney disease to ESRD and reduce the mortality rates attributed to ESRD. The resources include Dialysis locator services, transplant resources, and educational materials on ESRD, hypertension management, and kidney transplantation. A multidisciplinary approach integrates various disciplines to attain common management goals (Shi et al., 2018). It comprises a nephrologist, dietitian, pharmacist, palliative care nurse, and social worker. The nephrologist examines the etiology of ESRD and develops the care plan. The dietitian provides dietary counseling and fluid management (Shi et al., 2018). The pharmacist evaluates drugs, dosing, and adherence and educates patients about OTC medications. The nurse addresses palliative care needs, discusses prognosis, and ensures treatment plans support the goal of care (Shi et al., 2018). Lastly, the social worker helps patients to obtain resources such as transportation and housing.
Conclusion
Mr. C’s obesity puts him at risk of hypertension, heart failure, obstructive hypoventilation syndrome, sleep apnea, type 2 diabetes, and kidney failure. His BMI and comorbidities make him a candidate for bariatric surgery. ESRD has four stages based on the degree of kidney damage and the GFR. Mr. C should be educated on modifying diet and physical activity to lower blood pressure and prevent ESRD.
References
Albaugh, V. L., & Abumrad, N. N. (2018). Surgical treatment of obesity. F1000Research, 7, F1000 Faculty Rev-617. https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.13515.1
Ansari, S., Haboubi, H., & Haboubi, N. (2020). Adult obesity complications: challenges and clinical impact. Therapeutic advances in endocrinology and metabolism, 11, 2042018820934955. https://doi.org/10.1177/2042018820934955
Chen, T. K., Knicely, D. H., & Grams, M. E. (2019). Chronic Kidney Disease Diagnosis and Management: A Review. JAMA, 322(13), 1294–1304. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2019.14745
Kramer, H. (2019). Diet and chronic kidney disease. Advances in Nutrition, 10(Supplement_4), S367-S379. https://doi.org/10.1093/advances/nmz011
Shi, Y., Xiong, J., Chen, Y., Deng, J., Peng, H., Zhao, J., & He, J. (2018). The effectiveness of multidisciplinary care models for patients with chronic kidney disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. International urology and nephrology, 50(2), 301-312.https://doi.org/10.1007/s11255-017-1679-7
Sample Answer 2 for NRS 410 Describe the Clinical Manifestations Present in Mr. C
Obesity refers to a lifestyle condition that is typified by an extreme or unusual build-up of adipose tissue in the patient’s body (Edelman & Kudzma, 2021). This condition involves various systems in the body and is a risk factor for various non-communicable diseases. The purpose of this paper is to delve into a case study of Mr. C who presents to the healthcare facility with symptoms of obesity. In particular, the paper will examine the clinical manifestations of the patient, potential health risks, ESRD staging, and the available opportunities for health promotion.
Clinical Manifestations Present In Mr. C
Mr. C depicts various clinical manifestations including being overweight and he has gained approximately 100 pounds of weight in the last 2-3 years. He also has a history of high blood pressure, ankle edema, sleep apnea, pruritus, and dyspnea on exertion. The clinical findings reveal that Mr. C has high blood pressure, bilateral 3+ pitting edema, tachypnea, and a BMI that suggests obesity. Additionally, Mr. C has elevated levels of BUN and serum creatinine, hyperglycemia, and hyperlipidemia, which are indicative of weakness in the function of his kidneys.
The Potential Health Risks for Obesity that are of Concern for Mr. C
There are various potential health risks for Mr. C that is secondary to obesity. The first health risk is Type 2 Diabetes, which is shown by the presence of hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia. Mr. C also risks developing hypertension because he has a history of high blood pressure. The patient is also likely to suffer kidney failure due to high levels of BUN and serum creatinine. The symptoms of dyspnea on exertion, ankle edema, and pitting feet are indicative that Mr. C is at risk of suffering heart failure. There is also a risk of Obstructive sleep apnea due to the presence of sleep apnea. Finally, Mr. C is at risk of respiratory diseases such as obesity hypoventilation syndrome because he has sleep apnea and dyspnea on exertion (Edelman & Kudzma, 2021).
Bariatric surgery intervention may be suitable for Mr. C at this moment. This intervention is associated with substantial weight loss in people with morbid obesity and allied comorbidities (Park, et al., 2019). Mr. C presented with a BMI exceeding 40 and comorbidities of obesity including respiratory deficiency, hypertension, Type 2 Diabetes, sleep apnea, heart failure, peripheral edema, and hyperlipidemia. As such, bariatric surgery is recommended to help in enhancing or dealing with presenting comorbidities of obesity.
Assessment of Mr. C.’s Functional Health Patterns to Identify Actual or Potential Problems
Various patterns have demonstrated the possibility of actual or potential problems. In the elimination pattern, Mr. C has demonstrated a potential risk of damaging urinary exclusion. The high levels of creatinine and BUN depict a compromised kidney function, which can ultimately lead to kidney failure (Edelman & Kudzma, 2021). The assessment of the Nutritional-Metabolic pattern demonstrates that Mr. C has distorted nutrition, which exceeds the required nutritional body needs. This situation can lead to disparity in the intake of energy and the energy needs and usage by the body. In the Sleep and Rest pattern, the assessment revealed that Mr. C has a troubled sleep pattern, which is indicated by sleep apnea, which is attributed to minimized chest wall adherence (Edelman & Kudzma, 2021). In the Activity and Exercise pattern, the assessment showed that Mr. C has damaged cardiopulmonary tissue perfusion, which is demonstrated by a low supply of blood to the myocardial tissue as a result of minimized cardiac output. Finally, the assessment of the pattern of Self-perception and Self-concept indicates that the patient may develop low self-esteem because of the negative perception of body image due to obesity.
The Staging of End-Stage Renal Disease (ESRD) and Contributing Factors to Consider
The staging of ESRD is determined by the existence of injury to the kidney for more than three months. It is also determined by the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) of less than 60 mL/min within a similar period of more than three months (Segal et al., 2020). The staging is categorized into five stages. Stage one involves kidney damage but with a standard GFR of more than 90 ml/min. In stage two, the GFR ranges between 60 and 89 ml/min. Stage three is categorized into 3a and 3b. In 3a, the GFR ranges between 45 and 49 ml/min, while the GFR in 3b ranges between 30-44 ml/min. The fourth stage has a 15-29 ml/min GFR, while the fifth stage is characterized by renal failure, which is depicted by a GFR of less than 15 ml/min. The contributing factors that can be considered include unmanaged diabetes, smoking, general Hypertension, nephrotoxins, dehydration, and hyperphosphatemia.
ESRD Prevention and Health Promotion Opportunities
The opportunities include lifestyle change through the adoption of physical activity and a healthy diet. The promotion of physical activity involves teaching Mr. C about muscle-strengthening and temperate exercises to help in enhancing cardiovascular wellbeing, weight reduction, and reduction of blood pressure (Hoshino, 2021). Nutritional education should be provided to Mr. C that focuses on a low-protein diet to facilitate the metabolism of protein and deterrence proteinuria. Mr. C should also be encouraged to reduce sodium intake and increase his DASH diet to help in the reduction of blood pressure and deterrence of ESRD (Hoshino, 2021).
Resources Available for ESRD Patients for Nonacute Care and the Type of Multidisciplinary Approach
In non-acute care, the resources provided for ESRD patients are intended to curb the development of ESRD from acute kidney disease and also minimize the rates of death associated with ESRD. The existing resources include transplant equipment, hypertension control, ESRD educational materials, kidney transplantation, and dialysis services. The multidisciplinary approach entails the incorporation of various clinicians from different disciplines to act collaboratively in the management of Mr. C (Semlitsch et al., 2019). The multidisciplinary entails nurses addressing the needs of palliative care and ensuring that treatment supports care goals, dietitians ensure dietary counseling and fluid control, nephrologists assess the ESRD etiology and create a care plan, pharmacists assess medications compliance and dosing, and social workers assist in getting supportive resources such as housing and transportation.
Conclusion
Mr. C is suffering from obesity, which predisposes him to the risk of conditions such as Type 2 Diabetes, hypertension, sleep apnea, heart failure, kidney failure, and obstructive hypoventilation syndrome. The bariatric surgery intervention is ideal for Mr. C due to his BMI and comorbidities. The staging for ESRD is categorized into four phases depending on the severity of GFR and kidney damage. Lifestyle education is necessary for Mr. C to help in adopting a healthy diet and physical activity to reduce blood pressure and ESRD deterrence.
References
Edelman, C. L., & Kudzma, E. C. (2021). Health promotion throughout the life span-e-book. Elsevier Health Sciences.
Hoshino, J. (2021). Renal rehabilitation: exercise intervention and nutritional support in dialysis patients. Nutrients, 13(5), 1444. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13051444
Park, C. H., Nam, S. J., Choi, H. S., Kim, K. O., Kim, D. H., Kim, J. W., … & Lee, H. L. (2019). Comparative efficacy of bariatric surgery in the treatment of morbid obesity and diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Obesity Surgery, 29(7), 2180-2190. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11695-019-03831-6
Segal, Z., Kalifa, D., Radinsky, K., Ehrenberg, B., Elad, G., Maor, G., … & Koren, G. (2020). A machine learning algorithm for early detection of end-stage renal disease. BMC nephrology, 21(1), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12882-020-02093-0
Semlitsch, T., Stigler, F. L., Jeitler, K., Horvath, K., & Siebenhofer, A. (2019). Management of overweight and obesity in primary care—A systematic overview of international evidence‐based guidelines. Obesity Reviews, 20(9), 1218-1230. https://doi.org/10.1111/obr.12889
It is necessary for an RN-BSN-prepared nurse to demonstrate an enhanced understanding of the pathophysiological processes of disease, the clinical manifestations and treatment protocols, and how they affect clients across the life span.
Evaluate the Health History and Medical Information for Mr. C., presented below.
Based on this information, formulate a conclusion based on your evaluation, and complete the Critical Thinking Essay assignment, as instructed below.
Health History and Medical Information
Health History
Mr. C., a 32-year-old single male, is seeking information at the outpatient center regarding possible bariatric surgery for his obesity. He currently works at a catalog telephone center. He reports that he has always been heavy, even as a small child, gaining approximately 100 pounds in the last 2-3 years. Previous medical evaluations have not indicated any metabolic diseases, but he says he has sleep apnea and high blood pressure, which he tries to control by restricting dietary sodium. Mr. C. reports increasing shortness of breath with activity, swollen ankles, and pruritus over the last 6 months.
Objective Data:
Height: 68 inches; weight 134.5 kg
BP: 172/98, HR 88, RR 26
3+ pitting edema bilateral feet and ankles
Fasting blood glucose: 146 mg/dL
Total cholesterol: 250 mg/dL
Triglycerides: 312 mg/dL
HDL: 30 mg/dL
Serum creatinine 1.8 mg/dL
BUN 32 mg/dl
Critical Thinking Essay
In 750-1,000 words, critically evaluate Mr. C.’s potential diagnosis and intervention(s). Include the following:
Describe the clinical manifestations present in Mr C
Describe the potential health risks for obesity that are of concern for Mr. C. Discuss whether bariatric surgery is an appropriate intervention.
Assess each of Mr. C.’s functional health patterns using the information given. Discuss at least five actual or potential problems can you identify from the functional health patterns and provide the rationale for each. (Functional health patterns include health-perception, health-management, nutritional, metabolic, elimination, activity-exercise, sleep-rest, cognitive-perceptual, self-perception/self-concept, role-relationship, sexuality/reproductive, coping-stress tolerance.)
Explain the staging of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) and contributing factors to consider.
Consider ESRD prevention and health promotion opportunities. Describe what type of patient education should be provided to Mr. C. for prevention of future events, health restoration, and avoidance of deterioration of renal status.
Explain the type of resources available for ESRD patients for nonacute care and the type of multidisciplinary approach that would be beneficial for these patients. Consider aspects such as devices, transportation, living conditions, return-to-employment issues.
You are required to cite to a minimum of two sources to complete this assignment. Sources must be published within the last 5 years and appropriate for the assignment criteria and relevant to nursing practice.
Prepare this assignment according to the guidelines found in the APA Style Guide, located in the Student Success Center. An abstract is not required.
This assignment uses a rubric. Please review the rubric prior to beginning the assignment to become familiar with the expectations for successful completion.
You are required to submit this assignment to LopesWrite. A link to the LopesWrite technical support articles is located in Class Resources if you need assistance.
It is necessary for an RN-BSN-prepared nurse to demonstrate an enhanced understanding of the pathophysiological processes of disease, the clinical manifestations and treatment protocols, and how they affect clients across the life span.
Evaluate the Health History and Medical Information for Mr. C., presented below.
Based on this information, formulate a conclusion based on your evaluation, and complete the Critical Thinking Essay assignment, as instructed below.
Health History and Medical Information
Health History
Mr. C., a 32-year-old single male, is seeking information at the outpatient center regarding possible bariatric surgery for his obesity. He currently works at a catalog telephone center. He reports that he has always been heavy, even as a small child, gaining approximately 100 pounds in the last 2-3 years. Previous medical evaluations have not indicated any metabolic diseases, but he says he has sleep apnea and high blood pressure, which he tries to control by restricting dietary sodium. Mr. C. reports increasing shortness of breath with activity, swollen ankles, and pruritus over the last 6 months.