NRS 428 Topic 5 DQ 1 What spiritual considerations surrounding a disaster can arise for individuals, communities, and health care providers?

A lack of proper disaster management processes creates a chaotic and ineffective response and care measures. This could be related to the Haiti Earthquake situation, many of the challenges appeared to be caused by lack of medical supplies, food, and medications. The medical team also seem to have no definitive work space, the hospitals are flooded with patients and there are no back up treatment facilities. Disaster management processes begin with identifying risks that might impact communities, families, individuals, and hospitals (Al Harthi et al., 2020).NRS 428 Topic 5 DQ 1

Prevention is a key component for disaster management. In public health terms, primary prevention is the act of making sure something will not happen. It is equivalent of prevention in emergency management. Vaccination is a public health example of primary prevention; it prevents disease from occurring even if exposure happens. The role of the public health nurse includes; evacuation plan, provision of emergency kits, educating, training, and conducting casualty drills for community health providers regarding protocol during a disaster.NRS 428 Topic 5 DQ 1

Community health nurses may provide help to disaster victims in several ways to ensure their well-being is promoted. For instance, they may locate chaplains depending on the religious denomination of the victims. Chaplains are basically spiritual leaders who provides spiritual guidance and comfortamong the community members at different times (Moradi et al, 2020). By advocating for their spiritual needs, nurses may help amalgamate spiritual practices to comfort the victims without interfering with their recovery and safety. Due to cultural and religious differences among victims, locating a suitable religious leader may bring about more relief to the victims and community, as they know well the spiritual needs of their followers, including those that provide comfort and ease during such times of calamity.NRS 428 Topic 5 DQ 1

There are three different levels of health promotion, primary, secondary and tertiary. “Primary prevention refers to actions aimed at avoiding the manifestation of a disease” (About, 2018). This would include such things as vaccinations, healthy eating habit or educating on the importance of not smoking. “Secondary prevention aims to reduce the impact of a disease or injury that has already occurred” (Primary, secondary and tertiary prevention | Institute for Work & Health, 2000). In order to do this, it is imperative to detect the problem early on in order to halt the disease process. Secondary prevention would include regular mammograms and pap smears or taking low dose aspirin to prevent a second heart attack or stroke. “Tertiary prevention aims to soften the impact of an ongoing illness or injury that has lasting effects” (Primary, secondary and tertiary prevention | Institute for Work & Health, 2000).NRS 428 Topic 5 DQ 1 NRS 428 Topic 5 DQ 1 What spiritual considerations surrounding a disaster can arise for individuals, communities, and health care providers?

This is when the damage is already done and care is aimed at lessening the long term effects of the problem. This would include things like physical or occupational therapy following a stroke or heart attack. The levels of prevention can help determine the educational needs for each patient. For instance you would want to educate young people on the dangers of smoking to include primary prevention in your education. Education of secondary prevention would include teaching women how to give themselves breast exams for early detection of breast cancer. Tertiary prevention education would be aimed at individuals following a stroke on how to rehabilitate themselves. NRS 428 Topic 5 DQ 1

Secondary prevention means minimizing the harm that occurs, once a disease or injury affects an individual or population. The nurse will assess the injured individuals and attend to the ones that could be treated by first aid on site and send the critically injured to hospital for care. For instance, tents or small set up points off hospital site will be suitable. This way, the hospital will not be overcrowded with minor ailments.

The public health concept of tertiary prevention refers to actions taken to help individuals who have been injured or ill to regain full capacity to live normal lives. This can be achieved through rehabilitation programs. This intervention is aimed at being a long-time solution after the disaster. Nurses develop support groups to help the victims share their strategies with a view of coping with the situations that prevailed.

The first phase of intervention falls under the pre-impact state. This phase is optimal for planning and preparing for a disaster as individuals and as a community. This involves rescuing the victims by offering them life maintenance services. Both the secondary and tertiary interventions fall under impact and post-impact phases. Rescue and emergency care becomes the focus, the process of recovery ensues. The Public health nurse controls the situation, thereby ensuring that all victims adopt various strategies to restore their lives back to normal (Raviola et al., 2012).

Various individuals and agencies that helped in ensuring the implementation of the interventions include; Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), Emergency Medical Services (EMS), American Red Cross, and Community Emergency Response Teams (CERTs).NRS 428 Topic 5 DQ 1

References

Al Harthi, M., Al Thobaity, A., Al Ahmari, W., & Almalki, M. (2020). Challenges for nurses in disaster management: a scoping review. Risk management and healthcare policy, 13, 2627.

Raviola, G., Eustache, E., Oswald, C., & Belkin, G. (2012). Mental health response in Haiti in the aftermath of the 2010 earthquake: a case study for building long-term solutions. Harvard review of psychiatry, 20(1), 68-77.

Natural disasters such as the one that happened in Haiti in 2010 usually cause devastating effects on the normal lives of people. Health care providers need to develop effective measures that they can use to help the people overcome the challenges such disasters can bring. This paper will look at the three health promotion levels and how they can be applied in a disaster-stricken area.NRS 428 Topic 5 DQ 1

The nursing practice that I would employ in such a disaster is coming up with a nursing emergency and trauma center. This is to take care of the injured and is related to the second level of prevention (Veenema, 2018). The center can also act as an education platform where people can learn how to lead a healthy life avoiding diseases that can arise due to the disaster, such as pneumonia and cholera. The education is a presentation of the primary level of prevention. Another prevention plan will include the nurses participating in rebuilding the community and taking care of those who are injured. Furthermore, the nurses can involve in emergency activities that will reduce the number of mortality by helping the injured (Veenema, 2018). This falls under the third level of prevention in a disaster situation.

The above care plan falls under the prevention and mitigation level of disaster management. Under this level, most of the things are done to prevent further escalation of deaths and the people who have been affected by the disaster (Hammad, 2016). At this level, the nurses are trying to help reduce the impact that the disaster may have on the community. NRS 428 Topic 5 DQ 1

Conclusion

Health providers play a significant role in disaster management and reduce the impact these disasters can have on the community. Nurses can employ the three levels of care prevention to effectively help the communities such as the ones that were affected by the Haitian disaster in 2010 recover and return to their normal routine lives.

References

Veenema, T. G. (Ed.). (2018). Disaster nursing and emergency preparedness. Springer Publishing Company.

Hammad, K. (2016). The lived experience of nursing in the emergency department during a disaster _ (Doctoral dissertation, Flinders University).

Teaching on how to prepare for crisis management and how to minimize exposure to dangers that might cause harm or death is known as primary prevention. These safety measures are put in place before the disaster, and they should be updated if something changes in the family, the neighborhood, or the site. The magnitude 7.0 earthquake that hit Haiti in Jan. 12, 2010, left 220,000 people dead, 300,000 injured (NPR,2020). Haiti is still recovering from the destruction.

Primary prevention is done in the pre-disaster phase because a catastrophe has not yet happened but is anticipated or is taking place in a location that may be disaster prone (Falkner 2018). Your capacity to learn and put plans into action will determine your safety and the safety of your family during a crisis. Making sure emergency kits are available and current may fall under this category. Nursing interventions related to any disaster during primary prevention will include the adoption of preventative measures and education. If there are policies, processes, and drills conducted for different calamities that may occur, the community will be more prepared. Ready.gov is a great resource that anybody can utilize for advice on how to be ready for emergencies and frequent catastrophe scenarios (Falkner 2018). Public health nurses may take the initiative to make sure that those who have been evacuated are ready, have a basic understanding of safety, and have their financial requirements fulfilled.

Secondary prevention is providing adequate treatment for ailments, stresses, or injuries. In the impact phase, which starts during or just after the visit. At this point, surviving is crucial, therefore the amount of the damage is determined to make sure there are enough supplies and resources (Falkner 2018). The number of patients that need treatment and whether it is safe to launch search and rescue activities are decided upon during this evaluation. Nurses categorize patients in accordance with disaster triage protocols in this stage and treat patients in accordance with their injuries. Nursing actions that are permissible during the secondary preventive phase include bringing individuals together for safety and directing others in the right direction (Keim 2020) People may be terrified or unhappy at this time, so support is crucial. Nurses still need to instruct clients on safe evacuation procedures and where to go if they can’t.NRS 428 Topic 5 DQ 1

Secondary prevention guards against developing effects of illness, exposure, or damage. The primary emphasis is on providing medical treatment and preserving lives during the post-shock period, which starts when secondary prevention is implemented after the crisis has totally passed. This time period might extend for months or even years, depending on how serious the event was (Falkner 2018). The contingency plan was examined and amended once all the wounded had been treated and evacuated. Nursing treatments that are acceptable for the tertiary preventive phase include evaluating the community’s mental health and figuring out the changes that must be made to better prepare for upcoming catastrophes. In order to reduce the incident’s long-term effects, mental health should be evaluated. The public health nurse will be in charge of reviewing prior practices and putting new safety measures into place to lessen the possibility of catastrophic events in the future.

Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) is an important organization that is involved in practically every level of prevention. FEMA helps catastrophe victims go back to their regular lives as quickly as possible. When it comes to disaster management, FEMA collaborates with state and local governments to provide support, preparation, and training. FEMA’s National Response Framework instructs people on the best method to deal with emergencies and natural catastrophes. To inform the public about safety measures and what to do in these circumstances, local authorities and caregivers may collaborate. NRS 428 Topic 5 DQ 1

References

Falkner, A. (2018). Disaster Management. Community & Public Health: The Future of Health Care. https://lc.gcumedia.com/nrs427vn/community-and-public-healththe-future-of-health-care/v1.1/#/chapter/5.

Keim, M. (2020, July 21). How do people die in disasters and what can be done? Disaster Doc. https://disasterdoc.org/how-do-people-die-in-disasters/.

NPR. (2020). Haiti In Ruins: A Look Back at the 2010 Earthquake. Retrieved from https://www.npr.org/sections/pictureshow/2020/01/12/794939899/haiti-in-ruins-a-look-back-atthe-2010-earthqu

Nursing intervention related to the disaster in Haiti:

Primary intervention:

Primary prevention is the preparedness of necessary resources readily available in the disaster area priorly. Immunizations should also be readily available for the prevention of some of the diseases such as mumps, measles, hepatitis, and rubella. Measures were taken for proper disposal of waste and sanitation practices. For example, the Emergency shelter can be arranged in order to avoid overcrowding and related disease such as diarrheal disease.

Secondary prevention

The goal of this prevention is to reduce the effect due to disaster. In this phase, arrangements of responders, and rescue team for the safe evacuation of people during the disaster. security operations are arranged properly, and the proper planning and arrangements are placed for the transportation of victims to the emergency department. For example, providing healthy coping strategies for victims during trauma and emotionally supporting them (Falkner, 2018).

Tertiary Prevention:

The goal of this prevention is to meet the long-term needs of the individual and the community. It is the implementation of rehabilitation therapy, group therapy, family therapy, and pharmacotherapy to foster faster healing on individuals and groups. for example, parenting program to support their children and to manage their stress responses.

Primary prevention is taking place during the mitigation phase to reduce the efforts of disaster. Secondary prevention takes place in the preparedness phase because appropriate measures are taken to face the difficulties during this phase. Tertiary prevention takes place in the recovery phase because in this phase efforts are taken to manage the long-term effects of the disaster. (Falkner, 2018)

Centers for disease control and prevention, Red cross society, Federal Emergency management society, private charities, and other organizations work in collaboration in order to apply the necessary intervention during each phase of disaster management.NRS 428 Topic 5 DQ 1

Reference

Falkner, A. (2018). Community & public health: The future of health care. Retrieved from https://lc.gcumedia.com/nrs427vn/community-and-public-health-the-future-of-health-care/v1.1/

Nursing interventions identify the possible measures that should be taken to promote the quality of life of people living in a community based on the risks and the management procedures that are available. Following the catastrophic earthquake that occurred in Haiti in 2010, it is necessary to incorporate the primary, secondary and tertiary preventions so that the trauma that people experienced may be minimized (Neal, 2017). The primary intervention may include providing homesteads with fire extinguishers that can be used following a fire. People need to understand the effectiveness of such an equipment and learn its use so that they do not depend solelyonextinguishersprovided by governments during such times.

The secondary prevention may include educating people on the involvement of programs that assist in overcoming the loss of loved ones and destruction of property. The earthquake led to numerous mortalities and left other with serious injuries that have affected their ability to carry out their daily activities. People need to be encouraged and placed in groups that assist one another to deal with their losses and embrace a new way of living (Blutcher et al., 2018). Depression is a major adverse effect that needs to be handled and people need to be listened to as they give accounts of their experiences as this is therapeutic and reduces issues related to post traumatic stress disorder.

The tertiary prevention involves ensuring that there is supply of adequate clean water for use by people within the community. Further, nutritional information and support should be offered to malnourished children and infants (Blutcher et al., 2018). As has been mentioned, the earthquake led to loss of property and resources main got difficult to access basic commodities such as healthy foods and sanitization facilities. It is due to this that the government as well as other private agencies identify the needs facing the community and assist in meeting these demands so that their wellness is promoted. Infants are more prone to infections thus people need to be sensitized on the importance of vaccinations available for reducing further medical conditions.

The proposed interventions are in the reconstruction phase in which the recovery from the disaster is enhanced and people are advised to restore their lives back to normalcy. According to Neal (2017), it is of paramount to note that due to the losses that people incurred after the earthquake, it would take long for people to overcome the grief due to the loss thus it is necessary for experts to be involved in enabling people get over the period. Recovery can be done by first understanding the effects incurred and determining reconstruction measures that enable people to adjust to a new life.

Baptist Global Response of the International Mission Board is an agency that has been at the forefront in ensuring that the affected people get the supplies that they need. Contributions are made from friends and well-wishers who understand the situation in Haiti and assist in making their lives comfortable. Swedish International Development Agency (SIDA) is a body that was founded to help in reducing the impact of natural disasters across the globe. It helps people overcome the effects, offers nutritional and medical support and facilitates in meeting the aforementioned interventions (Blutcher et al., 2018). These agencies act as links for people to offer their support to those that are afflicted by giving their donations through the agencies.NRS 428 Topic 5 DQ 1

References

Blutcher, H. K., Bulecheck, G. M., Doctterman, J. M. M., & Wagner, G. M. (2018). Nursing interventions classifications (NIC)-E-BPPK. Elsevier Health Sciences

Neal, D. M. (2017), Reconsidering the phases of disasters. International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disaster 15(2), 239-264.

Earthquakes are a kind of natural disaster that cause countless human casualties and extensive property loss yearly(Jones et al., 2022). An example of a natural disaster is a multi-story building in the capital city of Kathmandu collapsed, and landslides and avalanches occurred in the Himalayas after an earthquake in Nepal on April 25, 2015. There were about 9,000 fatalities and over 22,000 injuries (Liu et al., 2021). The earthquake has taken a heavy toll on lives, property, and the minds and hearts of the survivors.

Both the nation and its people are still to recover from the disaster. People, communities, and healthcare professionals experience various emotions in the aftermath of a natural catastrophe, ranging from panic to shock to sadness and they can sometimes suffer post-traumatic stress disorder. Exposure to chemicals during times of disaster has long-lasting consequences.

Due to cultural and religious differences among victims, locating a suitable religious leader may bring about more relief to the victims and community, as they know well the spiritual needs of their followers, including those that provide comfort and ease during such times of calamity.

In addition, nurses provide emotional and psychological support to these victims, as disasters may trigger post-traumatic stress disorder. Without adequate psychological support, victims may fall back from their religious beliefs and start questioning their religion, as some may see the disaster as a reprimand by a higher power (Cherry et al., 2018). Questioning one’s religion during such times may be detrimental to their spiritual well-being, as it may damage their belief and practices. NRS 428 Topic 5 DQ 1

Nurses can also contribute to restoring and improving the lives of victims of natural or man-made disasters by providing education and guidance on how to cope with distressing situations (Moradi et al., 2020). Therefore, nurses are obligated to provide spiritual, emotional, and psychological support and education to disaster victims and community members with compassion and empathy.

References

Cherry, K. E., Sampson, L., Galea, S., Marks, L. D., Stanko, K. E., Nezat, P. F., & Baudoin, K. H. (2018). Spirituality, humor, and resilience after natural and technological disasters. Journal of nursing scholarship, 50(5), 492-501.

Jones, R. L., Guha-Sapir, D., & Tubeuf, S. (2022). Human and economic impacts of natural disasters: can we trust the global data?. Scientific data, 9(1), 1-7.

Liu, C., Fang, D., & Zhao, L. (2021, April). Reflection on earthquake damage of buildings in 2015 Nepal earthquake and seismic measures for post-earthquake reconstruction. In Structures (Vol. 30, pp. 647-658). Elsevier.

Moradi, K., Abdi, A., Valiee, S., & Rezaei, S. A. (2020). Nurses’ experience of providing ethical care following an earthquake: a phenomenological study. Nursing ethics, 27(4), 911-923.