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NRS 433 Describe the seven “levels of evidence” SOLUTION

NRS 433 Describe the seven “levels of evidence” SOLUTION

Grand Canyon University NRS 433 Describe the seven “levels of evidence” SOLUTION-Step -By-Step Guide

 

This guide will demonstrate how to complete the Grand Canyon University NRS 433 Describe the seven “levels of evidence” SOLUTION assignment based on general principles of academic writing. Here, we will show you the A, B, Cs of completing an academic paper, irrespective of the instructions. After guiding you through what to do, the guide will leave one or two sample essays at the end to highlight the various sections discussed below.

 

How to Research and Prepare for NRS 433 Describe the seven “levels of evidence” SOLUTION

 

Whether one passes or fails an academic assignment such as the Grand Canyon University NRS 433 Describe the seven “levels of evidence” SOLUTION depends on the preparation done beforehand. The first thing to do once you receive an assignment is to quickly skim through the requirements. Once that is done, start going through the instructions one by one to clearly understand what the instructor wants. The most important thing here is to understand the required format—whether it is APA, MLA, Chicago, etc.

 

After understanding the requirements of the paper, the next phase is to gather relevant materials. The first place to start the research process is the weekly resources. Go through the resources provided in the instructions to determine which ones fit the assignment. After reviewing the provided resources, use the university library to search for additional resources. After gathering sufficient and necessary resources, you are now ready to start drafting your paper.

 

How to Write the Introduction for NRS 433 Describe the seven “levels of evidence” SOLUTION

The introduction for the Grand Canyon University NRS 433 Describe the seven “levels of evidence” SOLUTION is where you tell the instructor what your paper will encompass. In three to four statements, highlight the important points that will form the basis of your paper. Here, you can include statistics to show the importance of the topic you will be discussing. At the end of the introduction, write a clear purpose statement outlining what exactly will be contained in the paper. This statement will start with “The purpose of this paper…” and then proceed to outline the various sections of the instructions.

 

How to Write the Body for NRS 433 Describe the seven “levels of evidence” SOLUTION

 

After the introduction, move into the main part of the NRS 433 Describe the seven “levels of evidence” SOLUTION assignment, which is the body. Given that the paper you will be writing is not experimental, the way you organize the headings and subheadings of your paper is critically important. In some cases, you might have to use more subheadings to properly organize the assignment. The organization will depend on the rubric provided. Carefully examine the rubric, as it will contain all the detailed requirements of the assignment. Sometimes, the rubric will have information that the normal instructions lack.

 

Another important factor to consider at this point is how to do citations. In-text citations are fundamental as they support the arguments and points you make in the paper. At this point, the resources gathered at the beginning will come in handy. Integrating the ideas of the authors with your own will ensure that you produce a comprehensive paper. Also, follow the given citation format. In most cases, APA 7 is the preferred format for nursing assignments.

 

How to Write the Conclusion for NRS 433 Describe the seven “levels of evidence” SOLUTION

 

After completing the main sections, write the conclusion of your paper. The conclusion is a summary of the main points you made in your paper. However, you need to rewrite the points and not simply copy and paste them. By restating the points from each subheading, you will provide a nuanced overview of the assignment to the reader.

 

How to Format the References List for NRS 433 Describe the seven “levels of evidence” SOLUTION

 

The very last part of your paper involves listing the sources used in your paper. These sources should be listed in alphabetical order and double-spaced. Additionally, use a hanging indent for each source that appears in this list. Lastly, only the sources cited within the body of the paper should appear here.

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Topic 4 DQ 2

Describe the seven “levels of evidence” and provide an example of the type of practice change that could result from each.

Sample Answer for NRS 433 Describe the seven “levels of evidence” SOLUTION

University of Wisconsin (2022) described the seven levels of evidence as the following. “Level I: Evidence from a systematic review of all relevant randomized controlled trials (RCT’s), or evidence-based clinical practice guidelines based on systematic reviews of RCT’s. Level II: Evidence obtained from at least one well-designed Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT). Level III: Evidence obtained from well-designed controlled trials without randomization, quasi-experimental. Level IV: Evidence from well-designed case-control and cohort studies. Level V: Evidence from systematic reviews of descriptive and qualitative studies. Level VI: Evidence from a single descriptive or qualitative study. Level VII: Evidence from the opinion of authorities and/or reports of expert committees” As you can see from this, as the studies become more reliable, they move from the higher levels to the lower levels. Based off of this system, opinion is usually considered the worst of the hierarchy of the studies while meta analysises of RCTs are the best. One example of a meta analysis of RCTs include one by Galie about PAH. The level 7 might be a group of experts giving their expert opinion about a certain subject, such as about hypertension. Level 6 would be one such as a study of how the wait times made a person feel about their experience in an ED. Level 5 would be a meta analysis of looking at those level 6 studies. Level 4 would be researching how antibiotics affected the ICU patients drug resistance over a time period, and 3 would be grouping those studies together to look at a meta analysis of it. The level two

are RCTs such as a randomized trial of two antibiotics for Pseudomonas in the ICU over a time period.

Galie, N. (2009). A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials in pulmonary arterial hypertension. Retrieved from https://academic.oup.com/eurheartj/article/30/4/394/415127

University of Wisconsin (2022). Nursing Resources : Levels of Evidence (I-VII). Retrieved from https://researchguides.library.wisc.edu/c.php?g=861013&p=6170092

Sample Answer 2 for NRS 433 Describe the seven “levels of evidence” SOLUTION

Evidence is a term that denotes “proof” in evidence-based practice research. This emphasizes that evidence is not similar to proof as it can be so weak that it can hardly convince any stakeholders or it so robust that no one doubts its credibility, validity, and reliability. As such, it is important to determine which evidence is the most authoritative. The “level of evidence” approach is used for the purpose of determining the most authoritative source and specifies a hierarchical order for different research designs based on their internal validity (Gates et al., 2019). The EBP model proposes seven levels of evidence for different studies conducted by researchers, from primary studies to those aimed at offering refined evidence gathered from different studies like meta-analyses, systematic reviews and case-control or cohort studies.

The first level of evidence or level I includes evidence coming from systematic reviews or meta-analysis of relevant randomized controlled trials (RCTs). The second level entails evidence coming from at least one well-designed randomized control trials like large multi-site RCTs. The third level of evidence is one obtained from well-designed control trials that have no randomization while the fourth comprises of evidence from well-structured case controls or cohort studies (Sugrue et al., 2019). The fifth evidence level comprises of systematic reviews of different studies like qualitative and descriptive studies. The sixth level of evidence comes from single descriptive and qualitative research projects. The seventh level of evidence includes evidence from authoritative opinions and perspectives and reports from committees comprising of experts on subject matter (Tejada et al., 2020). EBP studies offer the highest levels of evidence. However, the evidence may not offer solutions to study questions and aspects despite their refined nature. Practitioners may have to conduct primary research based on their unique situations to generate relevant answers and solutions to their situations.

References

Gates, R. L., Price, M., Cameron, D. B., Somme, S., Ricca, R., Oyetunji, T. A., … & Williams,

  1. (2019). Non-operative management of solid organ injuries in children: An American Pediatric Surgical Association Outcomes and Evidence Based Practice Committee systematic review. Journal of pediatric surgery, 54(8), 1519-1526.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2019.01.012.

Sugrue, C. M., Joyce, C. W., & Carroll, S. M. (2019). Levels of Evidence in Plastic and

Reconstructive Surgery Research: Have We Improved Over the Past 10 Years? Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery–Global Open, 7(9), e2408.

https://doi.org/10.1097/GOX.0000000000002408.

Tejada, S., Campogiani, L., Ferreira-Coimbra, J., Blot, S., & Rello, J. (2020). Levels of evidence

supporting clinical practice guidelines on invasive aspergillosis. European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases, 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10096-019-03794-7.

Sample Answer 3 for NRS 433 Describe the seven “levels of evidence” SOLUTION

Nursing research applies different levels of evidence in answering specific questions under study. Hierarchy of evidence is assigned to studies depending on the methodological quality of their design, validity, and applicability to patient care (Willacy, 2021). The levels of evidence contain both filtered and unfiltered information. Willacy (2021) states that filtered information includes the following:

  • Meta-Analysis: The strongest level of evidence that applies quantitative methods to summarize results.
  • Systematic Review: An article that has been systematically researched.
  • Critically Appraised Topic (CAT): A summary of evidence about a given clinical question.

On the other hand, unfiltered information comprises Randomized Controlled Trials (RCTs), Cohort studies, and case-control studies (Burns, Rohrich, & Chung, 2011). Other background information includes expert opinions and handbooks information details. According to Willacy (2021), the hierarchy of evidence consists of the following stages:

  • Level I: Evidence obtained from relevant randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that have undergone systematic review or meta-analysis.
  • Level II: Evidence from at least one well-designed randomized controlled trial.
  • Level III: Evidence from well-designed controlled trials without randomization.
  • Level IV: Evidence from well-designed cohorts or case-control studies.
  • Level V: Evidence from systemic reviews of a descriptive and qualitative study.
  • Level VI: Evidence from the opinion of authorities and reports from expert committees.

Examples of the practice change that could emerge include formulating clinical questions from systematic review and meta-analysis. Therapy is done by randomized controlled trials, meta-analyses, cohort studies, and case-control studies (Willacy, 2021). Under etiology, there are randomized controlled trials, meta-analyses, case-controlled studies, and case series. Diagnosis is by randomized controlled trial. Prevention is by RCT. Prognosis is by cohort and case-control studies.

Based on the clinical question, one may move either up or down the pyramid. Evidence-based information is therefore found on the highest level of evidence. The information there is filtered. The levels of internal validity of a given level of evidence also have to be looked into. An example is given of randomized controlled trials with high internal validity, although it is not suited for generalization (Burns, Rohrich, & Chung, 2011).

Reference

Burns, P. B., Rohrich, R. J., & Chung, K. C. (2011). The levels of evidence and their role in evidence-based medicine. Plastic and reconstructive surgery, 128(1), 305-310. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1097/PRS.0b013e318219c171

Willacy, H. (2021). Different Levels of Evidence. Retrieved from https://patient.info/doctor/different-levels-of-evidence

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Lopes Write Policy

For assignments that need to be submitted to Lopes Write, please be sure you have received your report and Similarity Index (SI) percentage BEFORE you do a “final submit” to me.

Once you have received your report, please review it. This report will show you grammatical, punctuation, and spelling errors that can easily be fixed. Take the extra few minutes to review instead of getting counted off for these mistakes.

Review your similarities. Did you forget to cite something? Did you not paraphrase well enough? Is your paper made up of someone else’s thoughts more than your own?

Visit the Writing Center in the Student Success Center, under the Resources tab in LoudCloud for tips on improving your paper and SI score.

Late Policy

The university’s policy on late assignments is 10% penalty PER DAY LATE. This also applies to late DQ replies.

Please communicate with me if you anticipate having to submit an assignment late. I am happy to be flexible, with advance notice. We may be able to work out an extension based on extenuating circumstances.

If you do not communicate with me before submitting an assignment late, the GCU late policy will be in effect.

I do not accept assignments that are two or more weeks late unless we have worked out an extension.

As per policy, no assignments are accepted after the last day of class. Any assignment submitted after midnight on the last day of class will not be accepted for grading.

Communication

Communication is so very important. There are multiple ways to communicate with me:

Questions to Instructor Forum: This is a great place to ask course content or assignment questions. If you have a question, there is a good chance one of your peers does as well. This is a public forum for the class.

Individual Forum: This is a private forum to ask me questions or send me messages. This will be checked at least once every 24 hours.

Important information for writing discussion questions and participation

Welcome to class

Hello class and welcome to the class and I will be your instructor for this course. This is a -week course and requires a lot of time commitment, organization, and a high level of dedication. Please use the class syllabus to guide you through all the assignments required for the course. I have also attached the classroom policies to this announcement to know your expectations for this course. Please review this document carefully and ask me any questions if you do. You could email me at any time or send me a message via the “message” icon in halo if you need to contact me. I check my email regularly, so you should get a response within 24 hours. If you have not heard from me within 24 hours and need to contact me urgently, please send a follow up text to

I strongly encourage that you do not wait until the very last minute to complete your assignments. Your assignments in weeks 4 and 5 require early planning as you would need to present a teaching plan and interview a community health provider. I advise you look at the requirements for these assignments at the beginning of the course and plan accordingly. I have posted the YouTube link that explains all the class assignments in detail. It is required that you watch this 32-minute video as the assignments from week 3 through 5 require that you follow the instructions to the letter to succeed. Failure to complete these assignments according to instructions might lead to a zero. After watching the video, please schedule a one-on-one with me to discuss your topic for your project by the second week of class. Use this link to schedule a 15-minute session. Please, call me at the time of your appointment on my number. Please note that I will NOT call you.

Please, be advised I do NOT accept any assignments by email. If you are having technical issues with uploading an assignment, contact the technical department and inform me of the issue. If you have any issues that would prevent you from getting your assignments to me by the deadline, please inform me to request a possible extension. Note that working fulltime or overtime is no excuse for late assignments. There is a 5%-point deduction for every day your assignment is late. This only applies to approved extensions. Late assignments will not be accepted.

If you think you would be needing accommodations due to any reasons, please contact the appropriate department to request accommodations.

Plagiarism is highly prohibited. Please ensure you are citing your sources correctly using APA 7th edition. All assignments including discussion posts should be formatted in APA with the appropriate spacing, font, margin, and indents. Any papers not well formatted would be returned back to you, hence, I advise you review APA formatting style. I have attached a sample paper in APA format and will also post sample discussion responses in subsequent announcements.

Your initial discussion post should be a minimum of 200 words and response posts should be a minimum of 150 words. Be advised that I grade based on quality and not necessarily the number of words you post. A minimum of TWO references should be used for your initial post. For your response post, you do not need references as personal experiences would count as response posts. If you however cite anything from the literature for your response post, it is required that you cite your reference. You should include a minimum of THREE references for papers in this course. Please note that references should be no more than 5 years old except recommended as a resource for the class. Furthermore, for each discussion board question, you need ONE initial substantive response and TWO substantive responses to either your classmates or your instructor for a total of THREE responses. There are TWO discussion questions each week, hence, you need a total minimum of SIX discussion posts for each week. I usually post a discussion question each week. You could also respond to these as it would count towards your required SIX discussion posts for the week.

I understand this is a lot of information to cover in 5 weeks, however, the Bible says in Philippians 4:13 that we can do all things through Christ that strengthens us. Even in times like this, we are encouraged by God’s word that we have that ability in us to succeed with His strength. I pray that each and every one of you receives strength for this course and life generally as we navigate through this pandemic that is shaking our world today. Relax and enjoy the course!

Hi Class,

Please read through the following information on writing a Discussion question response and participation posts.

Contact me if you have any questions.

Important information on Writing a Discussion Question

  • Your response needs to be a minimum of 150 words (not including your list of references)
  • There needs to be at least TWO references with ONE being a peer reviewed professional journal article.
  • Include in-text citations in your response
  • Do not include quotes—instead summarize and paraphrase the information
  • Follow APA-7th edition
  • Points will be deducted if the above is not followed

Participation –replies to your classmates or instructor

  • A minimum of 6 responses per week, on at least 3 days of the week.
  • Each response needs at least ONE reference with citations—best if it is a peer reviewed journal article
  • Each response needs to be at least 75 words in length (does not include your list of references)
  • Responses need to be substantive by bringing information to the discussion or further enhance the discussion. Responses of “I agree” or “great post” does not count for the word count.
  • Follow APA 7th edition
  • Points will be deducted if the above is not followed
  • Remember to use and follow APA-7th edition for all weekly assignments, discussion questions, and participation points.
  • Here are some helpful links
  • Student paper example
  • Citing Sources
  • The Writing Center is a great resource