NRS 433 Rough Draft Qualitative Research Critique and Ethical Considerations SOLUTION

Grand Canyon University NRS 433 Rough Draft Qualitative Research Critique and Ethical Considerations SOLUTION-Step -By-Step Guide

This guide will demonstrate how to complete the Grand Canyon University NRS 433 Rough Draft Qualitative Research Critique and Ethical Considerations SOLUTION assignment based on general principles of academic writing. Here, we will show you the A, B, Cs of completing an academic paper, irrespective of the instructions. After guiding you through what to do, the guide will leave one or two sample essays at the end to highlight the various sections discussed below.

How to Research and Prepare for NRS 433 Rough Draft Qualitative Research Critique and Ethical Considerations SOLUTION

Whether one passes or fails an academic assignment such as the Grand Canyon University NRS 433 Rough Draft Qualitative Research Critique and Ethical Considerations SOLUTION depends on the preparation done beforehand. The first thing to do once you receive an assignment is to quickly skim through the requirements. Once that is done, start going through the instructions one by one to clearly understand what the instructor wants. The most important thing here is to understand the required format—whether it is APA, MLA, Chicago, etc.

After understanding the requirements of the paper, the next phase is to gather relevant materials. The first place to start the research process is the weekly resources. Go through the resources provided in the instructions to determine which ones fit the assignment. After reviewing the provided resources, use the university library to search for additional resources. After gathering sufficient and necessary resources, you are now ready to start drafting your paper.

How to Write the Introduction for NRS 433 Rough Draft Qualitative Research Critique and Ethical Considerations SOLUTION

The introduction for the Grand Canyon University NRS 433 Rough Draft Qualitative Research Critique and Ethical Considerations SOLUTION is where you tell the instructor what your paper will encompass. In three to four statements, highlight the important points that will form the basis of your paper. Here, you can include statistics to show the importance of the topic you will be discussing. At the end of the introduction, write a clear purpose statement outlining what exactly will be contained in the paper. This statement will start with “The purpose of this paper…” and then proceed to outline the various sections of the instructions.

How to Write the Body for NRS 433 Rough Draft Qualitative Research Critique and Ethical Considerations SOLUTION

After the introduction, move into the main part of the NRS 433 Rough Draft Qualitative Research Critique and Ethical Considerations SOLUTION assignment, which is the body. Given that the paper you will be writing is not experimental, the way you organize the headings and subheadings of your paper is critically important. In some cases, you might have to use more subheadings to properly organize the assignment. The organization will depend on the rubric provided. Carefully examine the rubric, as it will contain all the detailed requirements of the assignment. Sometimes, the rubric will have information that the normal instructions lack.

Another important factor to consider at this point is how to do citations. In-text citations are fundamental as they support the arguments and points you make in the paper. At this point, the resources gathered at the beginning will come in handy. Integrating the ideas of the authors with your own will ensure that you produce a comprehensive paper. Also, follow the given citation format. In most cases, APA 7 is the preferred format for nursing assignments.

How to Write the Conclusion for NRS 433 Rough Draft Qualitative Research Critique and Ethical Considerations SOLUTION

After completing the main sections, write the conclusion of your paper. The conclusion is a summary of the main points you made in your paper. However, you need to rewrite the points and not simply copy and paste them. By restating the points from each subheading, you will provide a nuanced overview of the assignment to the reader.

How to Format the References List for NRS 433 Rough Draft Qualitative Research Critique and Ethical Considerations SOLUTION

The very last part of your paper involves listing the sources used in your paper. These sources should be listed in alphabetical order and double-spaced. Additionally, use a hanging indent for each source that appears in this list. Lastly, only the sources cited within the body of the paper should appear here.

Stuck? Let Us Help You

Completing assignments can sometimes be overwhelming, especially with the multitude of academic and personal responsibilities you may have. If you find yourself stuck or unsure at any point in the process, don’t hesitate to reach out for professional assistance. Our assignment writing services are designed to help you achieve your academic goals with ease.

Our team of experienced writers is well-versed in academic writing and familiar with the specific requirements of the NRS 433 Rough Draft Qualitative Research Critique and Ethical Considerations SOLUTION assignment. We can provide you with personalized support, ensuring your assignment is well-researched, properly formatted, and thoroughly edited. Get a feel of the quality we guarantee – ORDER NOW.

For this assignment, use the nursing practice problem and two qualitative peer-reviewed research articles you identified in Topic 1 (or two new articles based on instructor feedback in Topic 1). In a 1,000-1,250-word essay, summarize two qualitative studies.

Use the “Research Critique Guidelines – Part I” document to organize your essay.

You are required to cite a minimum of three peer-reviewed sources to complete this assignment. Sources must be published within the last 5 years, appropriate for the assignment criteria, and relevant to nursing practice.

Sample Answer for NRS 433 Rough Draft Qualitative Research Critique and Ethical Considerations SOLUTION

Introduction

The shortage of nurses in the ICU is a huge challenge for healthcare providers in the US. It has increased the demand for more nurses and nurse turnover rates, affecting patients and their families. It also affects nursing professionals. For example, reports have found that many nurses have considered leaving their job due to stress related to the workload while others have developed mental related issues such as anxiety and burnout. Healthcare organizations continuously to witness this challenge and it occurs due to manys reasons, including high acuity/admission levels. Many studies have been conducted in this area to understand the issue better. This essay evaluates and critques two qualitative studies examining staffing levels and how they affect patient safety, infection control, and nurse and patient stress in the ICU. It will include different elements such as author’s obejectives, reseach methods, research findings and the ethial considerations that the authors of the qualitiative articles employed.

PICOT question

In the ICU departments, do sufficient nurse workers (I) prevent

the occurrence of medical errors, infections, and stress among patients and nurses themselves (O) within one year (T) compared to inadequate nurse workers (C)?

Population (P) – The target population is the patients in the ICU.

Intervention (I) – Sufficient nurse workers

Comparison (C) – Inadequate nurse workers.

Outcome (O) -Prevents infections, stress, and medical errors among the patients and nurses

Time (T) – The duration is one year.

Background of Studies

Banda et al. (2019) investigate how nurses at Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital’s ICU in Malawi view the issue of a high workload on patient care. Using a purposive sample technique, the researchers selected research participants based on how long they had previously worked at the hospital. They then provided them with informed consent. The researchers then performed ten in-depth interviews to collect the research data. After collecting data, they evaluated it using Braun & Clarke’s theme analysis method. According to the study, ICU nurses and critically ill patients suffer when nurses are overworked. It jeopardizes patient safety and hinders providing quality care. Additionally, it harms the nurses’ health. It suggests that nurses are worried about the harmful effects that heavy workloads have on patient care. Adding more ICU nurses is necessary to address this problem.

Bridges et al. (2019) examine how patients interact with nursing and staffing regarding quality and quantity. It involves tracking patient outcomes for a year while using various staff ratios. Investigators then performed regression analysis to examine the information gathered on patient care quality. They discovered that compared to nurses who handled fewer patients, those with at least eight patients exhibited poor engagement with them.

How The Two Articles Support the Nursing Practice Problem

Banda et al. (2019) examine nurses’ opinions on the problem of high workloads in the ICU. Thus, the study seeks to determine the idea behind workloads in patient care at the ICU. Similarly, Bridges et al. (2019) studied how patients feel about a situation when patient satisfaction with their care is high or poor. Both studies supported the PICOT question by stating that understaffing is a factor in the serious difficulties encountered in the ICU. They established that it hurts health outcomes. According to Banda et al. (2019), both ICU nurses and critically ill patients suffer when nurses are overworked. It jeopardizes patient safety and hinders providing quality care. In addition, it harms nurses’ health, contributing significantly to the ICU’s healthcare issues. Bridges et al. (2019) found that nurses with at least eight patients had poorer interactions with them than those with fewer.

Method of Studies

Banda et al. (2019) employed purposive sampling to select research participants based on the duration they had worked directly at the hospital. They then provided their informed consent. The researchers then performed ten in-depth interviews to collect the research data. After collecting data, they evaluated it using Braun & Clarke’s theme analysis method. Researchers from Bridges et al. (2019) studied patient outcomes based on various staff ratios for a year. Regression analysis was then utilized to examine the information acquired regarding the standard of patient care. Therefore, the approaches used in these two situations differed since Bridges et al. (2019) relied on observation while Banda et al. (2019) used interviews.

The method makes it easier to get detailed information because the interview questions are open-ended, which helps to clarify the research question. Banda et al. (2019) involved ten interviews to get first-hand information about how ICU nurses in Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital, Blantyre, Malawi, perceive the high workload on patient care. However, the interviewing technique will probably introduce considerable biases, leading to incorrect data. Various circumstances that may come into play throughout the interview could cause this issue. In Banda et al. (2019), the researchers did not involve nurse managers, despite their significant role in healthcare. Thus, there are possibilities that the investigation missed out on some crucial data related to the management.

Since the researcher can verify the accuracy of the data gathered, the observation approach is quite accurate. For example, real-time ward-based staff and interaction data significantly improved upon flaws found in earlier studies. (Bridges et al., 2019). Similarly, the investigator can use various tools to identify the behaviors under examination. As opposed to interviewing, the researcher merely uses the participants’ responses as the data source. Some natural phenomena, however, are hard to record during the study using the observation approach because the researchers cannot pinpoint their exact location and timing. Data from independent care observations may not be a good surrogate for the real patient experience, according to (Bridges et al., 2019).

Results of Studies

According to Banda et al. (2019), the nurses’ severe workloads put patients’ safety at risk by giving them subpar care. Additionally, they found that the welfare of the nurses was in danger due to heavy workloads. According to Bridges et al. (2019) researchers, patient-nurse conflict occasionally prevents patients from receiving the care they need.Banda et al. (2019) state that managers and policymakers should focus on hiring more ICU nurses and putting other solutions in place to address the issue of high workloads and the effects they have on patient care. Researchers in Bridges et al. (2019) also advise the need to understand what causes a poor relationship between nurses and their patients when there is a reduced staffing ratio.

Ethical Considerations

There is a need for approval from the relevant authorities to ensure that the study complies with ethical guidelines and safeguards the participant’s rights. Banda et al. (2019) approved the study by the College of Medicine Research and Ethical Committee (COMREC). Bridges et al. (2019) study was approved by the Social Care Research Ethics Committee for England. Thus, both investigations followed the necessary rules and regulations. Researchers must also obtain informed consent from participants before proceeding with their study. The participants are informed about the research purpose, their rights, the possible benefits and risks, and the research procedure. After this, the participants must sign a consent form revealing their willingness to be part of the study. Banda et al. (2019) gave informed consent to all the research participants before beginning the study. However, due to the nature of the research, Bridges et al. (2019) did not seek consent.

Conclusion

Both Banda et al. (2019) and Bridges et al. (2019) investigated the shortage of nurses in the ICU, an issue of concern in the US, affecting both patients and healthcare providers. Banda et al. (2019) explore nurses’ perspectives on the issue of heavy workloads in the ICU. At the same time, Bridges et al. (2019) examine how patients feel about their satisfaction with the care they receive, both when it is high and when it is low. Bridges et al. (2019) used an observation method, while Banda et al. (2019) employed an interviewing method. While the two approaches had some advantages, they also had a fair share of limitations. The two studies revealed that the issue of high workload affects the entire healthcare sector, and it should be solved. The results from both studies are reliable enough since they adhered to ethical considerations.

References

Banda, Z., Simbota, M., & Mula, C. (2019). Nurses’ perceptions on the effects of high nursing workload on patient care in an intensive care unit of a referral hospital in Malawi: a qualitative study. BMC nursing, 21(1), 1-7. doi: 10.1186/s12912-022-00918-x.

Bridges, J., Griffiths, P., Oliver, E., & Pickering, R. M. (2019). Hospital nurse staffing and staff–patient interactions: an observational study. BMJ quality & safety, 28(9), 706-713. DOI: 10.1136/bmjqs-2018-008948

Click here to ORDER an A++ paper from our Verified MASTERS and DOCTORATE WRITERS: NRS 433 Rough Draft Qualitative Research Critique and Ethical Considerations SOLUTION

Sample Answer 2 for NRS 433 Rough Draft Qualitative Research Critique and Ethical Considerations SOLUTION

Healthcare organizations should be safe places for all patients, irrespective of race, gender, health conditions, and other factors. As a result, nursing practitioners should foster a culture of safety by preventing health hazards and implementing evidence-based interventions. Patient falls are a significant practice problem associated with patient injuries, increased hospitalizations, and mental anguish among patients (Chandrasekaran et al., 2021). Preventing patient falls should be prioritized in hospitals to improve outcomes for patients, care providers, and organizations. Due to their reduced physical strength, mental disorders, and chronic diseases, older adults are at a higher risk of patient falls (National Institute on Aging, 2023). In response, healthcare facilities implement multimodal interventions to prevent this problem, which has been extensively studied qualitatively. This paper aims to critically appraise two qualitative studies evaluating the effectiveness of exercise-based interventions to reduce patient falls among older adults.

PICOT Question: Among hospitalized older adults (P), can exercise-based therapy (I) compared to usual care (I) reduce patient falls by 50% (O) in six months (T)?

Background of Studies

Patient falls are a threat that no care facility should overlook. In the first qualitative article, Cederbom et al. (2022) demonstrated patient falls as a health risk that requires multifaceted and proactive prevention measures as the number of older adults continues to increase. The problem is significant to nursing since patient falls are a leading cause of functional deterioration and morbidity that increases health and social services expenditure among older adults (Rikkonen et al., 2023; Cederbom et al., 2022). To expand research on practical interventions for preventing patient falls, Cederbom et al. (2022) evaluated physical therapists (PTs) experiences with applying the Otago Exercise Program (OEP) among home-dwelling older adults. The objective was to examine the outcomes associated with the program and whether it can be applied in other settings. Researchers aimed to answer the question: what is the applicability of OEP among home-dwelling older adults depending on formal care? In the other article, Arkkukangas et al. (2021) explored older adults’ experiences with a mobile application for fall prevention exercises. The objective was to analyze the effectiveness of the intervention and identify areas for further improvement. Researchers aimed to answer the question: what are older persons’ experiences with mobile health application for fall prevention exercise? Both articles focus on experiences as a major theme.

Articles Supporting the Nursing Practice Problem

As patient falls continue to increase among elderly patients, research evaluating the feasibility of fall prevention methods is of great value to nurses. The article by Cederbom et al. (2022) will be used to answer the PICOT question by demonstrating the benefits of exercise-based therapy (Otago Exercise Program) among older adults at risk of falls. Its authors focus on outcomes such as improving physical function and self-efficacy, pivotal in preventing falls in inpatient settings. The article by Arkkukangas et al. (2021) will be used to answer the PICOT question by exploring outcomes associated with fall prevention exercises. Both articles support implementing exercise programs to improve physical functioning and balance, among other outcomes associated with a low incidence of patient falls.

Interventions and comparison groups help researchers to compare outcomes between participants receiving different treatments. In both studies, older adults participated in an exercise-based intervention for a period determined by the researcher. Due to the nature of the studies (qualitative), there were no comparison groups. All participants were enrolled in different programs, and experiences were assessed by interviewing participants. A similar approach can be applied to implement the proposed project since all patients should participate in moderate physical exercises to reduce the incidence of falls.

Method of Studies

Apart from objectives and study populations, the articles apply different research methods to collect and analyze data. Cederbom et al. (2022) conducted semi-structured interviews among physical therapists based on an interview guide. The data was then analyzed thematically to summarize relationships between research variables. In the other article, Arkkukangas et al. (2021) conducted two focus group interviews among twelve older adults in organizations for retired persons. Data were transcribed verbatim and analyzed via content analysis.

Research methods have different benefits and limitations depending on how they affect reliability, validity, and other critical research elements. As Ellis (2022) stated, semi-structured interviews are flexible since participants answer open-ended questions. They also allow researchers to make easy comparisons between respondents. However, semi-structured interviews are time-consuming, which is a great limitation. Rivaz et al. (2019) found focus group discussions effective in enabling researchers to collect rich data by engaging participants actively. Despite this advantage, focus group interviews are time-consuming and ineffective for large groups.

Results of Studies

Key Findings

These studies provide valuable findings for nursing professionals interested in implementing exercise therapy among older adults at risk of falls. After analyzing data from physical therapists, Cederbom et al. (2022) found the Otega Exercise Program effective in fall prevention since it improved patients’ physical function, self-efficacy, and mood. In this case, the program improved older adults’ ability to avoid falls and their perception of individual ability to respond to fall-associated risks.

The other study also provides valuable information concerning the feasibility of fall-prevention exercise programs. After the study, Arkkukangas et al. (2021) found the mobile health application a useful tool for helping older adults manage, motivate and adhere to fall prevention exercises. Adherence, as advised by the program designers, improved older adults’ physical function, which is crucial in fall prevention among this vulnerable group. Researchers further recommended similar interventions in healthcare settings since they focus on behavior change strategies.

Implications in Nursing Practice

Healthcare facilities continue to implement multidimensional programs to reduce patient falls and achieve other outcomes. These studies imply that exercise-based therapy could reduce patient falls among older adults if implemented in hospitals. Potential outcomes include improved balance, better physical function, self-efficacy, and a desire to continually engage in similar exercises independently. Nurses should understand the type and intensity of these exercises to deliver the best results.

Ethical Considerations

Nursing research can be risky, hence the need to adhere to various ethical principles. One of the main ethical considerations in conducting research is informed consent. Xu et al. (2020) described informed consent as voluntarily agreeing to participate in research with full information about the research. Therefore, potential risks, benefits, and research objectives should be explicit. The other ethical consideration is anonymity, which involves protecting participants’ identities (Dougherty, 2021). Arkkukangas et al. (2021) took these ethical considerations into account by seeking written informed consent from participants. No identifiable information was collected. Cederbom et al. (2022) also ensured voluntary participation by obtaining oral and written informed consent from the participants before commencing data collection. Researchers also guaranteed anonymity by not collecting any identifiable information. Importantly, participants were allowed to withdraw without needing to specify reasons.

Conclusion

Research on the effectiveness of exercise-based therapy for fall prevention is extensive and explores the effectiveness of many interventions. Researchers use various methods and arrive at different conclusions. The appraised qualitative studies demonstrate the effectiveness of exercise-based interventions to reduce falls among older adults in hospitals. Nurses can implement similar programs to improve health outcomes among older adults at risk of falls.

References

Arkkukangas, M., Cederbom, S., Tonkonogi, M., &UmbCarlsson, Õ. (2021). Older adults’ experiences with mHealth for fall prevention exercise: Usability and promotion of behavior change strategies. Physiotherapy Theory and Practice, 37(12), 1346-1352. https://doi.org/10.1080/09593985.2020.1712753

Cederbom, S., Bjerk, M., &Bergland, A. (2022). A qualitative study exploring physical therapists’ views on the Otago Exercise Programme for fall prevention: a stepping stone to “age in place” and to give faith in the future. Physiotherapy Theory and Practice, 38(1), 132-140.https://doi.org/10.1080/09593985.2020.1731895

Chandrasekaran, S., Hibino, H., Gorniak, S. L., Layne, C. S., & Johnston, C. A. (2021). Fear of Falling: Significant barrier in fall prevention approaches. American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine, 15(6), 598–601. https://doi.org/10.1177/15598276211035360

Dougherty, M. V. (2021). The use of confidentiality and anonymity protections as a cover for fraudulent fieldwork data. Research Ethics, 17(4), 480-500.https://doi.org/10.1177/17470161211018257

Ellis, P. (2022). Understanding research for nursing students. SAGE Publications.

National Institute on Aging. (2023). Falls and fractures in older adults: Causes and prevention.https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/falls-and-fractures-older-adults-causes-and-prevention

Rikkonen, T., Sund, R., Koivumaa-Honkanen, H., Sirola, J., Honkanen, R., &Kröger, H. (2023). Effectiveness of exercise on fall prevention in community-dwelling older adults: a 2-year randomized controlled study of 914 women. Age and Ageing, 52(4), afad059. https://doi.org/10.1093/ageing/afad059

Rivaz, M., Shokrollahi, P., &Ebadi, A. (2019). Online focus group discussions: An attractive approach to data collection for qualitative health research. Nursing Practice Today, 6(1), 1-3.https://doi.org/10.18502/npt.v6i1.386

Xu, A., Baysari, M. T., Stocker, S. L., Leow, L. J., Day, R. O., &Carland, J. E. (2020). Researchers’ views on, and experiences with, the requirement to obtain informed consent in research involving human participants: a qualitative study. BMC Medical Ethics, 21(1), 1-11.https://doi.org/10.1186/s12910-020-00538-7

Sample Answer 3 for NRS 433 Rough Draft Qualitative Research Critique and Ethical Considerations SOLUTION

The main topic of interest is the management of type 2 diabetes. Type 2 diabetes mellitus is one of the health problems that affect a significant proportion of people globally. The increasing rates of type 2 diabetes has made it one of the leading cause of mortality across the globe. The management of type 2 diabetes is therefore the main concern for the healthcare professionals. From the study, there is an investigation on whether the lifestyle changes and the behavioral interventions can lead to the better treatment outcome compared to the use of medication alone. The main reason for undertaking the study about type 2 diabetes is to determine the best intervention processes aimed at reducing diabetes complications among the vulnerable patients. Also, the topic is of great interest because it attempts to highlight some of the best treatment that can be used to prevent type w diabetes among the vulnerable populations. The research in this topic is also significant in understanding of the processes that are critical when it comes to the management of other complications associated with the type two diabetes. The PICOT question for the study is: In adult patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, does the use of lifestyle and behavioral interventions with medications result in better treatment outcomes when compared to the use of medications alone in a period of six months?

Article 1

Følling, I. S., Solbjør, M., Midthjell, K., Kulseng, B., & Helvik, A. S. (2016). Exploring lifestyle and risk in preventing type 2 diabetes-a nested qualitative study of older participants in a lifestyle intervention program (VEND-RISK). BMC public health, 16(1), 876.

Background Article 1

The main problem that led to the formulation of the study is the increasing deaths attributed to type 2 diabetes. Also, the problem of diabetic patient overcrowding in the healthcare institution led to the research on some of the best intervention strategies in the management of type 2 diabetes. The main objective of the study was therefore to determine the best interventions when it comes to the type 2 diabetes management among the patient, both in the communities and within the healthcare settings. The establishment of the study significance was based on the need to establish some of the best interventions when it comes to the management of type 2 diabetes. The high cost of treatment of type 2 diabetic condition, increased patient’s suffering, as well as the increasing number of diabetic conditions led to the establishment of the study. The purpose of the study was to establish the best interventions when it comes to the management of type 2 diabetes. Behavioral interventions and lifestyle changes are some of the interventions that formed part of the study. Some of the research questions identified in the process of study included:

In what ways do the older adults perceive their lifestyle as well as being at risk of type 2 diabetes while participating in a lifestyle intervention program?
Does the lifestyle changes are behavioral interventions the best strategies for managing types 2 diabetes?

The purpose of the study and the research questions are related to the problem under the study. The main problem in the study is the increasing cases of the type 2 diabetes. Therefore, the research questions and the purpose of the study are geared towards addressing the research problems.

Article 2

Rygg, L. Ø., Løhre, A. & Hellzèn, P. O. (2017). Lifestyle changes in diet and physical activities after group education for type 2 diabetes – the active ingredient in the education. A qualitative study. Open Journal of Nursing, 7(10): 79907, 1181-1195. doi: 10.4236/ojn.2017.710086

Background Article 2

The main clinical problem under the study was the increasing cases of type 2 diabetes as well as lack of the best intervention strategies for managing the increasing population of the diabetic patients. Management of the increasing number of diabetic patients have become a problem for different healthcare institutions. Also, the increasing number deaths from type 2 diabetes has become one of the main concerns when it comes to the management of diabetic patients. The establishment of the study significance was based on the need to determine whether lifestyle changes in diet and physical activities are some of the best interventions when it comes to the management of type 2 diabetes. Also, costs of the treatment processes and the increasing complications associated with the type 2 diabetes led to the study significance. The purpose of the study was to explore the experiences of the participants in diabetes self-management education in relation to physical activity and diet. Some of the research questions identified in the qualitative study included:

What are the experiences of the participants in diabetes self-management education in relation to physical activity and diet?
Does physical exercise and diet management reduce the cases of type 2 diabetes?

Relationship to Nursing Practice

The findings in article 1 and 2 relevant in the answering the PICOT question. Information contained in the two qualitative research studies will be analyzed to determine the best interventions when it comes to the management of type 2 diabetes. The perceived experiences of the participants with the lifestyle interventions targeting dietary modification and physical exercises are some of the best information that can be used to answer the PICOT question. The interventions and comparison groups from the two qualitative article, Article 1 and Article 2 are comparable to the ones that have been identified in the PICOT statement. There is a similarity between the comparison and the intervention groups in all the four articles identified for the study. The comparison in the groups in the two research articles serves as a source of counterfactual causal inference.

Method of Study

Article 1

The method of study established in article 1 was case study. There is the investigation of phenomenon within the real context. Also, the study is descriptive and explanatory analysis of the intervention processes when it comes to the management of type 2 diabetes. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with the participants who were newly diagnosed with type 2 diabetes. The participants also had history of difficulties in regulating their blood sugar levels alongside expressing interest to attend the program. The audio-recorded interviews were transcribed verbatim and thematic analysis performed. The sample size used in the study was 16, in other words, study 16 respondents were identified. The sample was appropriate and adequate for the study. It reflected the characteristics of the entire population under the study. According to Green and Johnson, (n.d), an appropriate sample size should be a reflection of the population under the study. The main data collection tool used in the research was the questionnaires to record essential information from the respondents. The data was sorted through the use of Microsoft Excel where extraneous or outliers were removed. The process of data analysis involved measurements of the levels of interventions processes and identification of the best approaches. There was no bias in the process of the study. Literature review involved analysis of the past research outcomes to formulate an appropriate theoretical framework. Some of the sources of information used included quantitative research processes. The author only cited quantitative studies relevant to the study. The literature review contained adequate information to build on the logical argument in the research process. According to Green and Johnson, (n.d), articles older than five years may contain irrelevant information that may be used in the study process.

Article 2

The study was phenomenological, it focused on the commonality of live experience within the diabetic patients under the study. The sample consisted of 32. They included 22 participants who attended the program and 10 providers who implemented it. The sample was adequate and represented the true characteristics of the entire population. According to Green and Johnson, (n.d), an appropriate sample size should be a reflection of the population under the study. In the process of study, questionnaires were used to collect data from the respondents. Sorting the data involved elimination of the extraneous variables and irrelevant information. Data analysis was done based on the relevance of the articles used. Controlling the biasness involved adherence to the research guidelines. Literature review involved analysis of the past research outcomes to formulate an appropriate theoretical framework. Some of the sources of information used included quantitative research processes. The author only cited quantitative studies relevant to the study. The literature review contained adequate information to build on the logical argument in the research process. According to Green and Johnson, (n.d), articles older than five years may contain irrelevant information that may be used in the study process.

Results of the Studies

The findings of the article 1 revealed that the lifestyle and behavioral program was acceptable for use in the prevention of type 2 diabetes. However, it should be structured to address the cultural needs of the different participants. There is also the need for the provision of resources and facilitation of the participants at the locality or general practice level. Despite these challenges, the participants reported that the lifestyle and behavioral interventions increased their level of awareness on preventive measures for type 2 diabetes mellitus. For article 2, the perceived experiences of the participants with the lifestyle interventions targeting dietary modification and physical exercises. The intervention processes are critical in nursing practice. In other words, the two studies provide knowledge on nursing practices when it comes to the management of type 2 diabetes.

Ethical Considerations

While undertaking the study, researchers employed ethical practices that included confidentiality of information and respect for human dignity. In both the studies, researchers were able to protect participant’s data and information obtained (Liang, 2019). Also, they managed to do their studies in line with the standards that protect human dignity, particularly for the study participants (Woodfield & Iphofen, 2017). All the researchers adhered to the confidentiality standards and respect for human dignity. Also, the protection of privacy was involved in the study process. According to Green and Johnson, (n.d), research respondents need to be protected; their privacy need to be observed at all costs.

Conclusion

Article 1 provides insights into the acceptability and effectiveness of lifestyle intervention programs in the prevention and management of type 2 diabetes. As a result, it shows the enhanced effectiveness of the proposed intervention in this project, hence, its relevance to the PICOT statement. For article 2, the study reveals that the lifestyle interventions were effective in empowering the participants engage in healthy eating habits and physical activity. Therefore, it supports the PICOT question by showing the benefits of lifestyle interventions in the prevention and management of type 2 diabetes mellitus. The findings are critical when it comes to the management of type 2 diabetes. In both the two research articles, thesis statements are in line with the research questions and the study findings. Findings from the two articles are critical when it comes to the management of diabetic patients.

References

Green, S. & Johnson, J. (n.d.). Research ethics and evaluation of qualitative research in Helbig, J. (n.d.) History and process of nursing research, evidence-based nursing practice and quantitative and qualitative research. From: https://lc.gcumedia.com/nrs433v/nursing-research-understanding-methods-for-best-practice/v1.1/#/chapter/2

Liang, J. (2019). Qualitative research methods: collecting evidence, crafting analysis, communicating impact: by SJ Tracy, West Sussex, UK, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 368 pp., $115.50 (hardback), ISBN: 978-1-4051-9202-3.

Woodfield, K., & Iphofen, R. (2017). Introduction to Volume 2: The Ethics of Online Research. Bingley: Emerald Publishing Limited, 1-12.

Rygg, L. Ø., Løhre, A. & Hellzèn, P. O. (2017). Lifestyle changes in diet and physical activities after group education for type 2 diabetes – the active ingredient in the education. A qualitative study. Open Journal of Nursing, 7(10): 79907, 1181-1195. doi: 10.4236/ojn.2017.710086