NRS-493 Literature Evaluation Table Solved
Grand Canyon University NRS-493 Literature Evaluation Table Solved-Step-By-Step Guide
This guide will demonstrate how to complete the NRS-493 Literature Evaluation Table Solved assignment based on general principles of academic writing. Here, we will show you the A, B, Cs of completing an academic paper, irrespective of the instructions. After guiding you through what to do, the guide will leave one or two sample essays at the end to highlight the various sections discussed below.
How to Research and Prepare for NRS-493 Literature Evaluation Table Solved
Whether one passes or fails an academic assignment such as the Grand Canyon University NRS-493 Literature Evaluation Table Solved depends on the preparation done beforehand. The first thing to do once you receive an assignment is to quickly skim through the requirements. Once that is done, start going through the instructions one by one to clearly understand what the instructor wants. The most important thing here is to understand the required format—whether it is APA, MLA, Chicago, etc.
After understanding the requirements of the paper, the next phase is to gather relevant materials. The first place to start the research process is the weekly resources. Go through the resources provided in the instructions to determine which ones fit the assignment. After reviewing the provided resources, use the university library to search for additional resources. After gathering sufficient and necessary resources, you are now ready to start drafting your paper.
How to Write the Introduction for NRS-493 Literature Evaluation Table Solved
The introduction for the Grand Canyon University NRS-493 Literature Evaluation Table Solved is where you tell the instructor what your paper will encompass. In three to four statements, highlight the important points that will form the basis of your paper. Here, you can include statistics to show the importance of the topic you will be discussing. At the end of the introduction, write a clear purpose statement outlining what exactly will be contained in the paper. This statement will start with “The purpose of this paper…” and then proceed to outline the various sections of the instructions.
How to Write the Body for NRS-493 Literature Evaluation Table Solved
After the introduction, move into the main part of the NRS-493 Literature Evaluation Table Solved assignment, which is the body. Given that the paper you will be writing is not experimental, the way you organize the headings and subheadings of your paper is critically important. In some cases, you might have to use more subheadings to properly organize the assignment. The organization will depend on the rubric provided. Carefully examine the rubric, as it will contain all the detailed requirements of the assignment. Sometimes, the rubric will have information that the normal instructions lack.
Another important factor to consider at this point is how to do citations. In-text citations are fundamental as they support the arguments and points you make in the paper. At this point, the resources gathered at the beginning will come in handy. Integrating the ideas of the authors with your own will ensure that you produce a comprehensive paper. Also, follow the given citation format. In most cases, APA 7 is the preferred format for nursing assignments.
How to Write the Conclusion for NRS-493 Literature Evaluation Table Solved
After completing the main sections, write the conclusion of your paper. The conclusion is a summary of the main points you made in your paper. However, you need to rewrite the points and not simply copy and paste them. By restating the points from each subheading, you will provide a nuanced overview of the assignment to the reader.
How to Format the References List for NRS-493 Literature Evaluation Table Solved
The very last part of your paper involves listing the sources used in your paper. These sources should be listed in alphabetical order and double-spaced. Additionally, use a hanging indent for each source that appears in this list. Lastly, only the sources cited within the body of the paper should appear here.
Stuck? Let Us Help You
Completing assignments can sometimes be overwhelming, especially with the multitude of academic and personal responsibilities you may have. If you find yourself stuck or unsure at any point in the process, don’t hesitate to reach out for professional assistance. Our assignment writing services are designed to help you achieve your academic goals with ease.
Our team of experienced writers is well-versed in academic writing and familiar with the specific requirements of the NRS-493 Literature Evaluation Table Solved assignment. We can provide you with personalized support, ensuring your assignment is well-researched, properly formatted, and thoroughly edited. Get a feel of the quality we guarantee – ORDER NOW.
The assignment will be used to develop a written implementation plan.
For this assignment, provide a synopsis of the review of the research literature. Using the “Literature Evaluation Table,” determine the level and strength of the evidence for each of the eight research articles you have selected. The articles should be current (within the last 5 years) and closely relate to the PICOT question developed earlier in this course. The articles may include quantitative research, descriptive analyses, longitudinal studies, or meta-analysis articles. A systematic review may be used to provide background information for the purpose or problem identified in the proposed capstone project.
The needs of the pediatric patient differ depending on age, as do the stages of development and the expected assessment findings for each stage. In a 500-750-word paper, examine the needs of a school-aged child between the ages of 5 and 12 years old and discuss the following:
- Compare the physical assessments among school-aged children. Describe how you would modify assessment techniques to match the age and developmental stage of the child.
NRS 493 Literature Evaluation Table Solved - Choose a child between the ages of 5 and 12 years old. Identify the age of the child and describe the typical developmental stages of children that age.
- Applying developmental theory based on Erickson, Piaget, or Kohlberg, explain how you would developmentally assess the child. Include how you would offer explanations during the assessment, strategies you would use to gain cooperation, and potential findings from the assessment.
Attachments
Sample Answer for NRS-493 Literature Evaluation Table Solved
In nursing practice, precise recognition and utilization of research is important in realization of successful outcomes. Ability to articulate data and successfully review peer-reviewed articles in a scholarly way is essential in supporting the ability and confidence of students to develop and synthesize more intricate assignments that are captured in capstone project proposals. The purpose of this literature evaluation table is to identify and synthesis peer-reviewed articles on health education on lifestyle changes among adolescents to reduce adolescent obesity rates.
The PICOT Question
In obese adolescents (P) does health education on lifestyle changes (I) Compared to no intervention (C) reduce adolescent obesity rates (O) by 10% in 12 months (T)?
| Criteria | Article 1 | Article 2 | Article 3 | Article 4 |
| Author, Journal (Peer-Reviewed), and
Permalink or Working Link to Access Article
|
Pereira, A. R., & Oliveira, A.
Nutrients. |
Nga, V. T., Dung, V. N. T., Chu, D. T., Tien, N. L. B., Van Thanh, V., Ngoc, V. T. N., Hoan, L. N., Phuong, N.T., Pham, V., Tao, Y., Linh, N.P., Show, P. L. & Do, D. L.
Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome: Clinical Research & Reviews. |
Foster, C., Moore, J.B., Singletary, C.R. and Skelton, J.A.
Wiley Online Library. https://doi.org/10.1111/cob.12230 |
Martin, A., Booth, J.N., Laird, Y., Sproule, J., Reilly, J.J. & Saunders, D.H.
Cochrane Database. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD009728.pub3 |
| Article Title and Year Published
|
Dietary interventions to prevent childhood obesity: A literature review.
Published in 2021 |
School education and childhood obesity: A systemic review.
Published in 2019 |
Physical activity and family‐based obesity treatment: a review of expert recommendations on physical activity in youth.
Published in 2018 |
Physical activity, diet and other behavioral interventions for improving cognition and school achievement in children and adolescents with obesity or overweight.
Published in 2018 |
| Research Questions (Qualitative)/Hypothesis (Quantitative)
|
The study hypothesized that childhood obesity prevention requires multidimensional actions at various levels including individual, family, institutional, and environmental levels. | Does school education exert significant impact on childhood obesity?
|
Implicit: Does physical activity help in reducing the rates of childhood obesity?
|
Implied research question: Can interventions aimed at improving healthy weight enhance thinking skills and school performance in obese children and teenagers? |
| Purposes/Aim of Study | To review the available literature on dietary interventions for childhood obesity prevention and to assess their effectiveness.
|
To holistically appraise the relationship between school education and childhood obesity.
|
To provide a outline of specialized recommendations for physical activity and exercise among children and adolescents and also provide family-centered strategies for obesity management. | To explore whether interventions to enhance healthy weight can enhance thinking skills and school performance in obese children and teens.
|
| Design (Type of Quantitative, or Type of Qualitative)
|
Qualitative synthesis of literature. | Qualitative study | Both quantitative and qualitative designs were used. | Evidenced-based RCTs involving behavioral interventions. |
| Setting/Sample
|
The study used 52 references yielded by literature search. Dietary interventions were grouped into school-based, community-based, mass media, and food sector interventions. | The settings for the study were schools. | The sample population was obese children and adolescents. | A total of 18 studies were conducted with 2384 obese children and adolescents. The study was conducted across 10 different countries. Participants were grouped as pre-school children, primary/elementary school-aged children, and adolescents in secondary/high school. |
| Methods: Intervention/Instruments
|
Literature search using the PubMed Central® | Systemic review with meta-analysis from the primary observational articles. | Various techniques including professional recommendations, statements, and summations concerning health, physical activity, and exercise in children and adolescents. | Utilization of randomized and quasi-RCTs involving behavioral interventions for weight management in target population. The study also used 17 databases to obtain needed data. |
| Analysis
|
Childhood obesity interventions are required at various levels in schools and community to affect behavioral change.
|
Various interventions such as school-based, home-based, and clinic-based have been proposed as potential viable strategies in addressing childhood obesity. However, school-based is perceived to produce significant effect on a massive scale. | Physical activity and exercise and parental involvement were identified as the primary family-based obesity interventions. The family play important role in motivating children to engage in active lifestyle through playing, sports, and exercise. | The study revealed that interventions for healthy weight are able to minimize childhood and adolescent obesity. Physical activity and healthy nutrition habits are essential in maintaining healthy body and improve skills and school performance.
|
| Key Findings
|
Most of the intervention studies indicated no consistent effects on transforming the body mass index of children. The studies only showed small reductions in weight, clinically insignificant, or no effects.
|
School education is not an absolute answer to childhood obesity but just part of the solution.
|
The study identified various domains to inspire children and adolescents to engage in physical activity. The domains included muscle strengthening, bone strengthening, monitoring child developmental status and age, family engagement, and proposal for obese and overweight children and adolescents. | The primary finding in this study is that healthy dietary interventions in schools and nutritional understanding can improve general school performance including academic performance among obese children and adolescents.
|
| Recommendations
|
Actions to prevent childhood obesity should be conducted in various settings and integrate various approaches and wide range of stakeholders. | There is need for more efforts from other stakeholders such as policymakers, community, parents, and researchers to address childhood obesity. | Families need to set example on active lifestyle to children through frequent participation in physical activity and exercise. | The recommendation is that interventions for addressing childhood obesity should emphasize on assessing the physical, cognitive, and academic performance. |
| Explanation of How the Article Supports EBP/Capstone Project
|
The interventions conducted in this article majorly focused on the educational approaches such as nutrition education, physical activity education, and behavioral changes. | This article supports the change project by acknowledging the adverse impacts of obesity among the adolescents and advancing the need for promoting school-based obesity education to mitigate childhood obesity. | This article supports the change project by providing guidance on the intensity of physical activity and exercise that children and adolescents should do weekly prevent obesity rates. | The article supports the proposed project by stressing on the need for nutrition education, which is part of education on lifestyle changes to curb adolescent obesity.
|
| Criteria | Article 5 | Article 6 | Article 7 | Article 8 |
| Author, Journal (Peer-Reviewed), and
Permalink or Working Link to Access Article
|
Jacob, C. M., Hardy-Johnson, P. L., Inskip, H. M., Morris, T., Parsons, C. M., Barrett, M., Hanson, M., Woods-Townsend, K., & Baird, J.
International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity. |
Salam, R. A., Padhani, Z. A., Das, J. K., Shaikh, A. Y., Hoodbhoy, Z., Jeelani, S. M., Lassi, Z.S., & Bhutta, Z. A.
Nutrients. doi: 10.3390/nu12082208
|
Kim, J., & Lim, H.
Journal of obesity & metabolic syndrome. Doi: 10.7570/jomes.2019.28.4.225
|
Leis, R., de Lamas, C., de Castro, M. J., Picáns, R., Gil-Campos, M., & Couce, M. L.
Nutrients. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12010031 |
| Article Title and Year Published
|
A systematic review and meta-analysis of school-based interventions with health education to reduce body mass index in adolescents aged 10 to 19 years.
Published in 2021 |
Effects of lifestyle modification interventions to prevent and manage child and adolescent obesity: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Published in 2020 |
Nutritional management in childhood obesity.
Published in 2019. |
Effects of nutritional education interventions on metabolic risk in children and adolescents: a systematic review of controlled trials.
Published in 2019
|
| Research Questions (Qualitative)/Hypothesis (Quantitative)
|
What is the effectiveness of health education interventions delivered in school settings to prevent overweight and obesity and/ or reduce BMI in adolescents?
2) What are the key features of effective interventions? |
Implied: Do lifestyle interventions such as dietary interventions, physical activity, behavioral therapy, or any combination of these interventions coupled with the contextual factors prevent and manage childhood and adolescent obesity? | The hypothesis is that customized nutrition care for obese children and adolescents can enhance their dietary factors. | Determination of whether or not nutritional education interventions have effects on metabolic risk in children and adolescents. |
| Purposes/Aim of Study | To synthesize the literature investigating the effectiveness of health education interventions delivered in school settings to prevent overweight and obesity and/ or reduce BMI in adolescents, and to explore the key features of effectiveness. | To evaluate the impact of lifestyle interventions such as dietary interventions, physical activity, behavioral therapy, or any combination of these interventions coupled with the contextual factors in preventing and managing childhood and adolescent obesity. | To describe the modifiable dietary risk factors and nutritional components of the past studies on nutrition intervention for nutritional management in childhood obesity. | To summarize the evidence for nutritional education interventions to improve metabolic risks in children and adolescents.
|
| Design (Type of Quantitative, or Type of Qualitative) | Quantitative design | Quantitative study | Qualitative study | Qualitative study |
| Setting/Sample
|
33 interventions based on 39 publications were integrated in the review. | 654 studies were included for data extraction and meta-analysis. |
Database search for studies from the year 2015-2019 about effectiveness of nutritional interventions |
3915 participants within the age range of between 7 and 20 years. |
| Methods: Intervention/Instrument | A comprehensive and systematic search of published literature in line with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) and the University of York Centre for Reviews and Dissemination (CRD) Guidelines | Use of a comprehensive search strategy to identify appropriate studies in Cochrane Controlled Trials Register (CENTRAL), MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, PsycINFO, and WHO nutrition databases. | A systematic review of the literature using the electronic databases such as PubMed, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science. | Systematic literature searches of the databases Medline and Scopus in accordance with the PRISMA guidelines |
| Analysis
|
A meta-analysis was conducted for studies presenting data on BMI z-score in accordance with PRISMA and CRD. | Two pairs of review authors consisting of ZAP and AYS and ZH and RAS were used to independently assess the quality of studies and risk of bias for every study.
|
A systematic review of the literature. | Each study was evaluated using Cochrane Collaboration methodology. |
| Key Findings
|
School-based health education interventions have the potential to reduce BMI towards a healthier range in adolescents. | The combination of interventions such as diet and exercise in obesity prevention and diet, exercise, and behavioral therapy for obesity management proved favorable. | Using a multisectoral approach to provide dietary intervention could lead to positive outcomes in modifying obesity-related dietary risk factors for obese children and adolescents. | Nutritional education intervention is an effective strategy to lower central adiposity and its potential unhealthy consequences in children and adolescents. |
| Recommendations
|
There is need of multi-component interventions involving crucial stakeholders such as teachers and parents and digital components. | There is need to combine interventions with an a proper follow up period to produce robust evidence on weight and related parameters | It is proper to involve individuals, families, society, and political players for effective and sustainable nutritional management of childhood obesity. | The outcome of this study showed that data on the effects on the remaining components of metabolic syndrome remain inconclusive. Future studies should focus on this inconclusiveness of data. |
| Explanation of How the Article Supports EBP/Capstone
|
This article supports the capstone project by investigating the efficiency of school-based health education interventions in reduction of BMI to prevent overweight and obesity in adolescents | This article supports the capstone project by evaluating the impact of lifestyle interventions such as physical activity, dietary interventions, behavioral therapy, or their combination to manage and prevent childhood and adolescent obesity | This article supports the capstone project by advancing the adoption of evidence-based practice in dietary care and lifestyle changes for obese children and adolescents. | This article supports the capstone project by advancing the adoption of Nutritional education intervention to address childhood obesity. |
Conclusion
The literature evaluation table was essential in providing a summary of the eight peer-reviewed articles that establishes the study question, purpose, design, sample/setting, methodology, analysis, key findings, recommendations, and how the study supports the proposed capstone project.
References
Foster, C., Moore, J. B., Singletary, C. R., & Skelton, J. A. (2018). Physical activity and family‐based obesity treatment: a review of expert recommendations on physical activity in youth. Clinical obesity, 8(1), 68-79.
Jacob, C. M., Hardy-Johnson, P. L., Inskip, H. M., Morris, T., Parsons, C. M., Barrett, M., Hanson, M., Woods-Townsend, K., & Baird, J. (2021). A systematic review and meta-analysis of school-based interventions with health education to reduce body mass index in adolescents aged 10 to 19 years. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 18(1), 1-22. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12966-020-01065-9
Kim, J., & Lim, H. (2019). Nutritional management in childhood obesity. Journal of obesity & metabolic syndrome, 28(4), 225. doi: 10.7570/jomes.2019.28.4.225
Leis, R., de Lamas, C., de Castro, M. J., Picáns, R., Gil-Campos, M., & Couce, M. L. (2019). Effects of nutritional education interventions on metabolic risk in children and adolescents: a systematic review of controlled trials. Nutrients, 12(1), 31. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12010031
Martin, A., Booth, J. N., Laird, Y., Sproule, J., Reilly, J. J., & Saunders, D. H. (2018). Physical activity, diet and other behavioural interventions for improving cognition and school achievement in children and adolescents with obesity or overweight. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, (1).
Nga, V. T., Dung, V. N. T., Chu, D. T., Tien, N. L. B., Van Thanh, V., Ngoc, V. T. N., Hoan, L. N., Phuong, N.T., Pham, V., Tao, Y., Linh, N.P., Show, P. L. & Do, D. L. (2019).School education and childhood obesity: A systemic review. Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome: Clinical Research & Reviews, 13(4), 2495-2501. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsx.2019.07.014
Pereira, A. R., & Oliveira, A. (2021). Dietary interventions to prevent childhood obesity: A literature review. Nutrients, 13(10), 3447. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13103447
Salam, R. A., Padhani, Z. A., Das, J. K., Shaikh, A. Y., Hoodbhoy, Z., Jeelani, S. M., Lassi, Z.S., & Bhutta, Z. A. (2020). Effects of lifestyle modification interventions to prevent and manage child and adolescent obesity: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutrients, 12(8), 2208. doi: 10.3390/nu12082208
Sample Answer 2 for NRS-493 Literature Evaluation Table Solved
Hospital acquired infections (HAI) occur frequently in the healthcare environment and represent major issues compromising care giving and recovery of hospitalized patients. HAI are infections that patients contract during their treatment in a medical or surgical unit of a health facility. According to the WHO epidemiology report, approximately 1.4 million people suffer from hospital acquired infections or nosocomial infections at any given time (WHO, 2009). In the United States alone, about 9.3 in every 100 hospitalized patients contract a nosocomial illness in duration of hospitalization. Some of the HAI are severe and may potentially threaten the life of a patient. Hospital acquired infections are more prevalent in the inpatient departments than in the outpatient’s department and hospitalized patients may be used to best examine this clinical issue (Boev & Kiss, 2017).
Many factors have been attributed to hospital acquired infections ranging from contamination of instruments, substances and objects to medical malpractices and congestion of the health facilities. Congested hospital wards with beds in proximity to each other are highly susceptible to spreading HAI in numerous healthcare settings. Studies of HAI have tended to investigate the relationship between ward layouts and possibility or impossibility of patients getting another illness while being treated at a health facility (Yallew, Kumie & Yehuala, 2017). The hospital infections are caused by the presence of microorganisms that are common in human populations (Nekkab et al., 2017). When patients are placed in close contact, the infectious microbes can invade the next patient during hospitalization. This literature evaluation examines studies show connection between congestion and bed distance and hospital acquired infections.
PICOT Question: For the inpatients’ population, (P) how does decongestion of wards and widening of spaces between ward beds (I) as compared to congestion and narrowing of spaces between ward beds (C) reduce hospital acquired infections (O) for the period of hospitalization?
| Criteria | Article 1 | Article 2 | Article 3 |
| APA-Formatted Article Citation with Permalink | Borg, M. A., Suda, D., & Scicluna, E. (2008). Time-series analysis of the impact of bed occupancy rates on the incidence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection in overcrowded general wards. Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology, 29(6), 496-502.
Permalink https://doi.org/10.1086/588157
|
Kaier, K., Mutters, N. T., & Frank, U. (2012). Bed occupancy rates and hospital-acquired infections—should beds be kept empty? Clinical Microbiology and Infection, 18(10), 941-945.
Permalink https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1198743X14610909
|
Virtanen, M., Terho, K., Oksanen, T., Kurvinen, T., Pentti, J., Routamaa, M., … & Kivimäki, M. (2011). Patients with infectious diseases, overcrowding, and health in hospital staff. Archives of internal medicine, 171(14), 1296-1298.
Permalink https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamainternalmedicine/article-abstract/1105845
|
| How Does the Article Relate to the PICOT Question? | This article is related to the PICOT question because it examines bed occupancy and overcrowding as factors that trigger NRSA infections within the inpatient setting. | This article is related to the PICOT question because it examines the connection between rates of bed occupancy and the spread HAI such as those arising from staphylococcus infections. | This study conforms to the PICOT question because it investigates patient overcrowding as the cause of transmission for infectious diseases. |
| Quantitative, Qualitative (How do you know?) | This study was a quantitative research that because it utilized a time series mixed ANOVA for monthly incidences of MRSA infections | This is a qualitative study because it conducts investigation of the findings from studies regarding the subject matter to ascertain the relationship between the findings and the underlying factors of bed capacity and overcrowding. | This is a quantitative study because it gathers numerical data from participants and applies quantitative approaches to justify the study question. |
| Purpose Statement | This study intended to ascertain the implication of capacity of beds and overcrowding on the incidences of MRSA infections in the general ward setting. | The intention of the research was to establish whether rates of bed occupancy and overcrowding contributed to HAI in the inpatient setting. | The intention of this study was to find out whether the prevalence of hospital acquired infections is caused by staffs or overcrowding within the patients’ environment. |
| Research Question | What is the effect of bed occupancy, such as overcrowding on the incidents of MRSA infections in general ward setting? | Do rates of bed occupancy and overcrowding contribute to HAIs in the inpatient setting? | Does ward overcrowding increase infection of infectious diseases to the patient or HIA is caused by ill health of the medical staff. |
| Outcome | Fluctuations in occupied beds were found not to have direct implication on incidences of MRSA infections as long as the bed occupancy was within the levels designated by the hospital. However, episodes of significance overcrowding with excess bed occupancy levels directly triggered infection rates. | The study established that hospital overcrowding and bed occupancy rates directly influenced HAI incidents. | Overcrowding was found to directly contribute to prevalence of infectious diseases in the wards. In wards that were not overcrowded, there was no connection between health workers and disease infections to their patients |
| Setting
(Where did the study take place?) |
The research was conducted at St. Luke’s Hospital which is tertiary care facility in Malta with 900 beds capacity. | The study identifies 43 studies conducted across various hospitals on the subject matter to ascertain the possibility of bed occupancy and overcrowding as the cause of HAI. | The research was conducted in Finland where 54 hospitals wards were involved in the treatment of somatic diseases. Five acute care hospitals were selected. |
|
Sample |
The sample size included 1300 participants who were hospitalized during the time of study. |
The sample size comprised of a selection of 43 studies out of the 179 participants to analyze the implication of the phenomena across various hospitals. |
The sample comprises of 993 physicians and nurses and case records of 1102 patients in the wards. |
| Method | The study utilized a mixed method Analysis of variance (ANOVA) of monthly infections over a period of 65 months. | The method involved sample selection of nosocomial studies and their findings analyzed to determine the rate of infections. | The study utilized both random and non-random selection of participants whose infectious status were analyzed in the findings. |
| Key Findings of the Study | -Hospital crowding increased MRSA infections during hospitalization of patients.
-Excessive bed occupancy rates trigger increase in infectious rates. |
Hospital overcrowding and bed occupancy rated increased the tendency of acquiring infections during treatment period. | The study established that there was a significant relationship between overcrowding and infectious diseases in the ward settings. Furthermore, the study also found that there were no infections in wards that were not crowded. |
| Recommendations of the Researcher | -Hospitals should decongest their wards to reduce infections by balancing the number of sick people occupying the inpatient departments.
-The hospital should reduce bed occupancy to avoid rates of infections because of congested wards. The hospitals, according to the researcher, should be equipped with enough beds distantly placed as a way of ensuring disease preventions. |
-Hospitals should balance the number of patients in the wards in relation to the space and beds available to prevent reinfections.
– The problem of overcrowding was found to be prevalent in most hospitals. The researcher recommends the need for hospitals to invest in beds and wards because from these placing that infections spread faster. |
-Reduce the number of patients in acute care setting and ensure that there is enough space between the hospital beds.
-The health of patients and staff while in hospitals is crucial for the recovery of patients and protection of the staff from infections. The two aspects go hand in hand and therefore there is the need for hospitals to ensure a good balance of the two issues. |
| Criteria | Article 4 | Article 5 | Article 6 |
| APA-Formatted Article Citation with Permalink |
Schwab, F., Meyer, E., Geffers, C., & Gastmeier, P. (2012). Understaffing, overcrowding, inappropriate nurse: ventilated patient ratio and nosocomial infections: which parameter is the best reflection of deficits? Journal of Hospital Infection, 80(2), 133-139. Permalink https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S019567011100449X
|
Andersen, B. M., Rasch, M., Hochlin, K., Tollefsen, T., & Sandvik, L. (2009). Hospital-acquired infections before and after healthcare reorganization in a tertiary university hospital in Norway. Journal of public health, 31(1), 98-104.
Permalink https://academic.oup.com/jpubhealth/article/31/1/98/1590590
|
Haley, R. W., & Bregman, D. A. (1982). The role of understaffing and overcrowding in recurrent outbreaks of staphylococcal infection in a neonatal special-care unit. Journal of Infectious Diseases, 145(6), 875-885.
Permalink https://academic.oup.com/jid/article-abstract/145/6/875/856050
|
| How Does the Article Relate to the PICOT Question? | This study connects to the PICOT question as it investigates overcrowding among other factors as a cause of HAI. | This study is in connection to the PICOT question because it examines the reduction of HAI before restructuring and after restructuring of a tertiary hospital in Norway over years. | This article relates to the PICOT question because it investigates the impacts of understaffing and overcrowding as the major causes of outbreaks of staphylococcal infections in the special care unit. |
| Quantitative, Qualitative (How do you know?) | This study is quantitative because it investigates quantified data of participants in the study who are used to ascertain the validity or invalidity of the study question. | This is a qualitative study because it examines the performance of a particular measure in a healthcare institution to ascertain its effectiveness. | This study is qualitative in nature because it investigates recurrent epidemics in the hospitals and their effects on unspecified number of patients. |
| Purpose Statement | This study intended to find out the impact of bed occupancy and understaffing as risk factors of hospital acquired infections. | This study aims at evaluating HAI before and after the restructuring of Norwegian health system. One of the activities measured was the expanded bed capacity. | The intention of this study is to find out how understaffing and overcrowding contribute to staphylococcal infections in hospital setting. The study majorly focuses on the staphylococcus because of the prevalence of this type of infection in the hospital environment. |
| Research Question | Does overcrowding and understaffing increase the rate of HAI in the inpatient setting? | Does HAI decrease significantly with decreased workload and improved health environment? | Do understaffing and overcrowding contribute to HAI in a neonatal special care unit? |
| Outcome | Fewer HAI were linked to a good balance of nurse to patient ration and spacious bed capacity. More infections were associated with overcrowding and understaffing. | A reducing trend was noted between 1995 and 2002 at the tertiary university hospital regarding HAI and workload and improved hospital environment. | The findings of the stud indicate that staphylococcal outbreaks occurred majorly during overcrowding and in a seriously understaffed healthcare environment. Removal of the problems significantly reduced the rates of infections amongst the patients. |
| Setting
(Where did the study take place?) |
The investigation was conducted in 182 intensive care units in Germany. | The study was conducted in the Norwegian healthcare subsystem. | The study was conducted in a neonatal healthcare facility in England. |
| Sample | The sample size consisted of 1313 study cases of patients who acquired pneumonia and blood infection during their hospitalization. | The study conducted studies over a total of 57 360 patients during the entire period of investigations. | The sample size of the study was not specified because it examined recurring incidents in infants and therefore the size was progressive with the infections. |
| Method | The study utilized structural parameter which obtained questionnaires from occupants and staff which were later analyzed by use of generalized estimation of question model. | The study involved point prevalent studies conducted four times in a year between 1995 and 2007. | A multivariate statistical model was applied in this study which properly predicted the occurrence of infections. |
| Key Findings of the Study | -Overcrowding and understaffing were established to be major contributors of hospital acquired infections. Fewer cases of infections were associated with spacious inpatient settings.
|
-Restructuring of a healthcare organization may bring positive impact in preventing in preventing hospital acquired infections if total workload per position increases.
-Improvements that make hospital wards spacious and conducive contribute magnificently in reducing HAI due to congestion of the facilities. |
-The findings of the stud indicate that staphylococcal outbreaks occurred majorly during overcrowding and in a seriously understaffed healthcare environment. -Removal of the problems significantly reduced the rates of infections amongst the patients |
| Recommendations of the Researcher | -There is the need to have enough staff in the facility to ensure that patient to nurse ratio is equally considered to avoid infections.
-There is the need to increase hospital bed capacities in hospitals that exhibited lower capacities to address issues of the inpatients. -Understaffing and overcrowding should be considered collectively as factors that compromise health of inpatients and require to be properly addressed by health administrators. |
-Hospitals must expand their services especially when the numbers of their patients prove to be growing very fast to avoid the possibility of contracting infections in the ward settings.
-There is also the need to increase the number of staff to ensure that they are not burdened by the patients as this may increase the rate of infections. |
-Overcrowding of hospital facilities are associated with infections such as the staphylococcus and there is the need to decongest hospital environment to avoid such infections in the hospitals.
-If staff is overworked, the probability of them to deliver the highest quality of services to the healthcare environment becomes compromised. Therefore, there is the need to ensure that a health facility is properly staffed to avoid similar infections. |
References
Boev, C., & Kiss, E. (2017). Hospital-acquired infections: current trends and prevention. Critical Care Nursing Clinics, 29(1), 51-65.
Nekkab, N., Astagneau, P., Temime, L., & Crepey, P. (2017). Spread of hospital-acquired infections: A comparison of healthcare
networks. PLoS computational biology, 13(8).
World Health Organization. (2009). The world health report 2000: health systems: improving performance. World Health
Organization.
Yallew, W. W., Kumie, A., & Yehuala, F. M. (2017). Risk factors for hospital-acquired infections in teaching hospitals of Amhara
regional state, Ethiopia: A matched-case control study. PloS one, 12(7).
Sample Answer 3 for NRS-493 Literature Evaluation Table Solved
Summary of Clinical Issue:
Childhood obesity is still a global health problem. Despite the interventions that families, health care providers, and governments apply to control it, the rates continue soaring progressively. To a significant extent, changes in lifestyles are to blame for the rising obesity rates. In children, sedentary living has been a great undoing, with increased screen time and irregular sleep patterns noted as leading risk factors (Robinson et al., 2017). Besides unhealthy living, unhealthy eating impacts children profoundly as far as childhood obesity and nutritional problems are concerned. Thompson (2016) found that issues at the family level such as the inability to afford healthy foods and increased exposure to fast foods intensify the problem further. Given its severity, it is crucial to implement practical interventions to reduce the problem to manageable levels.
As the world tries controlling childhood obesity, many strategies have been applied. For instance, parents have been advised to keep their children active and ensure that they are free from fatty foods. As children continue using electronic gadgets, screen time should be limited as much as possible (Fang et al., 2018). Despite these proposals, the use of dietary interventions seems to be more productive than other interventions. The PICOT question shows the area of focus of the problem and the literature analysis shows useful research studies that support using dietary interventions to control childhood obesity.
PICOT Question: In school going children (P), what is the effect of dietary interventions (I) compared with physical activity (C) on reducing childhood obesity (O) within six months (T)?
| Criteria | Article 1 | Article 2 | Article 3 |
| APA-Formatted Article Citation with Permalink | Chen, Y., Ma, L., Ma, Y., Wang, H., Luo, J., Zhang, X., … & Zhu, Y. (2015). A national school-based health lifestyles interventions among Chinese children and adolescents against obesity: rationale, design and methodology of a randomized controlled trial in China. BMC public health, 15(1), 210. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12889-015-1516-9
|
Luque, V., Escribano, J., Closa-Monasterolo, R., Zaragoza-Jordana, M., Ferré, N., Grote, V., … & Gruszfeld, D. (2018). Unhealthy dietary patterns established in infancy track to mid-childhood: the EU childhood obesity project. The Journal of nutrition, 148(5), 752-759. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/nxy025 | Strauss, W. J., Nagaraja, J., Landgraf, A. J., Arteaga, S. S., Fawcett, S. B., Ritchie, L. D., … & Weber, S. A. (2018). The longitudinal relationship between community programmes and policies to prevent childhood obesity and BMI in children: the Healthy Communities Study. Pediatric obesity, 13, 82-92. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijpo.12266 |
| How Does the Article Relate to the PICOT Question? | It examines the impact of school-based health lifestyle in obesity control in children | It shows the connection between dietary patterns and childhood obesity | It examines the relationship between community-based programs and BMI in children |
| Quantitative, Qualitative (How do you know?) | Quantitative because it is a randomized control trial (RCT) | Qualitative since it is an exploratory factor analysis | Qualitative; it uses structured interviews |
| Purpose Statement | There is an urgent need to implement practical interventions to prevent childhood obesity. | Dietary practices established in infancy cause obesity and may persist into adulthood. | Community-based programs and policies can help to control childhood obesity. |
| Research Question | Can national school-based health lifestyle interventions help to prevent obesity? | Can childhood obesity be prevented by dietary interventions? | What is the longitudinal relationship between the intensity of community-based programs and policies with body mass index (BMI)? |
| Outcome | Change in the prevalence of overweight and obesity | Food groups are accurate predictors of the risk towards or safety from childhood obesity | An significant difference between communities was observed as their CPPs’ intensities varied |
| Setting
(Where did the study take place?) |
Mainland China | EU Childhood Obesity project: Germany, Italy, Spain, Poland, and Belgium | Among US communities |
| Sample | More than 70,000 children and adolescents aged 7–18 years from 7 provinces in China. | 1100 infants | 1421 community key informants and 3227 children |
| Method | Randomized controlled trial | Exploratory factor analysis | Data comparison through structured interviews |
| Key Findings of the Study | School-based programs, including physical fitness and dietary interventions can control childhood obesity. | Childhood obesity is low in children consuming core minerals | Communities with the highest CPP intensity scores showed a significant reduction in the average BMI |
| Recommendations of the Researcher | Further research is crucial to examine how physical and nutritional interventions can work collaboratively. | Transition in diets is crucial as a child transitions from infancy to mid-childhood. | More intense CPP interventions are necessary to lower childhood BMI. |
| Criteria | Article 4 | Article 5 | Article 6 |
| APA-Formatted Article Citation with Permalink | Seguin, R. A., Morgan, E. H., Hanson, K. L., Ammerman, A. S., Pitts, S. B. J., Kolodinsky, J., … & McGuirt, J. T. (2017). Farm Fresh Foods for Healthy Kids (F3HK): An innovative community supported agriculture intervention to prevent childhood obesity in low-income families and strengthen local agricultural economies. BMC public health, 17(1), 306. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12889-017-4202-2#Abs1
|
Campbell, K. J., Hesketh, K. D., McNaughton, S. A., Ball, K., McCallum, Z., Lynch, J., & Crawford, D. A. (2016). The extended Infant Feeding, Activity and Nutrition Trial (InFANT Extend) Program: a cluster-randomized controlled trial of an early intervention to prevent childhood obesity. BMC Public Health, 16(1), 1-10. https://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12889-016-2836-0 | Taveras, E. M., Marshall, R., Kleinman, K. P., Gillman, M. W., Hacker, K., Horan, C. M., … & Simon, S. R. (2015). Comparative effectiveness of childhood obesity interventions in pediatric primary care: a cluster-randomized clinical trial. JAMA pediatrics, 169(6), 535-542. doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2015.0182 |
| How Does the Article Relate to the PICOT Question? | Shows the connection between childhood obesity and the type of food a child consumes | Extends literature on the connection between dietary interventions and obesity. | Affirms that dietary interventions play a critical role in childhood obesity prevention. |
| Quantitative, Qualitative (How do you know?) | Qualitative; interviews with stakeholders take place. | Quantitative; it is a randomized control trial | Quantitative; it applies an experimental design. |
| Purpose Statement | Higher rates of childhood obesity in disadvantaged families stem from lack of access to healthy foods. | Early dietary interventions focused on the first two years have positive outcomes on controlling childhood obesity | Childhood obesity management should be multifaceted. |
| Research Question | Can tailored nutritional education and community supported agriculture participation for low-income families reduce childhood obesity? | How does early interventions focusing on nutrition help to control childhood obesity? | Can clinical intervention work individually in controlling obesity? |
| Outcome | Children’s intake of fruits and vegetables | Child weight and health across the life course | Changes in BMI in young populations |
| Setting
(Where did the study take place?) |
In community supported agriculture programs in New York, North Carolina, Vermont, and Washington. | Melbourne [infant program] | Massachusetts [care practices] |
| Sample | Not specified (stakeholders) | 223 children | 549 children |
| Method | Focus group and interviews | Randomized control trial | Cluster-randomized clinical trial |
| Key Findings of the Study | Improving dietary intake can improve the rates of childhood obesity | Early dietary interventions are critical in the control of childhood obesity. | Dietary and physical health interventions should be incorporated into the treatment plan. |
| Recommendations of the Researcher | Supporting communities to improve agricultural methods can help to control childhood obesity rates. | Innovative and cost-effective strategies targeting parents are essential. | Self-guided behavior change for families should be encouraged for better outcomes |
References
Fang, K., Mu, M., Liu, K., & He, Y. (2019). Screen time and childhood overweight/obesity: A systematic review and meta‐analysis. Child: care, health and development, 45(5), 744-753. https://doi.org/10.1111/cch.12701
Robinson, T. N., Banda, J. A., Hale, L., Lu, A. S., Fleming-Milici, F., Calvert, S. L., & Wartella, E. (2017). Screen Media Exposure and Obesity in Children and Adolescents. Pediatrics, 140(Suppl 2), S97–S101. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2016-1758K
Thompson, T. (Ed.). (2016). Childhood obesity. Greenhaven Publishing LLC.