NUR 502 Module 4 Discussion
ST. Thomas University NUR 502 Module 4 Discussion-Step-By-Step Guide
This guide will demonstrate how to complete the ST. Thomas University NUR 502 Module 4 Discussion assignment based on general principles of academic writing. Here, we will show you the A, B, Cs of completing an academic paper, irrespective of the instructions. After guiding you through what to do, the guide will leave one or two sample essays at the end to highlight the various sections discussed below.
How to Research and Prepare for NUR 502 Module 4 Discussion
Whether one passes or fails an academic assignment such as the ST. Thomas University NUR 502 Module 4 Discussion depends on the preparation done beforehand. The first thing to do once you receive an assignment is to quickly skim through the requirements. Once that is done, start going through the instructions one by one to clearly understand what the instructor wants. The most important thing here is to understand the required format—whether it is APA, MLA, Chicago, etc.
After understanding the requirements of the paper, the next phase is to gather relevant materials. The first place to start the research process is the weekly resources. Go through the resources provided in the instructions to determine which ones fit the assignment. After reviewing the provided resources, use the university library to search for additional resources. After gathering sufficient and necessary resources, you are now ready to start drafting your paper.
How to Write the Introduction for NUR 502 Module 4 Discussion
The introduction for the ST. Thomas University NUR 502 Module 4 Discussion is where you tell the instructor what your paper will encompass. In three to four statements, highlight the important points that will form the basis of your paper. Here, you can include statistics to show the importance of the topic you will be discussing. At the end of the introduction, write a clear purpose statement outlining what exactly will be contained in the paper. This statement will start with “The purpose of this paper…” and then proceed to outline the various sections of the instructions.
How to Write the Body for NUR 502 Module 4 Discussion
After the introduction, move into the main part of the NUR 502 Module 4 Discussion assignment, which is the body. Given that the paper you will be writing is not experimental, the way you organize the headings and subheadings of your paper is critically important. In some cases, you might have to use more subheadings to properly organize the assignment. The organization will depend on the rubric provided. Carefully examine the rubric, as it will contain all the detailed requirements of the assignment. Sometimes, the rubric will have information that the normal instructions lack.
Another important factor to consider at this point is how to do citations. In-text citations are fundamental as they support the arguments and points you make in the paper. At this point, the resources gathered at the beginning will come in handy. Integrating the ideas of the authors with your own will ensure that you produce a comprehensive paper. Also, follow the given citation format. In most cases, APA 7 is the preferred format for nursing assignments.
How to Write the Conclusion for NUR 502 Module 4 Discussion
After completing the main sections, write the conclusion of your paper. The conclusion is a summary of the main points you made in your paper. However, you need to rewrite the points and not simply copy and paste them. By restating the points from each subheading, you will provide a nuanced overview of the assignment to the reader.
How to Format the References List for NUR 502 Module 4 Discussion
The very last part of your paper involves listing the sources used in your paper. These sources should be listed in alphabetical order and double-spaced. Additionally, use a hanging indent for each source that appears in this list. Lastly, only the sources cited within the body of the paper should appear here.
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Sample Answer for NUR 502 Module 4 Discussion
The attending physician is thinking that Mr. J.R. has developed an Acute Kidney Injury (AKI). Analyzing the case presented name the possible types of Acute Kidney Injury. Link the clinical manifestations described to the different types of Acute Kidney injury.
Mr. J.R.’s symptoms seem to have developed acute kidney injury (AKI) based on his clinical presentation. One of the possible types often linked to gastrointestinal symptoms of vomiting and diarrhea is pre-renal AKI. According to Pickkers et al. (2021), this condition is characterized by reduced blood flow to the kidneys, affecting their optimum function. Due to the toxin or infection of the renal parenchyma, the fever, nausea, and diarrhea exhibited by the patient indicate the intrinsic type of AKI. His weakness and dizziness while standing may be accurate manifestations of post-renal AKI stemming from factors like obstructive urinary tract problems.
Create a list of risk factors the patient might have and explain why.
Mr. J.R. faces multiple health risks. Advanced age is a major risk factor, as older adults frequently experience a decline in immune system efficiency and may have reduced psychological reserves. Other notable risk factors include gastroenteritis after eating fast-food burritos, which suggests a foodborne infection, and the ingestion of Pepto-Bismol, which possibly would affect kidney function (Kellum et al., 2021). Having five to six watery bowel movements is another risk factor that suggests dehydration, exacerbating his weakness and dizziness. Fever, nausea, vomiting, or a metallic taste could be a sign of a systemic infection or toxin exposure, adding to the list of risk factors.
Please describe the complications that the patient might have on his Hematologic system (Coagulopathy and Anemia) and the pathophysiologic mechanisms involved.
In agreement with and augmented by Mr. J.R.’s symptoms and risk factors, the most appropriate diagnosis is chronic kidney disease. This puts him at risk of coagulopathy and anemia, which are known hematologic complications. According to Gaut and Liapis (2020), CKD causes an imbalance of the components that ensure proper blood clotting and prevent it, causing an increased risk for bleeding and thrombosis. Notably, renal dysfunction is a leading cause of platelet disorders leading to hemostasis. On the other hand, anemia stems from CKD-induced erythropoietin deficiency due to reduced red blood cell production. While CKD uremic toxins can affect the production of red blood cells and the functioning of platelets, Mr. J.R.’s severe complications impact his hematologic system, necessitating careful management and monitoring
Reproductive Function
According to the case presented, including the clinical manifestations and microscopic examination of the vaginal discharge, what is the most probably diagnosis for Ms. P.C.? Support your answer and explain why you get to that diagnosis.
Reflecting on the information provided regarding Ms. PC’s symptoms, sexual history, and microscopic examination results, the most probable diagnosis is Neisseria gonorrhoeae. According to Lovett et al. (2022), the clinical manifestations of this condition include a pus-like discharge (yellow, white, beige, or greenish), greater frequency or urgency of urination, a burning sensation during urination, itching, and soreness in your anus. and the presence of gram-negative intracellular diplococci, are similar clinical presentations with the patient. Also, the lower abdominal pain supports this diagnosis. The patient should be attended to with immediate effect, including antibiotic treatment and education on practicing protected sex, among other aspects of the treatment plan.
Based on the vaginal discharged described and the microscopic examination of the sample could you suggest which would be the microorganism involved?
Ms. P.C.’s thick, greenish-yellow vaginal discharge and gram-negative intracellular diplococci under a microscope strongly suggest Neisseria gonorrhoeae. The Neisseria gonorrhoeae bacterium frequently causes gonococcal infections, which are consistent with the discharge’s color and consistency. The presence of gram-negative intracellular diplococci, which resemble gonorrhoeae microorganisms, suggests their role in Ms. P.C.’s genitourinary symptoms.
Name the criteria you would use to recommend hospitalization for this patient
Ms. P.C. may need hospitalization for several reasons. The indication of a serious infection confirmed by her lower abdominal pain and malodorous vaginal discharge necessitates close monitoring. I also recommend hospitalization for this patient because the presence of gram-negative intracellular diplococci could cause systematic complications if untreated (Barbee & St. Cyr, 2022). Given the uncertainty about her partner’s recent genitourinary status and the possibility of unprotected sexual activity, hospitalizing Ms. PC would minimize the chances of compromise and enhance patient safety and comprehensive management.
References
Barbee, L. A., & St. Cyr, S. B. (2022). Management of neisseria gonorrhoeae in the United States: Summary of evidence from the development of the 2020 gonorrhea treatment recommendations and the 2021 centers for disease control and prevention sexually transmitted infection treatment guidelines. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 74(2), S95–S111. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciac043
Gaut, J. P., & Liapis, H. (2020). Acute kidney injury pathology and pathophysiology: A retrospective review. Clinical Kidney Journal, 14(2), 526–536. https://doi.org/10.1093/ckj/sfaa142
Kellum, J. A., Romagnani, P., Ashuntantang, G., Ronco, C., Zarbock, A., & Anders, H.-J. (2021). Acute kidney injury. Nature Reviews Disease Primers, 7(1). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41572-021-00284-z
Lovett, A., Seña, A. C., Macintyre, A. N., Sempowski, G. D., Duncan, J. A., & Waltmann, A. (2022). Cervicovaginal microbiota predicts Neisseria gonorrhoeae clinical presentation. Frontiers in Microbiology, 12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2021.790531
Pickkers, P., Darmon, M., Hoste, E., Joannidis, M., Legrand, M., Ostermann, M., Prowle, J. R., Schneider, A., & Schetz, M. (2021). Acute kidney injury in the critically ill: An updated review on pathophysiology and management. Intensive Care Medicine, 47(8), 835–850. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00134-021-06454-7
Sample Answer 2 for NUR 502 Module 4 Discussion
Renal Function Case Study
Analyzing Acute Kidney Disease
Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) are injuries to the kidneys, whether structural or functional, that happen quickly, usually over 48 hours (Dlugasch & Story, 2020). The patient’s serum creatinine level is expected to be elevated, greater than 1.0 mg/dL (Kellum et al., 2021). Acute kidney injury can be classified into three types: pre-renal, intrarenal, and post-renal (Dlugasch & Story, 2020). Based on J.R.’s symptoms over the last 48 hours, pre-renal AKI could be suspected of dehydration caused by nausea and vomiting from food poisoning. If J.R. was presented with flank pain in addition to the fever, post-renal AKI could be suspected due to nephrolithiasis.
The most common AKI is pre-renal AKI (Thapa et al., 2020). Even though the kidney function is normal, a reduced glomerular filtration rate might develop in cases of vomiting or diarrhea because of intravascular volume depletion, reducing renal perfusion. Any acute kidney injury (AKI), whether pre-, intra-, or post-renal, can cause patients to feel weak, dizzy, have an unpleasant metallic taste in their mouth, pale, and sweat.
Risk Factors for Acute Kidney Injury
Mr. J.R.’s age is a risk factor for acute kidney injury. The kidneys grow more fragile as we age, making the elderly more prone to renal injury. Another risk factor is volume depletion. Dehydration caused by gastroenteritis causes fluid loss and the kidneys cannot recycle as much fluid for the body. A decrease in the body’s fluid balance leads to a decrease in glomerular filtration rate (GFR), which in turn causes kidney damage (Dlugasch & Story, 2020). An inadequate capacity for reabsorption exacerbates the excessive loss of gastrointestinal fluids due to diarrhea through the stomach. The patient’s pre-renal water loss was significantly impacted by severe nausea and vomiting and diarrhea.
Chronic Kidney Disease
Among the hematologic complications including coagulopathy and anemia, patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) have a slower rate of blood clot production and a greater rate of blood clot breakdown. For platelet growth, the body secretes ADP and serotonin. While endothelial von Willebrand factor is primarily responsible for coagulopathy in CKD, intrinsic platelet defects hinder the adhesion of platelet glycoprotein receptors. Anemia induced by chronic kidney disease often results from a deficiency of erythropoietin.
The hormone erythropoietin controls the production of RBCs in the bone marrow. It is produced by the liver during pregnancy but is secreted by the kidneys after birth. In reaction to reduced oxygen delivery, erythropoietin stimulates kidney production, which interacts with receptors on RBC progenitor cells to release mature red blood cells into the bloodstream. This function is hindered by chronic kidney disease. J.R. stated that he had a metallic taste in his mouth which is consistent with chronic kidney disease (Dlugasch & Story, 2020).
Reproductive Function Case Study
Clinical Manifestations and Examination
Based on the symptoms listed, the most significant diagnosis is pelvic inflammatory disease (PID). The vaginal and cervix bacterial flora caused an ascending infection. Because the patient has been suffering from untreated gonorrhea for days, the bacteria that cause PID have been spread. Eight days earlier, the patient reported engaging in vaginal intercourse without protection. Typically, it takes 2–5 days from contact with the bacteria until symptoms appear. Standard microscopic features of Neisseria gonorrhea include (+) white blood cells and (+) gram-negative intracellular diplococci. Lower stomach pain, nausea, vomiting, and heavy and thick, greenish-yellow color discharge are critical clinical signs in severe PID secondary to gonorrhea. When the infection has progressed a bit further, nausea and vomiting may appear.
Microorganisms Involved
A microscopic examination would reveal the presence of gram-negative intracellular diplococci bacterium that is caused by Neisseria gonorrhea. If left untreated, this bacterium can spread quickly and become highly resistant to treatment (Chang, 2022).
Criteria for Hospitalization
A young woman who is sexually active presents with pain in her lower abdomen and an excessive amount of vaginal discharge. Microscopic analysis revealed the presence of white blood cells (WBCs). The patient was diagnosed with PID and requires treatment of intravenous antibiotics. These results warrant prompt admission and the start of empirical treatment because the patient could develop a tubo-ovarian abscess which is known to cause infertility and scarring of the fallopian tubes (Dlugasch & Story, 2020).
References
Chang, A. L. (2022). Pelvic inflammatory Disease (PID). https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true%26AuthType=ip,sso&db=ers&AN=86194415&site=eds-live
Dlugasch, L., & Story, L. (2020). Applied pathophysiology for the advanced practice nurse (1st ed.). Jones & Bartlett Learning
Kellum, J. A., Romagnani, P., Ashuntantang, G., Ronco, C., Zarbock, A., & Anders, H.-J. (2021). Acute kidney injury. Nature Reviews Disease Primers, 7(1). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41572-021-00284-z
Thapa, P., Kc, S., Hamal, A. B., Sharma, D., Khadka, S., Karki, N., Jaishi, B., Tiwari, P. S., Vaidya, A., & Karki, A. (2020). Prevalence of Acute Kidney Injury in Patients with Liver Cirrhosis. JNMA; Journal of the Nepal Medical Association, 58(228), 554–559. https://doi.org/10.31729/jnma.5147