NUR 550 DQ Epidemiology, Biostatistics, Genetics, and Genomics
NUR 550 DQ Epidemiology, Biostatistics, Genetics, and Genomics
Health and illness follow a social gradient, making social, environmental, and economic circumstances lead to health inequities, often across generations (World Health Organization [WHO], n.d.). Health equity puts people first, allocating resources so that those with fewer resources and those that face exclusion and discrimination see improvements in their health and living conditions. Inequities such as where people live, grow up, learn, and work leads to certain groups having poorer quality housing, education, fewer employment opportunities, and less access to clean air and water, food security, and health care. Transcultural research will take the information learned to close the gap between health inequities, advancing healthy living conditions for all social groups. By combining evidence and knowledge to understand more, health inequities are avoidable and preventable
I was hoping after my biostatistics class during my undergraduate study that I would never encounter it again, but I encounter it daily and use it in my nursing practice. I think it can be daunting when we think of it as statistics, but biostatistics is so important in improving health outcomes and for research to meet this goal. Biostatistics helps guide experts through diseases but one of the most common times it is valuable is during disease outbreaks like we saw during the COVID-19 pandemic. Biostatistics can help us explain and predict some of the health outcomes and the direction of epidemics and pandemics as well as influence decision making in public health (Beric-Stojsic, 2021). Epidemiology is the study of the causation, spread and control of disease across time and space and gives us information about health status, morbidity, and mortality in human populations (Beric-Stojsic, 2021). Biostatistics and epidemiology are used together to guide all of our decisions related to the prevention and control of diseases (Beric-Stojsic, 2021). Epidemiology and biostatistics are very significant to my evidence-based practice proposal because in order for it to be evidence-based I need good evidence the comes from well-designed studies that were planned properly for data collection. If studies are not well-designed then the data collected is not useful. I want to base my evidence-based practice on well-designed studies with good evidence.
Health disparities lag behind economic and social development in communities and countries (Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion [ODPHP], 2021). The goal of genomics, which is rapidly advancing, is to promote health and treat disease by taking into account individual differences in people’s genes, environments, and lifestyles, and by guiding clinical and public health interventions with the benefits of genetic tests and family history. Translational research is a never-ending cycle of research and translations that allows us to understand science while also putting it into practice to improve human health and well-being (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], 2018).
Description:
Consider ecological and global issues, social determinants of health, principles of genetics, and genomics. Explain how translational research can be applied in these areas to address the burden of global disease.
Topic 2 Participation
Description:
Topic 2: Epidemiology, Biostatistics, Genetics, and Genomics
Description
Objectives:
1. Describe the role of epidemiology in researching population health challenges.
2. Describe the role of epidemiology in addressing population health challenges.
3. Explain the value of biostatistics in population health research.
4. Discuss the application of translational research to global issues.
Study Materials
Biostatistics
Description:
Read “Biostatistics,” by Minkoff, from Magill’s Medical Guide (2018).
Population Health
Description:
Read “Population Health” by Bibb, from Encyclopedia of Nursing Research (2017).
A Research Utilisation Framework for Informing Global Health and Development Policies and Programmes
Description:
Read “A Research Utilisation Framework for Informing Global Health and Development Policies and Programmes,” by Christine et al., from Health Research Policy and Systems (2018).
Translational Research
Description:
Read “Translational Research” by White, from Encyclopedia of Nursing Research (2017).
Overview and Summary: Translational Research: From Knowledge to Practice
Description:
Read “Overview and Summary: Translational Research: From Knowledge to Practice,” by Naylor, from Online Journal of Issues in Nursing (2018).
Nursing Practice Problem (Revision) 10.0% The nursing practice problem was not included, or the required revisions were not made. The changes failed to meet the criteria for a relevant nursing practice problem for an evidence-based practice project proposal. Additional revisions are still required for approval. Revisions were made accordingly to improve the proposed nursing practice problem, but some aspects are inaccurate or unclear. Additional revisions are still required for approval. NA The nursing practice problem is clearly presented and approved. No revision was required, or all necessary revisions are were made.
Translational and Traditional Articles 15.0% More than two articles selected do not meet the assignment criteria. At least one article is omitted. Two articles do not meet the assignment criteria. It is unclear how one or two of the articles support the proposed nursing practice problem. One article does not meet the assignment criteria. Overall, the articles generally support the proposed nursing practice problem. The proposed problem would be better supported with the selection of one or two different articles. The articles meet the assignment criteria and provide adequate support for the proposed nursing practice problem. A quantitative article and a qualitative article were each compared to a translational research article. The articles are peer-reviewed, published within the last five years, and pertain to the nursing practice problem. The assignment criteria are fully met.
Comparison of Methodology Between Translational and Traditional Research 15.0% The comparison between translational and quantitative and translational and qualitative methodologies is omitted. The comparison between translational and quantitative and translational and qualitative methodologies is incomplete. There are significant inaccuracies. A summary comparison between translational and quantitative and translational and qualitative methodologies is presented. Some aspects are incorrect or unclear. The comparison between translational and quantitative and translational and qualitative methodologies is adequately presented. Some aspects require more detail for accuracy or clarity. The comparison between translational and quantitative and translational and qualitative methodologies is thorough and accurate. A clear understanding of translational and traditional methodologies is demonstrated.
Comparison of Goals Between Translational and Traditional Research 15.0% The comparison of goals between translational and quantitative and translational and qualitative research is omitted. The comparison of goals between translational and quantitative and translational and qualitative research is incomplete. There are significant inaccuracies. A summary comparison of goals between translational and quantitative and translational and qualitative research is presented. Some aspects are incorrect or unclear. A comparison of goals between translational and quantitative and translational and qualitative research is adequately presented. Some aspects require more detail for accuracy or clarity. The comparison of goals between translational and quantitative and translational and qualitative research is thorough and accurate. An understanding of goals between traditional and translational research is evident.
Comparison of Data Collection Between Translational and Traditional Research 15.0% The comparison of data collection between translational and quantitative and translational and qualitative research is omitted. The comparison of data collection between translational and quantitative and translational and qualitative research is incomplete. There are significant inaccuracies. A summary comparison of data collection between translational and quantitative and translational and qualitative research is presented. Some aspects are incorrect or unclear. The comparison of data collection between translational and quantitative and translational and qualitative research is adequately presented. Some aspects require more detail for accuracy or clarity. The comparison of data collection between translational and quantitative and translational and qualitative research is thorough and accurate. An understanding of goals between traditional and translational research is evident.
Observations (Similarities and Differences) 20.0% The similarities and differences between translational and quantitative and translational and qualitative research are not discussed. The similarities and differences between translational and quantitative and translational and qualitative research are only partially discussed. The narrative is vague and contains inaccuracies. The similarities and differences between translational and quantitative and translational and qualitative research are summarized. More information is needed. There are minor inaccuracies. The similarities and differences between translational and quantitative and translational and qualitative research are presented. Some detail is needed for clarity or accuracy The similarities and differences between translational and quantitative and translational and qualitative research are detailed and informative.
Mechanics of Writing (includes spelling, punctuation, grammar, and language use) 5.0% Surface errors are pervasive enough that they impede communication of meaning. Inappropriate word choice or sentence construction is employed Frequent and repetitive mechanical errors distract the reader. Inconsistencies in language choice (register) or word choice are present. Sentence structure is correct but not varied. Some mechanical errors or typos are present, but they are not overly distracting to the reader. Correct and varied sentence structure and audience-appropriate language are employed. Prose is largely free of mechanical errors, although a few may be present. The writer uses a variety of effective sentence structures and figures of speech. The writer is clearly in command of standard, written, academic English.
When considering ecological and global issues, social determinants of health, genetics, and genomics, translational research methods are the key to moving new therapies into clinical practice – easing the burden of global diseases and disorders. Thus, translational research examines how scientific work can be moved into clinical practice to inspire evidence-based practice changes that benefit society (“Translation research”, 2020).
By recognizing how social determinants such as economic stability, educational quality, educational levels, health care access, and quality impact populations, researchers can be better positioned to understand how to address, reduce, and prevent certain disorders and diseases of specific populations in the future.
According to DeNisco, 2019, p.193, incidences of cancer around the world are rising. The pain and suffering stemming from cancer and other diseases and health disorders is a motivational factor that may influence science researchers into utilizing translational research to translate new treatments, medications, and technological products into clinical practice in a timely manner.
Currently, an area of research – called genetic engineering, is in place to assist in customizing and individualizing patient care (DeNisco, 2019, p. 392). Thus, genetic engineering is where the genome (an organism’s DNA and all of its genes), is plotted to provide an understanding of individual DNA, which also analyzes the impact of external factors (genomics), (DeNisco, 2019, p. 392).
Hence, in their article, Ren et al., 2022 discussed that they applied translational research to pave the way in developing new generation treatments to treat inherited retinal disease (IRD), where their approaches entered into clinical phases of development, and some have translated into approved products that assist in manifesting improved patient outcomes related to IRD.
References
DeNisco, S. M. (2019). Advanced Practice Nursing: Essential knowledge for the profession (3rd ed.). Jones & Bartlett Learning.
Ren, D., Fisson, S., Dalkara, D., & Ail, D. (2022). Immune Responses to Gene Editing by Viral and Non-Viral Delivery Vectors Used in Retinal Gene Therapy. Pharmaceutics, 14(9), N.PAG. https://10.3390/pharmaceutics14091973
Translation research. (2020, February 24). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/translationresearch/default.html
it is true that translational research examines how scientific work can be moved into clinical practice to inspire evidence-based practice changes that benefit society. The implementation of translational research in healthcare settings improve service delivery. Similarly, the research provides factual information that improve the accuracy and reliability of decision-making process (Tauer et al., 2019). Social determinants such as economic stability, educational quality, educational levels, health care access, and quality impact populations all affect healthcare service delivery. However, the effect of these social determinants are felt differently in the healthcare environment. Recognizing social determinants is crucial in improving quality of healthcare. Distinct population may be exposed to different social determinant. Translational research is important in disclosing information on social determinants and their influence on healthcare (Howlett et al., 2021). Cancer is among chronic health complications that affects most people. Statistics reveal that there is an increase in cancer cases. The increase has resulted to various intervention efforts. Translational research provides reliable information that assist in chronic disease management.
References
Howlett, S. E., Rutenberg, A. D., & Rockwood, K. (2021). The degree of frailty as a translational measure of health in aging. Nature Aging, 1(8), 651-665.
Tauer, J. T., Robinson, M. E., & Rauch, F. (2019). Osteogenesis imperfecta: new perspectives from clinical and translational research. JBMR plus, 3(8), e10174. https://doi.org/10.1002/jbm4.10174
Population health relies on several factors, especially epidemiology as it describes the health status, identifies risk factors and analyzes relationships between health and various hazardous aspects or agents. Therefore, epidemiology looks at the origin and causes of diseases in a community that affect population health. Imperatively, epidemiology assists in researching the root cause of a disease and its outbreak for effective mitigation. Epidemiological studies on populations offer an opportunity to test newly developed biomarkers, exposures and genetic variations that study the relevance in association between disease agents or progression from an early stage (Lau et al., 2020). As such, epidemiology allows researchers to develop effective interventions to control disease outbreaks and help populations create strategies for optimal outcomes. The implication is that through epidemiology, health care providers and researchers seek effective solutions to dealing with outbreaks by utilizing evidence-based practice interventions or approaches. The insights or findings from epidemiological research should lead to the maintenance, enhancement and promotion of people’s health.
Epidemiologists study prevalence and patterns of disease among large populations. The data from such studies is used to inform public health strategies and interventions (Louis et al., 2017). For instance, without the use of epidemiological research, the world health care systems could understand the extent of the HIV crisis in developing countries, especially in Africa. Through the discovery, different strategies on public health and awareness about the disease began with several stakeholders coming on board. The current Coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) remains a global public health concern because of its effects on population health. as such, epidemiologists continue to study its effects, origin and cause to develop responsive and effective vaccines to protect the world from the pandemic.
References
Lau, B., Duggal, P., Ehrhardt, S., Armenian, H., Branas, C. C., Colditz, G. A., … & Celentano,
- D. (2020). Perspectives on the Future of Epidemiology: A Framework for Training. American Journal of Epidemiology, 189(7), 634-639. https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwaa013
Louis, G. M. B., Bloom, M. S., Gatto, N. M., Hogue, C. R., Westreich, D. J. & Zhang, C. (2017).
Epidemiology’s Continuing Contribution to Public Health: The Power of “Then and Now”. American Journal of Epidemiology, 181(8): e1-e8. https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwv043