NURS 8200 Assignment 2: Descriptive Statistics
Walden University NURS 8200 Assignment 2: Descriptive Statistics-Step-By-Step Guide
This guide will demonstrate how to complete the Walden University NURS 8200 Assignment 2: Descriptive Statistics assignment based on general principles of academic writing. Here, we will show you the A, B, Cs of completing an academic paper, irrespective of the instructions. After guiding you through what to do, the guide will leave one or two sample essays at the end to highlight the various sections discussed below.
How to Research and Prepare for NURS 8200 Assignment 2: Descriptive Statistics
Whether one passes or fails an academic assignment such as the Walden University NURS 8200 Assignment 2: Descriptive Statistics depends on the preparation done beforehand. The first thing to do once you receive an assignment is to quickly skim through the requirements. Once that is done, start going through the instructions one by one to clearly understand what the instructor wants. The most important thing here is to understand the required format—whether it is APA, MLA, Chicago, etc.
After understanding the requirements of the paper, the next phase is to gather relevant materials. The first place to start the research process is the weekly resources. Go through the resources provided in the instructions to determine which ones fit the assignment. After reviewing the provided resources, use the university library to search for additional resources. After gathering sufficient and necessary resources, you are now ready to start drafting your paper.
How to Write the Introduction for NURS 8200 Assignment 2: Descriptive Statistics
The introduction for the Walden University NURS 8200 Assignment 2: Descriptive Statistics is where you tell the instructor what your paper will encompass. In three to four statements, highlight the important points that will form the basis of your paper. Here, you can include statistics to show the importance of the topic you will be discussing. At the end of the introduction, write a clear purpose statement outlining what exactly will be contained in the paper. This statement will start with “The purpose of this paper…” and then proceed to outline the various sections of the instructions.
How to Write the Body for NURS 8200 Assignment 2: Descriptive Statistics
After the introduction, move into the main part of the NURS 8200 Assignment 2: Descriptive Statistics assignment, which is the body. Given that the paper you will be writing is not experimental, the way you organize the headings and subheadings of your paper is critically important. In some cases, you might have to use more subheadings to properly organize the assignment. The organization will depend on the rubric provided. Carefully examine the rubric, as it will contain all the detailed requirements of the assignment. Sometimes, the rubric will have information that the normal instructions lack.
Another important factor to consider at this point is how to do citations. In-text citations are fundamental as they support the arguments and points you make in the paper. At this point, the resources gathered at the beginning will come in handy. Integrating the ideas of the authors with your own will ensure that you produce a comprehensive paper. Also, follow the given citation format. In most cases, APA 7 is the preferred format for nursing assignments.
How to Write the Conclusion for NURS 8200 Assignment 2: Descriptive Statistics
After completing the main sections, write the conclusion of your paper. The conclusion is a summary of the main points you made in your paper. However, you need to rewrite the points and not simply copy and paste them. By restating the points from each subheading, you will provide a nuanced overview of the assignment to the reader.
How to Format the References List for NURS 8200 Assignment 2: Descriptive Statistics
The very last part of your paper involves listing the sources used in your paper. These sources should be listed in alphabetical order and double-spaced. Additionally, use a hanging indent for each source that appears in this list. Lastly, only the sources cited within the body of the paper should appear here.
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Sample Answer for NURS 8200 Assignment 2: Descriptive Statistics
Part I
Descriptive statistics is commonly applied in the process of data analysis to show the attributes of different variables applied in the study (Vetter, 2017). Descriptive statistics can also a summary statistic that summarizes and describes features from a collection of information or dataset (Kaur et al., 2018). Descriptive statistics can be distinguished from the inferential statistics by its aim to summarize the sample data (Kaliyadan & Kulkarni, 2019). Descriptive statistics, unlike the inferential statistics, is not based on the non-parametric tests as well as the probability theory (Mishra et al., 2019). Some examples of descriptive statistics include measures of central tendency including mean, median, mode, and standard deviation, also, frequencies can be considered as one of the descriptive statistics (Finkelstein, 2019).
Table 1. Demographic Data (N = 30)
n % M (SD)
Age (in years) 929 19.6803(3.78497)
Highest School Grade Completed 989 11.28(1.561)
Race and Ethnicity
Black, Not Hispanic 803 (80.3)
Hispanic 128 (12.8)
White, Not Hispanic 53 (5.3)
Other 14 (1.4)
Currently Employed
Yes 452 (45.3)
No 546 (54.7)
Note. Differences in sample size are due to missing data.
Table 1 shows the demographic data for the variables, age and the highest school grade completed. From the information provided in the table, the mean age of the participants was 19.6803 years while the mean for the highest grade obtained was 11.28. The frequency distribution indicates that there were more Black, not Hispanic participants in the study. The total number of black participants were 803 constitutiing 80.3%. On the other hand, the total number of Hispanic participants were 128, contituting 12.8%. The least number of participants were Whites, Not Hispanics with 53 participants constituting 5.3%. Other participants were 14 constituting 1.4%.
Part II
Assignment: Using the data obtained when you ran the descriptives and the histograms, determine whether the data skewed. If so, is it a positive, negative or neutral skew?
- ______________Negative________ skew
- ______________Neutral________ skew
Part III
- What is the mean income in this sample?
The mean income in the sample is $1,172.59
- What is the standard deviation (SD)?
The standard deviation of the sample is $788.153
- What is the standard error of the mean?
The standard error of the mean is 0.082
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- Compute a 95% confidence interval around the mean. (Use 1.96 for the 95% CI and get the standard error from the descriptive statistics table). You should get a range (2 numbers) for the salary. The formula is as follows:
95% CI = [mean ± (1.96 ´ SE)] (Du Prel et al., 2019)
= 1,172.59 ± 1.96 ´ 0.082
= 1,172.59 ± 0.16072
= (1,172.42928, 1,172.75072)
- Compute a 99% confidence interval around the mean. (Use 2.58 for the 99% CI and get the standard error from the descriptive statistics table). You should get a range (2 numbers) for the salary. The formula is as follows:
99% CI = [mean ± (2.58 ´ SE)]
= 1,172.59 ± 2.58 ´ 0.082
= 1,172.59 ± 0.21156
= (1,172.37844, 1,172.80156)
- Which interval is wider? Explain.
99% interval is wider than 95% confidence interval because, for the researcher to be more confident, there is the need to allow for more potential values within the interval (Hazra, 2017).
References
Finkelstein, M. O. (2019). Confidence. In Basic Concepts of Probability and Statistics in the Law (pp. 81-87). Springer, New York, NY. https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/b105519_6
Hazra, A. (2017). Using the confidence interval confidently. Journal of thoracic disease, 9(10), 4125. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5723800/
Kaliyadan, F., & Kulkarni, V. (2019). Types of variables, descriptive statistics, and sample size. Indian dermatology online journal, 10(1), 82. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6362742/
Kaur, P., Stoltzfus, J., & Yellapu, V. (2018). Descriptive statistics. International Journal of Academic Medicine, 4(1), 60. https://www.ijam-web.org/article.asp?issn=2455-5568;year=2018;volume=4;issue=1;spage=60;epage=63;aulast=Kaur
Mishra, P., Pandey, C. M., Singh, U., Gupta, A., Sahu, C., & Keshri, A. (2019). Descriptive statistics and normality tests for statistical data. Annals of cardiac anaesthesia, 22(1), 67. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6350423/
Vetter, T. R. (2017). Descriptive Statistics: Reporting the Answers to the 5 Basic Questions of Who, What, Why, When, Where, and a Sixth, So What?. Anesthesia & Analgesia, 125(5), 1797-1802. https://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/wk/ane/2017/00000125/00000005/art00048
Sample Answer 2 for NURS 8200 Assignment 2: Descriptive Statistics
Measures of Central Tendency
| Table 1: American Indian / Alaska Native (includes Hispanic) | |
| Mean | 43.275 |
| Standard Error | 1.31622883 |
| Median | 43.85 |
| Mode | #N/A |
| Standard Deviation | 5.264915321 |
| Sample Variance | 27.71933333 |
| Kurtosis | -0.136660029 |
| Skewness | -0.383344382 |
| Range | 19.7 |
| Minimum | 32 |
| Maximum | 51.7 |
| Sum | 692.4 |
| Count | 16 |
| Confidence Level(95.0%) | 2.805475342 |
In data analysis, measures of central tendency are essential when it comes to the understanding of different attributes of the dataset (Weaver 17). In most cases, it reveals the characteristics of the study participants or respondents, their mean, mode, the median, maximum and minimum numbers. The following tables indicate the descriptive statistics for the National Cancer Institute 2018.
| Table 2: Asian / Pacific Islander (includes Hispanic) | |
| Mean | 38.5125 |
| Standard Error | 0.595810023 |
| Median | 38.9 |
| Mode | 36.6 |
| Standard Deviation | 2.383240091 |
| Sample Variance | 5.679833333 |
| Kurtosis | -0.712232536 |
| Skewness | -0.555307749 |
| Range | 7.8 |
| Minimum | 34 |
| Maximum | 41.8 |
| Sum | 616.2 |
| Count | 16 |
| Table 3: Black (includes Hispanic) | |
| Mean | 70.06875 |
| Standard Error | 1.685025191 |
| Median | 71.4 |
| Mode | #N/A |
| Standard Deviation | 6.740100766 |
| Sample Variance | 45.42895833 |
| Kurtosis | -0.949652546 |
| Skewness | -0.507960145 |
| Range | 21.6 |
| Minimum | 57.4 |
| Maximum | 79 |
| Sum | 1121.1 |
| Count | 16 |
| Table 4: Hispanic (any race) | |
| Mean | 31.49375 |
| Standard Error | 0.724538287 |
| Median | 32.1 |
| Mode | 34.1 |
| Standard Deviation | 2.898153148 |
| Sample Variance | 8.399291667 |
| Kurtosis | -0.88797923 |
| Skewness | -0.611418136 |
| Range | 9 |
| Minimum | 26 |
| Maximum | 35 |
| Sum | 503.9 |
| Count | 16 |
| Table 5: White (includes Hispanic) | |
| Mean | 62.725 |
| Standard Error | 1.278720063 |
| Median | 64.55 |
| Mode | 65.8 |
| Standard Deviation | 5.114880253 |
| Sample Variance | 26.162 |
| Kurtosis | -1.087933179 |
| Skewness | -0.55685628 |
| Range | 15.6 |
| Minimum | 53.2 |
| Maximum | 68.8 |
| Sum | 1003.6 |
| Count | 16 |
Table 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 indicate the rate of cancer in the American Indian, Asian, Black, Hispanic and whites races per 100,000 people respectively. The black community has the highest rate of cancer infection, followed by whites, including Hispanics (Merola et al. 32). The Hispanic race has the lowest rate of cancer prevalence per 100, 000 people. The data was recorded for 16 successive years from the year 2000 to 2015. Among the American Indian participants, the highest rate per 100, 000 people was 51.7 while the lowest rate was 32; this was recorded in the year 2004 (Bilimoria et al. 13). On the other hand, for the Asian participants, the maximum rate was 41.8 while the minimum rate was 34 as recorded in the year 2000 and 2014, respectively. For the blacks, Hispanics and whites, the maximum rates of infections were 79, 35, and 68.8 respectively. The means rate for the American Indians, Asians, Blacks, Hispanics, and Whites who participated in the research was 43.275, 38.5125, 70.06875, 31.49375, and 62.725 respectively.
Table 6: Measures of Variation
| Ethnicity/Race | American Indian / Alaska Native (includes Hispanic) | Asian / Pacific Islander (includes Hispanic) | Black (includes Hispanic) | Hispanic (any race) | White (includes Hispanic) |
| Variance | 27.71933 | 5.6798 | 45.429 | 8.399 | 26.162 |
| Standard Deviation | 5.265 | 2.383 | 6.740 | 2.8981 | 5.115 |
| Maximum | 51.7 | 41.8 | 79 | 35 | 68.8 |
| Minimum | 32 | 34 | 57.4 | 26 | 53.2 |
| Range | 19.7 | 7.8 | 21.6 | 9 | 15.6 |
Table 6 indicates measures of variation for the National Cancer Institute of 2018. From the table, a high rate of variation was recorded among the black race. In other words, the black participants had the highest rate of cancer infection per 100,000 people with high variation. Data for the Asian/Pacific Islander showed the least variation with 5.6798. The variations represented the deviation from the means for the rate of cancer infection per 100, 000 people. The range for the American Indians, Asian, Blacks, Hispanics, and whites were recorded as 19.7, 7.8, 21.6, 9, and 15.6 respectively.
Works Cited
Bilimoria, Karl Y., et al. “The National Cancer Data Base: a powerful initiative to improve cancer care in the United States.” Annals of surgical oncology 15.3 (2008): 683-690.
Merola, Roberta, et al. “PCA3 in prostate cancer and tumor aggressiveness detection on 407 high-risk patients: a National Cancer Institute experience.” Journal of Experimental & Clinical Cancer Research 34.1 (2015): 15.
Weaver, Kathleen F. An Introduction to Statistical Analysis in Research: With Applications in the Biological and Life Sciences. , 2017. Print.