NURS 8201 Week 5 t-Tests and ANOVA
Walden University NURS 8201 Week 5 t-Tests and ANOVA-Step-By-Step Guide
This guide will demonstrate how to complete the Walden University NURS 8201 Week 5 t-Tests and ANOVA assignment based on general principles of academic writing. Here, we will show you the A, B, Cs of completing an academic paper, irrespective of the instructions. After guiding you through what to do, the guide will leave one or two sample essays at the end to highlight the various sections discussed below.
How to Research and Prepare for NURS 8201 Week 5 t-Tests and ANOVA
Whether one passes or fails an academic assignment such as the Walden University NURS 8201 Week 5 t-Tests and ANOVA depends on the preparation done beforehand. The first thing to do once you receive an assignment is to quickly skim through the requirements. Once that is done, start going through the instructions one by one to clearly understand what the instructor wants. The most important thing here is to understand the required format—whether it is APA, MLA, Chicago, etc.
After understanding the requirements of the paper, the next phase is to gather relevant materials. The first place to start the research process is the weekly resources. Go through the resources provided in the instructions to determine which ones fit the assignment. After reviewing the provided resources, use the university library to search for additional resources. After gathering sufficient and necessary resources, you are now ready to start drafting your paper.
How to Write the Introduction for NURS 8201 Week 5 t-Tests and ANOVA
The introduction for the Walden University NURS 8201 Week 5 t-Tests and ANOVA is where you tell the instructor what your paper will encompass. In three to four statements, highlight the important points that will form the basis of your paper. Here, you can include statistics to show the importance of the topic you will be discussing. At the end of the introduction, write a clear purpose statement outlining what exactly will be contained in the paper. This statement will start with “The purpose of this paper…” and then proceed to outline the various sections of the instructions.
How to Write the Body for NURS 8201 Week 5 t-Tests and ANOVA
After the introduction, move into the main part of the NURS 8201 Week 5 t-Tests and ANOVA assignment, which is the body. Given that the paper you will be writing is not experimental, the way you organize the headings and subheadings of your paper is critically important. In some cases, you might have to use more subheadings to properly organize the assignment. The organization will depend on the rubric provided. Carefully examine the rubric, as it will contain all the detailed requirements of the assignment. Sometimes, the rubric will have information that the normal instructions lack.
Another important factor to consider at this point is how to do citations. In-text citations are fundamental as they support the arguments and points you make in the paper. At this point, the resources gathered at the beginning will come in handy. Integrating the ideas of the authors with your own will ensure that you produce a comprehensive paper. Also, follow the given citation format. In most cases, APA 7 is the preferred format for nursing assignments.
How to Write the Conclusion for NURS 8201 Week 5 t-Tests and ANOVA
After completing the main sections, write the conclusion of your paper. The conclusion is a summary of the main points you made in your paper. However, you need to rewrite the points and not simply copy and paste them. By restating the points from each subheading, you will provide a nuanced overview of the assignment to the reader.
How to Format the References List for NURS 8201 Week 5 t-Tests and ANOVA
The very last part of your paper involves listing the sources used in your paper. These sources should be listed in alphabetical order and double-spaced. Additionally, use a hanging indent for each source that appears in this list. Lastly, only the sources cited within the body of the paper should appear here.
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Sample Answer for NURS 8201 Week 5 t-Tests and ANOVA
To provide a safe working environment, appropriate staffing must be maintained (CDC, 2021). According to the CDC (2021), as the Covid pandemic progresses, there will be staffing shortages due to healthcare personal (HCP), illness, or the need to care for family members at home. There are contingency capacity strategies to mitigate staffing shortages are being implemented (CDC, 2021). These strategies include cancelling all non-essential procedures and visits, attempting to address social factors that might prevent HCP from working, identifying additional HCP to work in the facility, and requesting that HCP postpone elective time off from work (CDC, 2021).
ANOVA Study
This study compares three mathematical methods: nonlinear regression, SIR, and SEIR epidemic models, to track the covid-19 disease in nine countries affected by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, to help epidemiologists to know the disease trajectory, considering initial data in the pandemic, mainly 100 days from the beginning (Juarez-Lucero et al., 2021). There was three methods one-way ANOVA applied to evaluate the results. The sample was from infected cases from the United States, Spain, Italy, France, United Kingdom, Germany, Canada, Mexico, and Argentina (Juarez-Lucero et al., 2021). Mathematical models (nonlinear regression, SIR, and SEIR) were used to simulate the Covid-19 disease (Juarez-Lucero et al., 2021). According to Juarez-Lucero (2021), the results were that the Unites States had 1,098,508 cases, Spain had 226,721 cases, Italy had 202,953 cases, France had 183,897 cases, United kingdom had 182,190, Germany had 159,407 cases, Canada had 58, 696 cases, Mexico had 50,366, and Argentina had 4,860 cases.
Inferential statistics strengthen the study because it showed the amount of cases of infected populations from each country. This study reveled that The United States must take stronger precautions against Covid. This study was limited because it didn’t specify if there were any
precautions were taken from each country. Studies are still showing that the U.S. cases of COVID-19 increased by 1,201,015 (a 41% increase) over a seven-day period. There is a daily case average of 168,409 cases, and Dec. 22 saw 242,794 new cases. The U.S. has exceeded 100,000 almost every day in December. North America had only 1,306,518 new cases. There were 8,876 new deaths over the past seven days for a 1% decrease. The U.S. has the highest number of new and total cases, the highest number of total deaths and new deaths (CDP, 2021)
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References
CDC. (2021). Staff Shortages. Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/hcp/mitigating-staff-shortages.html
CDP. (2021). Covid-19 Coronavirus. Retrieved from https://disasterphilanthropy.org/disaster/2019-ncov-coronavirus/?gclid=Cj0KCQiAq7COBhC2ARIsANsPATEqLBctF8fQ__zdSSv6YdB4GxTMABOb_8z7BBPFx3sW6N2uh7K8qOsaAmhgEALw_wcB
Juarez,-Lucero, J., Sanchez, S., Diaz-Hernandez, R., Guevara-Villa, M.R., Altamirano-Robles, L. (2021). ANOVA to Compare Three Methods to Track COVID-19 in Nine Countries. Retrieved from http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0188-95322021000100103
Sample Answer 2 for NURS 8201 Week 5 t-Tests and ANOVA
Gray and Kim’s research paper Palliative care needs of direct care workers caring for people with intellectual and developmental disabilities was chosen for the research (2019). The research sampled 149 direct care workers (DCW) from rural and suburban areas of a Midwestern state in the United States of America who were involved in providing palliative care to people with intellectual and developmental disabilities (PWIDD). They were chosen using a convenience sampling method. The sources of data are self-administered surveys in hard copy or online. In the research, both t-tests and analysis of variance were used to examine whether there was a significant difference between the two and three groups of data, respectively (Gray & Grove, 2020). For example, the former was used to establish whether there was a statistically significant difference between two locations (rural and suburban) in palliative care experience score, palliative care training score, and palliative care training-need score, whilst the ANOVA was used to determine whether there was a statistically significant difference between three job titles (DSP, front-line supervisor, and manager) in palliative care experience score, palliative care training score, and palliative care training-need score. Similarly, Hilvert et al. (2021) employed ANOVA to answer the first question, which is to determine group differences in the TAP (the tense and agreement productivity) total scores. In contrast to Gray and Kim (2019), Donovan and Payne used the ANOVA statistics to find whether there was a significant effect of affective and normative commitment on the WEC and GJS, followed by post hoc analysis, whereas Lee and Hong (2019) employed only regression to determine factors influencing spousal stress. Using t-tests, Gray and Kim (2019) found that participants in rural areas had significantly less palliative experience and less palliative care training than those in suburban areas. Using ANOVA, the researchers also determined that there was a statistically significant difference in experience with palliative care by job title and that palliative care training varied by race. According to post hoc analysis (Scheffe pairwise comparison) followed after ANOVA, DSP had less experience than managers, and Black/African American participants received more training than white participants. Using inferential statistics like t-test and ANOVA brought value (statistical significance) to the research study by providing evidence-based findings that were not due to chance acting alone. These results indicated that rural DCWs lacked palliative care expertise and training in comparison to their suburban counterparts and that white DCWs had less training than black or African American DCWs.
References
Donovan, L. M., & Payne, C. L. (2021). Organizational commitment of nurse faculty teaching in accelerated baccalaureate nursing programs. Nursing Education Perspectives, 42(2), 81–86. doi:10.1097/01.NEP.0000000000000764
Gray, J. A., & Kim, J. (2020). Palliative care needs of direct care workers caring for people with intellectual and developmental disabilities. British Journal of Learning Disabilities, 48(1), 69–77. doi:10.1111/bld.12318
Gray, J. R., & Grove, S. K. (2020). Burns and Grove’s the practice of nursing research: Appraisal, synthesis, and generation of evidence (9th ed.). Elsevier.
Hilvert, E., Hoover, J., Sterling, A., & Schroeder, S. (2020). Comparing tense and agreement productivity in boys with fragile X syndrome, children with developmental language disorder, and children with typical development. Journal of Speech, Language and Hearing Research, 63(4), 1181–1194. doi:10.1044/2019_JSLHR-19-00022
Lee, J., & Hong, S. (2019). Factors influencing stress in spouses of hospitalized women diagnosed with preterm labor. Korean Journal of Women Health Nursing, 25(4), 459–473. doi:10.4069/kjwhn.2019.25.4.459
Sample Answer 3 for NURS 8201 Week 5 t-Tests and ANOVA
Hi Laura, Thanks for the beautiful post. I really enjoyed reading your research post on the nursing shortage. In providing additional insight, the nursing shortage is an ongoing global challenge affecting healthcare systems and patient outcomes. The scarcity of nurses leads to excessive workloads, increased stress, burnout, and high turnover rates, significantly impacting patient care quality. As recent studies have indicated, addressing nurse staffing levels is imperative for improving nurse and patient satisfaction, reducing burnout, and enhancing overall healthcare outcomes (Smith, 2021).
Innovative strategies such as improving work conditions, providing competitive salaries, and implementing flexible work schedules are crucial in attracting and retaining nursing staff. Empirical research suggests that creating a positive work environment and investing in professional development opportunities can lead to lower turnover rates and improved nurse job satisfaction (Jones, 2019). Leadership within healthcare institutions plays a pivotal role in addressing these challenges. Ethical and transformational leadership styles are associated with reduced staff burnout and improved job satisfaction. Effective leadership can foster a supportive work environment, encouraging teamwork and promoting nurse autonomy and empowerment (Adams, 2020).
Integrating evidence-based practice is also vital in mitigating the effects of the nursing shortage. Utilizing data-driven strategies to optimize staffing levels and improve nurse workload can lead to better patient outcomes and more efficient healthcare delivery (Brown & Jones, 2021). A multifaceted approach involving improved working conditions, competitive compensation, effective leadership, and evidence-based staffing strategies must address the nursing shortage. Healthcare systems can improve nurse retention, enhance patient care, and ensure a more sustainable healthcare workforce by focusing on these areas.
References:
Adams, A. (2020). The Impact of Leadership Styles on Nursing Satisfaction and Patient Care. Health Care Leadership Review, 38(2), 154-159.
Brown, C., & Jones, A. (2021). Evidence-Based Staffing: Addressing Nurse Workload to Improve Patient Care. Journal of Healthcare Management, 66(1), 10-20.
Jones, P. (2019). Enhancing Nurse Retention Through Professional Development and Supportive Work Environments. Journal of Nursing Administration, 49(6), 307-312
Smith, J. A. (2021). Strategies to Address Nurse Staffing Shortages and Improve Patient Care. Nursing Management, 31(4), 24-30
Sample Answer 4 for NURS 8201 Week 5 t-Tests and ANOVA
Brief description of the topic that you selected for this discussion.
The topic that I have selected for this discussion is the issue of surgical site infections (SSIs). Since I currently practice in an operating room, we take every opportunity we can to decrease SSIs in our surgical patients. Proper care of surgical wounds is very important to achieve the best treatment outcomes and to avoid negative consequences. However, factors such as obesity, diabetes, and certain medications can impair wound healing, with SSIs being a major problem in the healthcare system (Mashbari et al., 2023). According to The Joint Commission, SSIs are both costly and preventable (Preventing Infections in ASC, 2020), with hip arthroplasty SSIs increased by 8% in 2022.
The innate immune system plays a crucial role in defense against microbes as well as in the initiation of inflammatory responses. Antimicrobial peptides (AMP) are an important evolutionary conserved defense mechanism against bacterial and fungal invasion of eukaryotic organisms (Kahlenberg & Kaplan, 2013). While several classes of AMPs exist, LL-37 is the sole member of the human cathelicidin family. In addition to its antimicrobial properties, it carries numerous immune system-modulating properties, as studied by Kahlenberg and Kaplan (2013).
Summarize the study discussed in your selected research article and provide a complete APA citation.
The study conducted by Yan et al. (2020) investigates the antibacterial effect of cationic peptide LL-37 on Staphylococcus aureus, its anti-biofilm effects, and its comparison with Cefalexin in treating postoperative infection of femoral fractures in vivo. 63 rabbits with internal fixation of femoral fractures were inoculated with pathogenic bacteria suspensions and treated with LL-37 and Cefalexin after surgery. The biofilms on the internal fixtures were analyzed by fluorescence microscopy and blood samples were collected at different time points. Results showed significant inhibitory effects on clinically isolated Staphylococcus aureus compared to Cefalexin and the control group. After injection, serum IL-6, TNF-α, and CRP levels increased in both groups but decreased significantly postoperatively. At 7 days postoperative, these levels reverted to normal levels in LL-37 groups. The study suggests that LL-37 may be a promising agent for controlling internal femoral fracture fixation infection in vivo (Yan et al., 2020).
Summary of the sample studied, data resources, inferential statistic(s) used, and associated findings.
Samples studied included rabbits that were anesthetized and the surgical procedure followed the previous work. The skin was incised at the proximal end, and dissection continued to the biceps and brachialis fascia. A 3.5 mm diameter twist drill was used to ream the medullary canal. A rod was placed across the fracture site, and an inoculum of S. aureus was pipetted into the femur space.
Blood samples were collected after injection of peptide LL-37, Cefalexin, or saline, and analyzed for IL6, TNF-α, and CRP levels using ELISA. Data resources included the VITEK 2 system, which analyzed the data and reported results automatically. The study used SPSS 14.0 software for data analysis, repeating tests three times for consistency, and comparing results using Student’s t-test or ANOVA, with P < 0.05 being considered statistically significant. Associated findings, according to Yan et al. (2020), suggest that antimicrobial peptides (AMP) are peptides with antimicrobial activity, with a broad spectrum and high thermal stability compared to traditional antibiotics. They are particularly lethal to drug-resistant bacteria and can selectively kill tumor cells and inhibit Hepatitis B virus replication. Antimicrobial peptides are ideal antibacterial, antiviral, and anticancer drugs due to their potential to solve key problems like bacterial drug resistance. Cytokines, small molecule polypeptide proteins produced by immune cells, are closely associated with hematopoietic, inflammatory, and immune reactions. The cytokines IL-6, CRP, and TNF-α can lead to inflammation and tissue damage, while the cationic peptide LL-37 can significantly change inflammatory cytokine levels (Yan et al., 2020).
Evaluate the purpose and value of this particular research study to the topic.
The purpose of this research study aimed to investigate the antibacterial properties of cationic peptide LL-37 on Staphylococcus aureus, its anti-biofilm properties, and its comparison with Cefalexin in treating postoperative femoral fracture infections in vivo.
The value of this particular research study on the topic of SSIs is imperative because it is the most common complication- and the most avoidable hospital-acquired infection. As discussed by Mashbari et al. (2023), the major problem is not the lack of effective surgical precautions and evidence-based guidelines, but the possession of knowledge, development of the right attitude, and intention to carry out guidelines to prevent and treat SSIs.
Did using inferential statistics strengthen or weaken the study’s application to EBP? Why or why not? Be specific and provide examples.
Using inferential statistics such as analysis of variance (ANOVA) strengthened the study’s application to EBP. As described by Connelly (2021), ANOVA is a statistical test that identifies statistical differences among groups, but it doesn’t determine which groups are significantly different. If significant, it indicates the means of at least one pair, but not which pair or pairs. Inferences about means are made by analyzing variance. Utilizing a two-way ANOVA allows us to compare population means when the populations are classified according to two (categorical) factors. Additionally, another advantage of the two-way ANOVA removes some of the random variability and we can look at the interactions between factors (Gray & Grove, 2021).
References
Connelly, L. M. (2021). Introduction to Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). MEDSURG Nursing, 30(3), 218–158.
Gray, J. R., & Grove, S. K. (2021). Burns and Grove’s the practice of nursing research: Appraisal, synthesis, and generation of evidence. (9th ed.). Elsevier – Health Science.
Kahlenberg, J. M., & Kaplan, M. J. (2013). Little Peptide, Big Effects: The Role of LL-37 in Inflammation and Autoimmune Disease. The Journal of Immunology, 191(10), 4895–4901. https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.1302005
Mashbari, H., Hamdi, S., Hussam Darraj, Awaf, M., Shaden Zaalah, Faisal Hakami, Hakami, K. M., Essam Alhazmi, Layla Al khairat, Hakami, S. A., Amani Aburasain, Hakami, A. I., & Arishi, A. A. (2023). Knowledge, attitude and practices towards surgical wound care and healing among the public in the Jazan Region, Saudi Arabia. Medicine, 102(51), e36776–e36776. https://doi.org/10.1097/md.0000000000036776
Preventing Infections in ASC. (2020). Jointcommission.org. https://www.jointcommission.org/resources/patient-safety-topics/infection-prevention-and-control/surgical-site-infections/
Ridyard, K. E., & Overhage, J. (2021). The Potential of Human Peptide LL-37 as an Antimicrobial and Anti-Biofilm Agent. Antibiotics, 10(6), 650. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics10060650
Yan, C., Liu, Y., Xu, Z., Yang, H., & Li, J. (2020). Comparison of Antibacterial Effect of Cationic Peptide LL‐37 and Cefalexin on Clinical Staphylococcus aureus‐induced Infection after Femur Fracture Fixation. Orthopaedic Surgery, 12(4), 1313–1318. https://doi.org/10.1111/os.12754