NURS 8201 Week 5 t-Tests and ANOVA in Clinical Practice
Walden University NURS 8201 Week 5 t-Tests and ANOVA in Clinical Practice-Step-By-Step Guide
This guide will demonstrate how to complete the Walden University NURS 8201 Week 5 t-Tests and ANOVA in Clinical Practice assignment based on general principles of academic writing. Here, we will show you the A, B, Cs of completing an academic paper, irrespective of the instructions. After guiding you through what to do, the guide will leave one or two sample essays at the end to highlight the various sections discussed below.
How to Research and Prepare for NURS 8201 Week 5 t-Tests and ANOVA in Clinical Practice
Whether one passes or fails an academic assignment such as the Walden University NURS 8201 Week 5 t-Tests and ANOVA in Clinical Practice depends on the preparation done beforehand. The first thing to do once you receive an assignment is to quickly skim through the requirements. Once that is done, start going through the instructions one by one to clearly understand what the instructor wants. The most important thing here is to understand the required format—whether it is APA, MLA, Chicago, etc.
After understanding the requirements of the paper, the next phase is to gather relevant materials. The first place to start the research process is the weekly resources. Go through the resources provided in the instructions to determine which ones fit the assignment. After reviewing the provided resources, use the university library to search for additional resources. After gathering sufficient and necessary resources, you are now ready to start drafting your paper.
How to Write the Introduction for NURS 8201 Week 5 t-Tests and ANOVA in Clinical Practice
The introduction for the Walden University NURS 8201 Week 5 t-Tests and ANOVA in Clinical Practice is where you tell the instructor what your paper will encompass. In three to four statements, highlight the important points that will form the basis of your paper. Here, you can include statistics to show the importance of the topic you will be discussing. At the end of the introduction, write a clear purpose statement outlining what exactly will be contained in the paper. This statement will start with “The purpose of this paper…” and then proceed to outline the various sections of the instructions.
How to Write the Body for NURS 8201 Week 5 t-Tests and ANOVA in Clinical Practice
After the introduction, move into the main part of the NURS 8201 Week 5 t-Tests and ANOVA in Clinical Practice assignment, which is the body. Given that the paper you will be writing is not experimental, the way you organize the headings and subheadings of your paper is critically important. In some cases, you might have to use more subheadings to properly organize the assignment. The organization will depend on the rubric provided. Carefully examine the rubric, as it will contain all the detailed requirements of the assignment. Sometimes, the rubric will have information that the normal instructions lack.
Another important factor to consider at this point is how to do citations. In-text citations are fundamental as they support the arguments and points you make in the paper. At this point, the resources gathered at the beginning will come in handy. Integrating the ideas of the authors with your own will ensure that you produce a comprehensive paper. Also, follow the given citation format. In most cases, APA 7 is the preferred format for nursing assignments.
How to Write the Conclusion for NURS 8201 Week 5 t-Tests and ANOVA in Clinical Practice
After completing the main sections, write the conclusion of your paper. The conclusion is a summary of the main points you made in your paper. However, you need to rewrite the points and not simply copy and paste them. By restating the points from each subheading, you will provide a nuanced overview of the assignment to the reader.
How to Format the References List for NURS 8201 Week 5 t-Tests and ANOVA in Clinical Practice
The very last part of your paper involves listing the sources used in your paper. These sources should be listed in alphabetical order and double-spaced. Additionally, use a hanging indent for each source that appears in this list. Lastly, only the sources cited within the body of the paper should appear here.
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Sample Answer for NURS 8201 Week 5 t-Tests and ANOVA in Clinical Practice
Statistics play an important role in analyzing the primary data collected to examine a problem in clinical practice. Despite its complexity, it allows the researcher to deduce the meaning of the data to support evidence-based practice (Weaver et al., 2017). The precision required in nursing studies has led to a demanding task among nursing scholars. These demands have compelled them to use inferential statistical analysis to achieve the accuracy and dependability of the results.
My topic of interest is to examine the prevalence of obesity among children. The increase in cases of childhood obesity has been drawing more attention from scholars because of its negative effect on health outcomes among children (Smith et al., 2021). The number of children with obesity has doubled in the last two decades, calling for effective intervention that would counter this menace. The increased rate of children with obesity calls for accurate studies that would reveal the underlying problem and propose an effective EBP practice that would act as an effective intervention for the problem.
Article Summary
The study authored by Katzmarzyk et al. (2019) focuses on the effect of lifestyle behavior and environment on childhood obesity. The study’s primary objective was to examine the relationship between lifestyle behaviors and obesity. The study termed as ISCOLE was a multi-n
ational study carried out on children aged 9-11 years from 12 countries across the continent. The primary focus of the study was on the result gained from the primary data collected for this study. 7372 children aged between 9-11 years participated in the study. The study used ISCOLE design and methods, which was a multi-national study done in 12 countries.
Inferential statistics separated the data from countries where the reading on the Human Development Index (HDI) produced a range of 0.509 in Kenya to 0.929 in Australia (Katzmarzyk et al., 2019). The descriptive statistics effectively organized data from each country and showed how the variables considered in the study changed in each country. The study also went further to correlate obesity and lifestyles behavior at different levels, where it found that children with active school transport had lower chances of becoming obese. For instance, the odds ratio was 0.72 at a 95% confidence interval. In essence, inferential statistics was important in breaking down the data from the 12 countries into meaningful pieces that readers could easily understand.
This study was important in revealing how various factors such as average income in a country affect the lifestyle behaviors in families that further relay more information on childhood obesity. The analysis of the big sampled data from the countries resulted in reliable information that could be applied to all the countries included in the study (Katzmarzyk et al., 2019). Inferential statistics in the study strengthened the results by revealing the relationship between dependent variables and multiple independent variables considered in the study. The analysis used in the study strengthened the application of the evidence-based practice as it showed the effect that lifestyle changes had on childhood obesity. For example, the study proved that increasing physical activity among children during school hours and at home reduces their chances of becoming obese. Therefore, if children and parents in the selected countries with high childhood obesity could adopt the EBP practice of increasing physical activity, then the prevalence rates in those countries could decrease drastically.
The importance of inferential statistics could also be evident in the correlation of the variables that had a greater effect on childhood obesity and those variables that had a comparatively lower impact on obesity. For example, the study found a high correlation between physical activity and obesity. On the other hand, the study found that school transport and obesity did not differ by country or sex.
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Reference
Katzmarzyk, P. T., Chaput, J. P., Fogelholm, M., Hu, G., Maher, C., Maia, J., … & Tudor-Locke, C. (2019). International Study of Childhood Obesity, Lifestyle and the Environment (ISCOLE): contributions to understanding the global obesity epidemic. Nutrients, 11(4), 848. https://dx.doi.org/10.3390%2Fnu11040848
Smith, H. J., Piotrowski, J. I., & Zaza, S. (2021). Ethics of implementing US Preventive Services Task Force recommendations for childhood obesity. Pediatrics, 148(1). https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2020-048009.
Weaver, K. F., Morales, V. C., Dunn, S. L., Godde, K., & Weaver, P. F. (2017). An introduction to statistical analysis in research: with applications in the biological and life sciences. John Wiley & Sons.
Sample Answer 2 for NURS 8201 Week 5 t-Tests and ANOVA in Clinical Practice
True, statistics are essential in quantitative research; they can also facilitate data analysis in a clinical setting. However, only when statistics are done appropriately, they can benefit science and advance nursing practice. Please let me add a few comments regarding the study you discussed in your post.
To begin with, the article does not include a detailed description of statistics or data analysis. According to Katzmarzyk et al. (2019), the design and methods of the study had been discussed elsewhere. I found this information in an earlier publication. In it, Katzmarzyk et al. (2013) say that the study would involve descriptive and inferential statistics, namely, multilevel random-effects models and covariate-adjusted models. The choice of the model looks appropriate, since the ISCOLE study involves numerous independent variables, such as physical activity, dietary patterns, and so on. Complex statistical models are well-suited to analyze complex correlational or causal links among variables. However, they also have limitations. For example, they can be time consuming.
The main question is whether the inferential statistics used in the study were sufficient and effective enough to identify cause-and-effect relationships. Katzmarzyk et al. (2019) note that their statistical models had limitations, making causal inferences problematic or questionable. They could have used ANOVA or t-test, but they would not be suitable in the analysis of causal relationships. According to Schober et al. (2018), correlations do not imply causality; nor do they say enough about the strength of the relationship between the independent and dependent variable. Besides, in the discussed study, data were collected at a single point of time, which could limit their utility in identifying cause-and-effect relationships.
Notwithstanding these limitations, the use of inferential statistics was beneficial, as it added to and expanded descriptive statistical results. The researchers were able to demonstrate the complexity of factors affecting childhood obesity rates across countries. They may still need additional data to address weaknesses in method and design, such as using other inferential statistics to validate the initial findings.
References
Katzmarzyk, P.T., Barreira, T.V., Broyles, S.T., Champagne, C.M., Chaput, J.P., Fogelholm,
M., Hu, G., Johnson, W.D., Kuriyan, R., Kurpad, A., Lambert, E.V., Maher, C., Maia, J., Matsudo, V., Olds, T., Onywera, V., Sarmiento, O.L., Standage, M., Tremblay, M.S., Tudor-Locke, C., Zhao, P., & Church, T.S. (2013). The International Study of Childhood Obesity, Lifestyle and the Environment (ISCOLE): design and methods. BMC Public Health, 13, 900. https://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2458-13-900
Katzmarzyk, P. T., Chaput, J. P., Fogelholm, M., Hu, G., Maher, C., Maia, J., Olds, T.,
Sarmiento, O.L., Standage, M., Tremblay, M.S., & Tudor-Locke, C. (2019). International Study of Childhood Obesity, Lifestyle and the Environment (ISCOLE): contributions to understanding the global obesity epidemic. Nutrients,11(4), 848. https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu11040848
Schober, P., Boer, C., & Schwarte, L.A. (2018). Correlation coefficients: Appropriate use and
interpretation. Anesthesia & Analgesia, 126(5), 1763-1768. https://doi.org/10.1213/ANE.0000000000002864
Sample Answer 3 for NURS 8201 Week 5 t-Tests and ANOVA in Clinical Practice
Nursing Shortages due to Covid
To provide a safe working environment, appropriate staffing must be maintained (CDC, 2021). According to the CDC (2021), as the Covid pandemic progresses, there will be staffing shortages due to healthcare personal (HCP), illness, or the need to care for family members at home. There are contingency capacity strategies to mitigate staffing shortages are being implemented (CDC, 2021). These strategies include cancelling all non-essential procedures and visits, attempting to address social factors that might prevent HCP from working, identifying additional HCP to work in the facility, and requesting that HCP postpone elective time off from work (CDC, 2021).
ANOVA Study
This study compares three mathematical methods: nonlinear regression, SIR, and SEIR epidemic models, to track the covid-19 disease in nine countries affected by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, to help epidemiologists to know the disease trajectory, considering initial data in the pandemic, mainly 100 days from the beginning (Juarez-Lucero et al., 2021). There was three methods one-way ANOVA applied to evaluate the results. The sample was from infected cases from the United States, Spain, Italy, France, United Kingdom, Germany, Canada, Mexico, and Argentina (Juarez-Lucero et al., 2021). Mathematical models (nonlinear regression, SIR, and SEIR) were used to simulate the Covid-19 disease (Juarez-Lucero et al., 2021). According to Juarez-Lucero (2021), the results were that the Unites States had 1,098,508 cases, Spain had 226,721 cases, Italy had 202,953 cases, France had 183,897 cases, United kingdom had 182,190, Germany had 159,407 cases, Canada had 58, 696 cases, Mexico had 50,366, and Argentina had 4,860 cases.
Inferential statistics strengthen the study because it showed the amount of cases of infected populations from each country. This study reveled that The United States must take stronger precautions against Covid. This study was limited because it didn’t specify if there were any precautions were taken from each country. Studies are still showing that the U.S. cases of COVID-19 increased by 1,201,015 (a 41% increase) over a seven-day period. There is a daily case average of 168,409 cases, and Dec. 22 saw 242,794 new cases. The U.S. has exceeded 100,000 almost every day in December. North America had only 1,306,518 new cases. There were 8,876 new deaths over the past seven days for a 1% decrease. The U.S. has the highest number of new and total cases, the highest number of total deaths and new deaths (CDP, 2021)
References
CDC. (2021). Staff Shortages. Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/hcp/mitigating-staff-shortages.html
CDP. (2021). Covid-19 Coronavirus. Retrieved from https://disasterphilanthropy.org/disaster/2019-ncov-coronavirus/?gclid=Cj0KCQiAq7COBhC2ARIsANsPATEqLBctF8fQ__zdSSv6YdB4GxTMABOb_8z7BBPFx3sW6N2uh7K8qOsaAmhgEALw_wcB
Juarez,-Lucero, J., Sanchez, S., Diaz-Hernandez, R., Guevara-Villa, M.R., Altamirano-Robles, L. (2021). ANOVA to Compare Three Methods to Track COVID-19 in Nine Countries. Retrieved from http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0188-95322021000100103
Sample Answer 4 for NURS 8201 Week 5 t-Tests and ANOVA in Clinical Practice
Title of Article- Assessment of Patient Safety Culture Among Doctors, Nurses, and Midwives in a Public Hospital in Afghanistan
Patient Safety Culture
Patient safety is defined as “the absence of preventable harm to a patient and reduction of risk of unnecessary harm associated with health care to an acceptable minimum” (World Health Organization., 2023). It is a framework of organized activities that creates cultures, processes, procedures, behaviors, technologies, and environments in health care that consistently and sustainably lower risks, reduce the occurrence of avoidable harm, make error less likely, and
lessen the impact of harm when it does occur. Annually, a considerable number of patients suffer injuries or pass away due to substandard and hazardous medical care; the expenses incurred by the injured and their relatives are projected to reach millions of dollars (Jabarkhil et al., 2021). The recognition of patient safety as a significant and expanding worldwide public health priority has led to an increasing focus on system safety and the cultivation of a patient safety culture.
Patient safety culture is defined as the shared beliefs, attitudes, and values among staff members in an organization regarding patient safety are referred to as the patient safety culture (Mohammed et al., 2021). Within an organization, it refers to the norms, values and beliefs shared by all healthcare professionals that shape their actions and behaviors.
Summary of study discussed in selected research article
The cross-sectional study performed was done to assess the current state of patient safety culture among doctors, nurses, and midwives at a public hospital in Afghanistan. The doctors, nurses, and midwives at this hospital participated in the study, which ran from January to March 2020. There were 267 staff members who volunteered and provided written, informed permission. They answered a questionnaire, and the management was not given access to their private answers.
Data sources- The questionnaire gathered information on sociodemographic factors such age, gender, education, number of hours worked weekly, unit, position, kind of employee, and work experience within the current unit, in addition to the Survey of Patient Safety Culture in Hospitals. The Hospital Survey on Patient Safety Culture (HSOPSC) questionnaire included 12- safety culture dimensions. These 12- dimensions include frequency of events reporting, overall perceptions of safety, supervisor/manager expectations and promoting safety actions, organizational learning-continuous improvement, teamwork across units, teamwork within units, handoffs and transitions, communication openness, feedback and communication about error, non-punitive response to errors, staffing, and management support for patient safety.
Inferential Statistics- The items were coded using a 5-point Likert scale ranging from strongly disagree to never. The SPSS version 25 was used to analyze the data. Mean and standard deviation were provided for the quantitative data. A 95% confidence interval and 0.05 significance levels were employed in the analysis. ANOVA, Pearson correlation analysis, and paired t-tests were employed to compare the safety culture dimensions’ means (Jabarkhil et al., 2021).
Findings- The dimensions with a mean percentage of positive responses were considered at three levels: high (above 75% of positive responses), medium (50-75% of positive responses), and low (below 50% of positive response). The lowest positive response rate was a nonpunitive response to errors (mean percentage = 10.8), while the highest positive response rate was in continuous organization’s learning improvement (mean percentage = 75) (Jabarkhil et al., 2021). The results also showed significant difference between the dimension of “frequency reporting” and the job category” meaning that midwives were less likely to report events than physicians and nurses (Jabarkhil et al., 2021)..
Did using inferential statistics strengthen or weaken the study’s application to evidence-based practice (EBP)?
The study’s application to EBP was increased through the use of inferential statistics. By comparing the means of the 12 safety culture dimensions, the hospital was able to delineate areas that needed to be improved. For example, the dimension of “handoffs and transition of care” showed a significant value (p-value 0.0145) meaning there is a strong relationship between it and patient safety culture in this hospital. It is crucial that staff transfer and share patient’s clinical information when transferring responsibility or handing over to other staff. Lack of adequate information during hand-off raises the risk of treatment errors and ultimately poor patient safety.
Although the dimension “non-punitive response to errors had a p-value of 0.852, it had the lowest percentage mean of 10.8%. This suggests that the majority of hospital employees think their mistakes are recorded in their personal files and used against them. Roughly half of the respondents reported at least one occurrence in the past 12 months, despite the fact that a sizable portion of them feel their medical faults are used against them. Patient safety may suffer as a result of staff members’ reluctance to disclose mistakes.It is important that organizations create an environment that encourages the culture and reporting of errors without fear of punishment , to restore patient safety (Jabarkhil et al., 2021).
In conclusion, it is accepted that improving patient safety requires evaluating and promoting a safety culture. The current study’s findings demonstrated that, from the viewpoint of doctors, nurses, and midwives, the patient safety culture is not adequate in the majority of dimensions, which may be because of the culture of punishment. It will be crucial to devote time and funds to staff training, to avoid placing blame, and to promote a culture of error reporting among colleagues (Jabarkhil et al., 2021).
References
Jabarkhil, A. Q., Tabatabaee, S. S., Jamali, J., & Moghri, J. (2021a). Assessment of patient safety culture among doctors, nurses, and midwives in a public hospital in Afghanistan. Risk Management and Healthcare Policy, Volume 14, 1211–1217. https://doi.org/10.2147/rmhp.s292193
Mohammed, F., Taddele, M., & Gualu, T. (2021). Patient safety culture and associated factors among health care professionals at public hospitals in Dessie Town, North East Ethiopia, 2019. PLOS ONE, 16(2). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0245966
World Health Organization. (2023, September 11). Patient safety. World Health Organization. https://www.who.int/health-topics/patient-safety
Sample Answer 5 for NURS 8201 Week 5 t-Tests and ANOVA in Clinical Practice
Ask a probing question, substantiated with additional background information, evidence, or research.
My probing question is in regards to which inferential statistic was used to analyze the data collected. Was it a t-test or ANOVA? As stated by Gray and Grove (2021), t-tests are one of the most common parametric analyses used to test for significant differences between group means of two samples. A t-value is what is referred to as a test statistic. On the other hand, the analysis of variance (ANOVA) is a statistical technique utilized to examine the existence of disparities among multiple groups or conditions in relation to a continuous dependent variable (Gray & Grove, 2021).
Share an insight from having read your colleagues’ postings, synthesizing the information to provide new perspectives.
An insight from having read your post provided education regarding a study in India (Kumar et al., 2021), involving 219 nursing students found that online learning during the COVID-19 pandemic affected their satisfaction and identified obstacles. The study used inferential statistics to analyze data and identify correlations between online learning and sociodemographic characteristics. Physical barriers like eye strain were identified, suggesting institutions should educate students on preventing and alleviating eye strain.
Offer and support an alternative perspective using readings from the classroom or from your own research in the Walden Library.
An alternative perspective utilizing the reading from the classroom reading Donovan and Payne (2020), would be the use of the 18-item MDOC Questionnaire to learn and collect data from the students to discover the level of satisfaction with the online format, along with any barriers. Modifying this questionnaire to include student retention, instead of employee retention, may support gaining the data on whether or not online-only is more admirable than the in-person model.
According to Donovan and Payne (2020), the MDOC model explains the psychological connection between an employee and an organization, with research showing a correlation between higher levels of organizational commitment and improved teaching, scholarship, and service results. The model considers both distal and proximal antecedents, including organizational characteristics, work experiences, role states, and psychological contracts. The study analyzed the work environment conditions (WEC) of ABSN professors and their emotional, continuity, and normative commitment levels. The model suggests that these factors can impact employee retention, well-being, and productive behavior. The study also found that the faculty requirements within an ABSN program are influenced by various factors, including work experiences. The level of work experience affects the nature of commitment and the holistic well-being of employees, including psychological health, physical health, and career advancement. The study aimed to investigate organizational commitment by analyzing faculty perspectives on accelerated nursing programs, providing valuable insights into the difficulties faced by faculty members and potential approaches to enhance the professional atmosphere.
Validate an idea with your own experience and additional research.
A personal experience with an institution questionnaire that has been more recent is the 2023 “All-Staff Survey” at my workplace. This questionnaire was for staff, including nurses, to rate how satisfied we were with our work culture, the people we work with, and the institution. Additionally, culture of safety questions regarding reluctance to question those in authority was part of the questionnaire. This questionnaire was anonymous. A study performed by Deyo-Svendsen et al. (2019), showed that The potential for meaningful improvement in perceptions and behaviors that can positively influence an organization’s culture of safety exists when a provider approachability survey is conducted with careful consideration and when responses from nursing, allied health, administration, and medical leaders are delivered with sincerity and kindness. The process must adhere to professional safety standards at every level and should be accompanied by a policy and procedure that equitably handles specific instances of behaviors that undermine a culture of safety, irrespective of the individual’s participation in exhibiting these behaviors. The efficacy of the process stems from the integrity of staff replies, the clarity of outcomes, and the rapport between medical leaders and the physicians they endorse and guide.
Suggest an alternative perspective based on additional evidence drawn from readings or after synthesizing multiple postings.
An alternative perspective based on additional evidence from our classroom reading from Gray and Kim (2020), would be the utilization of a t-test as the inferential statistics because you are comparing two samples, nursing undergraduates and graduate students. The study performed by Gray and Kim (2020) used t-tests and analysis of variance (ANOVA) to compare differences between job title, location, and race. ANOVA compares score means between categories of an independent variable, whereas a t-test compares score means between categories of an independent variable (Gray & Kim, 2020).
Expand on your colleagues’ postings by providing additional insights or contrasting perspectives based on readings and evidence.
To expand on the barrier of eye strain that students are experiencing with online classes, Rosenfield et al. (2020) proposed that individuals experiencing eye strain, characterized by symptoms such as ocular burning, irritation, dryness, tearing, headache, eye ache, diplopia, and blur, should undergo a comprehensive ocular examination. This evaluation should encompass assessments of refractive error, binocular vision, oculomotor function, and ocular surface condition to ascertain the eye’s health. Furthermore, it is imperative to provide students with guidance on the proper ergonomics and environmental considerations associated with prolonged use of electronic devices. It is important to highlight factors like as maintaining suitable viewing distances and gaze angles, taking regular rests, and avoiding glare and screen reflections.
References
Deyo-Svendsen, M. E., Palmer, K. B., Albright, J. K., Phillips, M. R., Schilling, K. A., & Cabrera Svendsen, M. E. (2019). Provider Approachability. Journal of Patient Safety, 15(4), e64–e69. https://doi.org/10.1097/pts.0000000000000409
Donovan, L. M., & Payne, C. L. (2020). Organizational Commitment of Nurse Faculty Teaching in Accelerated Baccalaureate Nursing Programs. Nursing Education Perspectives, Publish Ahead of Print(2). https://doi.org/10.1097/01.nep.0000000000000764
Gray, J. A., & Kim, J. (2020). Palliative care needs of direct care workers caring for people with intellectual and developmental disabilities. British Journal of Learning Disabilities, 48(1), 69–77. https://doi.org/10.1111/bld.12318
Gray, J. R., & Grove, S. K. (2021). Burns and Grove’s the practice of nursing research: Appraisal, synthesis, and generation of evidence. (9th ed.). Elsevier – Health Science.
Kumar, A., Kalal, N., Rana, N., Vyas, H., Choudhary, V., & Rani, R. (2021). Online learning in nursing students: Satisfaction and barriers. Journal of Education and Health Promotion, 10(411). https://doi.org/10.4103/jehp.jehp_1221_20
Rosenfield, M., Li, R. T., & Kirsch, N. T. (2020). A double-blind test of blue-blocking filters on symptoms of digital eye strain. Work, 65(2), 343–348. https://doi.org/10.3233/wor-203086