NURS 8302 Discussion 1: Quality and Safety in Healthcare and Nursing Practice ANSWER

Post a brief description of any previous experience with quality and safety. Then, explain how your role as the DNP-prepared nurse represents a function of quality and safety for nursing practice and healthcare delivery. Be specific and provide examples.

Sample Answer for NURS 8302 Discussion 1: Quality and Safety in Healthcare and Nursing Practice ANSWER

Experiences with Quality and Safety

     My first experiences with Quality and Safety were working with our Quality Committee as part of our Nursing Shared Governance.  As our unit’s representative, we monitored our monthly data on quality indicators such as falls, CAUTI, PIV infiltrates, VAP and CLABSI.  These were 5 that our organization focused on and had protocols in place to reduce the risks of.  The challenge with most of these indicators were that they were very much based on inpatients not ambulatory settings.  In settings such as the ER, it can be a little more challenging to address quality and safety measures.  In these types of settings it is even more important to involve the patients and their families as “this is important because research shows that when patients are engaged with their health care, it can lead to measurable improvements in safety and quality” (Ricciardi, 2018).

The Role of DNP-Prepared Nurse

The DNP-prepared nurse is focused on continuous quality improvement.  In their workplace, they are able to quickly identify areas for improvement using their knowledge and experience and use research and evidence to develop a strategic plan. One example of this is the creation of a Peer Review Committee in our Emergency Department.  This committee looks at patient cases to see where we could improve and looks at our strengths and weaknesses as a team. This is especially important for our more critical patients.  By examining areas to improve upon, we are striving for excellence and continual improvement.  The DNP-prepared nurse serves as a leader as well and “the importance of the transformational leader’s role and the role of positive team dynamics on individual intrinsic motivation and empowerment, which together positively influence clinician engagement in safety and quality improvement work” (Fischer, Patterson & Marr, 2

021).  They have the ability to empower and motivate staff to focus on quality and safety.

 

References

 

Fischer, S., Patterson, K., & Marr, C. (2021). Enabling clinician engagement in safety and quality improvement. Australian Health Review, 45(4), 455–462. https://doi-org.ezp.waldenulibrary.org/10.1071/AH20151

 

Nash, D.B., Joshi, M.S., Ransom, S.B. (Eds.). (2019).  The healthcare quality book: Vision, strategy, and tools (4^th ed.).  Health Administration Press.

 

Ricciardi, R.  (2018).  The Next Frontier for Nurses.  Journal of Nursing Care Quality,  33 (1),  1-4.  doi: 10.1097/NCQ.0000000000000304.

Sample Answer 2 for NURS 8302 Discussion 1: Quality and Safety in Healthcare and Nursing Practice ANSWER

Quality and safety are the driving force behind delivering and promoting optimal care (Stalter & Mota, 2018). My primary role as a clinical nurse is to provide high-quality, patient-centered care using evidence-based practice. Before giving any care or medication dispensing, I include EBP into the routine. In my current role, I noticed that my colleagues rely on post-education, and I feel that approach is integrated at the wrong time, which is usually after an incident or error has occurred. I strongly believe in pre-education and promoting evidence-based practice in nursing.

I work on a 23-bed Med-Surg unit, and Friday mornings are the busiest surgical days. On this morning, a nurse administered a patient scheduled for Coronary Artery Bypass Graft (CABG) 20 units of Aspart and 15 units of Regular for a blood sugar of 206. Unfortunately, the patient had been NPO after midnight before the day of surgery. In the meantime, as we continued to make rounds and administer morning medications on the unit, the nurse received a call from the telemetry unit that the patient heart rhythm converted from normal sinus rhythm to ventricular tachycardia. The staff quickly went to the bedside and noted the patient to be diaphoretic, lethargic with a heart rate sustaining in the 130-150’s.

Immediately we had to call the rapid response team for further assistance. After the team arrived and was given a full report on the patient, the team administered IV antiarrhythmic medication to aid with the heart rate and a bolus of IV fluids for the blood pressure. Then, of course, the surgery was postponed, and the patient was transported to the ICU for closer observation. At shift change, the nurses had to report on what happened and how the patient received such a high insulin dose. Any high-alert medications must have two verifiers; only one nurse verified and administered the drug, which led to the error above. After further investigation, it was a computer error because it did not prompt the alert box for an additional signer. In addition, the nurse who administered the medication was new to the unit. I’m not making any excuses; however, the nurse should have verified the insulin order with the charge nurse or the ordering provider. Also, the ordering provider should have discontinued the order before surgery, which could have prevented the error. Therefore, thorough education and the implementation of evidence-based practice are imperative in nursing.

 

Role as a DNP-Prepared Nurse

As a DNP-Prepared nurse, I intend to integrate evidence-based practice by developing our organizational culture that supports best practice and promotes opportunities for staff to enhance their clinical skills and knowledge. With the healthcare system being so complex, as a DNP-prepared nurse, promoting a healthy work environment is an effective solution to promoting quality improvement and being proactive in preventing errors or glitches before they occur (Abdul, Jarrar & Don, 2015). In addition, I would advocate for the implementation of evidence-based practice throughout the nursing unit and organization by educating nurses on skills, such as critical appraisal and translation of research findings into practice (Tu & Wang, 2011). Furthermore, in my role as a DNP-prepared nurse, I can use error prevention strategies by continuously monitoring outcomes and completing root cause analysis when errors occur, including the input from clinical staff and the leadership team.

 

References:

Abdul, R.H., Jarrar, M., & Don, M.S. (2015).  Nurse level of education, quality of care and

patient safety in the medical and surgical wards in Malaysian private hospitals: A cross-

sectional study. Global Journal of Health Sciences.7(6):331-337. doi: 10.5539/gjhs.v7n6p33.

Stalter, A., & Mota, A. (2018). Using systems thinking to envision quality and safety

in healthcare, Nursing Management. Volume 49(2): doi:

10.1097/01.NUMA.0000529925.66375.d0.

Tu, Y.C., & Wang, R.H. (2011). High-quality nursing health care environment: The patient

safety perspective. Hu Li Za Zhi 58(3): 93-8. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21678259.

Sample Answer 3 for NURS 8302 Discussion 1: Quality and Safety in Healthcare and Nursing Practice ANSWER

The promotion of safety and quality is important in the provision of nursing care. Safety and quality in healthcare enhances the realization of optimum health outcomes in patient care. Nurses and other healthcare providers utilize sources of evidence-based data and practice guidelines to ensure safety and quality in their care. They also adopt best leadership models that will drive consistency in the provision of excellent care to patients. Therefore, this paper explores the issue of surgical site infections, best practices for its prevention, proposed project to address it and its evaluation. It also explores an effective leadership model that can be adopted to address the problem.

Best Practices or Recommended Guidelines

The selected issue from the Institute for Healthcare Improvement (IHI) that is relevant to my organization is surgical site infections. Surgical site infections comprise a critical public health concern that causes significant mortality, morbidity and increased cost of care. Surgical site infections are preventable, with the adoption of evidence-based interventions. A number best practices and recommended guidelines have been developed for prevention of surgical site infections. One of them is the World Health Organization (WHO) Surgical Safety Checklist and Getting Started Kit. The kit was developed to improve the quality and safety of patients undergoing surgeries globally. The tool reinforces the accepted safety principles and enhances the quality of teamwork and communication between clinical teams involved in surgical procedures and care of patients requiring and after surgeries. The other guideline that can be adopted to prevent surgical site infections is the How-to-Guide by IHI. The tool provides guidelines for use in the prevention of surgical site infections, implementation of recommended strategies and measures for assessing improvements (IHI, n.d.). Sources of evidence-based data show that best practices exist for use in prevention of surgical site infections. They include the use of aseptic techniques, negative pressure wound therapy, surgical bundles of safety and quality improvement, perioperative antibiotic prophylaxis, and reducing the duration of surgical procedure reduces and minimizes the rate of surgical site infections in a hospital setting (Allegranzi et al., 2018; Balch et al., 2017; Cheng et al., 2017; Javed et al., 2019).

Financial Impact

Surgical site infections have adverse financial implications. The existing evidence shows that surgical site infections cost the US about $3.5 to $10 billion on an annual basis. Additional statistics shows that surgical site infections increase the costs of care for commercial payers to a range of $36249 to $144809 and $17551 to $102280 for Medicare users in the US. The increase in the cost of care is attributable to factors such as prolonged hospitalization; intensive care unit stays, increased rates of hospital readmission, lost productive days, and need for additional care in the community (Leaper et al., 2020). Surgical site infections also increase the need for re-operations, reduced quality of life for patients and increased risk of mortality. The intangible costs that patients incur due to the infections such as anxiety, pain, and delayed wound healing that can cause complications including bacteremia (Badia et al., 2017). Healthcare institutions also suffer from the problem due to increased costs of patient care and resource utilization in the promotion of the optimum health and wellbeing of the patients.

Implementing the Project

The Plan-Do-Study-Act model can be applied in implementing my project. The model can be used to facilitate accelerated improvement in project processes. The PDSA model informs the strategies utilized in the change initiative. It also guides the development of a team that would lead the implementation process. The components of the model such as planning enable the project managers to understand the needs of the organization and the implementers of the project and ways of addressing them. The effective use of the model enables the systematic implementation of change initiatives in a project. Through it, organizations benefit from the gradual and organization wide successful implementation of a project (Newcombe & Fry-Bowers, 2018). Therefore, the PDSA model is applicable to my project, as it will minimize the risk of resistance from the adopters and failure due to ineffective processes.

Project to Address the Problem

A project that I could implement to address the issue of surgical sites infection in the institution is antibiotic prophylaxis. The administration of antibiotic prior to surgery has been shown to reduce the risk and rate of surgical site infections. The type of surgery determines largely the prophylactic antibiotics that patients should receive (Balch et al., 2017). The development and implementation of an antibiotic prophylactic protocol for use in the organization may therefore reduce the vulnerability of post-surgical patients to surgical site infections.

The PDSA model can be applied in the implementation of the prophylactic antibiotic protocol to be used in the organization. Activities such as recruiting a team to implement the project will be undertaken in the planning stage. The team will develop the mission and vision of the project in facilitating the realization of the desired safety and quality goals in the organization. The team will also develop an aim statement that would guide the development of the strategies. They will determine the causes of the problem and alternative interventions that can be used to address the problem. The team will lead the implementation of the selected alternatives in the do phase. They will embrace interventions such as training the healthcare providers about the implementation of the protocol and guiding its use in practice. The team will also collect data related to the effectiveness of the adopted strategies and consistency of protocol use by the staffs in this phase (Newcombe & Fry-Bowers, 2018). The assessment data informs the improvement strategies utilized to ensure the successful and organization wide implementation of the project.

The team evaluates whether the data answers the aim statement in the study phase. They utilize the results obtained in the do phase to evaluate the effectiveness of the project in reducing surgical site infections and improvement strategies that are needed in the organization. The implementation of organization wide use of the protocol occurs in the act phase. The phase occurs if the team determines the protocol to be effective in addressing the critical safety and quality needs in the organization (Katowa-Mukwato et al., 2021). They also communicate the success of the project to the organizational stakeholders, including the nurses and physicians.

Quality Improvement Measures

Quality improvement measures provide insights into the effectiveness of a project in delivering its expected outcomes. Outcome and process measures will be used to track improvement in the project. Outcome measures will focus on the evaluation of whether the desired results of the project were achieved or not. Outcome measures reflect the effectiveness of the adopted strategies in project implementation. Some of the outcome measures that will be used to track improvement will include the rate of surgical site infections, average hospital stay an costs incurred by patients in the organization. Process measures will facilitate the tracking of the effectiveness of the strategies used to achieve the project outcomes. It will focus on the effectiveness of strategies such as training, coaching, mentoring, and institutional support in ensuring the success of the project. Tools such as interviews and surveys will be used to obtain provider insights into the effectiveness of the strategies that were used in the implementation of the project (Zywot et al., 2017). The consistency of use of the protocol by the healthcare providers will also be used as a way of tracking the effectiveness of the project.

Quality Improvement Tools

A flow chart will be used for analyzing and monitoring the effectiveness of the project in addressing the issue of surgical site infections in the organization. A flow chart will be desirable, as it will provide efficient tracking of the project activities. It will also facilitate the determination of effective and ineffective strategies in the implementation of the project. Through it, redundancies and duplication of processes and roles will be eliminated. A flow chart is also desirable, as it will facilitate effective ordering and organizing of the activities needed to achieve the desired project objectives.

Leadership Theory

The leadership theory that would be applied in the implementation of the project is servant leadership theory. Servant leadership theory is a model where leaders aim at serving and meeting the needs of those they lead. Leaders focus on creating a synergistic relationship with those they lead that than controlling relationship. The leaders recognize the need for the prioritization of the needs of those they lead in project implementation. As a result, they motivate them to play a proactive role in the different phases of project implementation such as assessment, planning, monitoring, and evaluation. Servant leaders also aim at promoting innovation. They encourage their followers to explore effective ways in which optimum outcomes in strategy implementation can be achieved (Best, 2020). They also empower their followers by encouraging their active participation in the project initiatives. Servant leaders also promote open communication between and among the followers. They recognize the importance of openness in communication in fostering trust and honesty among the project members (Neville et al., 2021). Therefore, I  believe that servant leadership will facilitate the realization of optimum outcomes in the implementation of the protocol to reduce surgical site infections in the organization.

Conclusion

Overall, surgical site infections comprise a critical issue in healthcare organizations. Surgical site infections are attributable to organizational factors that can be controlled. The financial impacts of surgical site infections to patients and healthcare institutions are enormous. Protocols such as prophylactic administration of antibiotics are effective in preventing and minimizing surgical site infections. The PDSA model can be used in the implementation of a project aiming at the use of the protocol in the institution. The model guides systematic implementation of the project with a focus on minimizing resistance from the staffs. Servant leadership should therefore be applied to ensure the realization of the desired institutional outcomes in the prevention and minimizing of surgical site infections using the protocol.

References

Allegranzi, B., Aiken, A. M., Zeynep Kubilay, N., Nthumba, P., Barasa, J., Okumu, G., Mugarura, R., Elobu, A., Jombwe, J., Maimbo, M., Musowoya, J., Gayet-Ageron, A., & Berenholtz, S. M. (2018). A multimodal infection control and patient safety intervention to reduce surgical site infections in Africa: A multicentre, before–after, cohort study. The Lancet Infectious Diseases, 18(5), 507–515. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(18)30107-5

Badia, J. M., Casey, A. L., Petrosillo, N., Hudson, P. M., Mitchell, S. A., & Crosby, C. (2017). Impact of surgical site infection on healthcare costs and patient outcomes: A systematic review in six European countries. Journal of Hospital Infection, 96(1), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhin.2017.03.004

Balch, A., Wendelboe, A. M., Vesely, S. K., & Bratzler, D. W. (2017). Antibiotic prophylaxis for surgical site infections as a risk factor for infection with Clostridium difficile. PLOS ONE, 12(6), e0179117. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0179117

Best, C. (2020). Is there a place for servant leadership in nursing? Practice Nursing, 31(3), 128–132. https://doi.org/10.12968/pnur.2020.31.3.128

Cheng, H., Chen, B. P.-H., Soleas, I. M., Ferko, N. C., Cameron, C. G., & Hinoul, P. (2017). Prolonged Operative Duration Increases Risk of Surgical Site Infections: A Systematic Review. Surgical Infections, 18(6), 722–735. https://doi.org/10.1089/sur.2017.089

IHI. (n.d.). Surgical Site Infection | IHI – Institute for Healthcare Improvement. Retrieved October 23, 2021, from http://www.ihi.org:80/Topics/SSI/Pages/default.aspx

Javed, A. A., Teinor, J., Wright, M., Ding, D., Burkhart, R. A., Hundt, J., Cameron, J. L., Makary, M. A., He, J., Eckhauser, F. E., Wolfgang, C. L., & Weiss, M. J. (2019). Negative Pressure Wound Therapy for Surgical-site Infections: A Randomized Trial. Annals of Surgery, 269(6), 1034–1040. https://doi.org/10.1097/SLA.0000000000003056

Katowa-Mukwato, P., Mwiinga-Kalusopa, V., Chitundu, K., Kanyanta, M., Chanda, D., Mbewe Mwelwa, M., Ruth, W., Mundia, P., & Carrier, J. (2021). Implementing Evidence Based Practice nursing using the PDSA model: Process, lessons and implications. International Journal of Africa Nursing Sciences, 14, 100261. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijans.2020.100261

Leaper, D. J., Holy, C. E., Spencer, M., Chitnis, A., Hogan, A., Wright, G. W. J., Po-Han Chen, B., & Edmiston, C. E. J. (2020). Assessment of the Risk and Economic Burden of Surgical Site Infection Following Colorectal Surgery Using a US Longitudinal Database: Is There a Role for Innovative Antimicrobial Wound Closure Technology to Reduce the Risk of Infection? Diseases of the Colon & Rectum, 63(12), 1628–1638. https://doi.org/10.1097/DCR.0000000000001799

Neville, K., Conway, K., Maglione, J., Connolly, K. A., Foley, M., & Re, S. (2021). Understanding Servant Leadership in Nursing: A Concept Analysis. International Journal for Human Caring. https://doi.org/10.20467/HumanCaring-D-20-00022

Newcombe, J., & Fry-Bowers, E. (2018). Improving Postoperative Neonatal Nutritional Practices in an Intensive Care Unit Using the PDSA Cycle. Journal of Pediatric Health Care, 32(5), 426–434. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pedhc.2018.03.004

Zywot, A., Lau, C. S. M., Stephen Fletcher, H., & Paul, S. (2017). Bundles Prevent Surgical Site Infections After Colorectal Surgery: Meta-analysis and Systematic Review. Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery, 21(11), 1915–1930. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11605-017-3465-3

Sample Answer 4 for NURS 8302 Discussion 1: Quality and Safety in Healthcare and Nursing Practice ANSWER

Quality improvement and patient safety (QIPS) education is critical in developing healthcare professionals with the knowledge, skills, and attitudes to improve healthcare systems (Goldman et al., 2021). Over the past several years, My experience as a Quality Improvement Nurse has provided insight into understanding the capacity of quality and safety from the patient perspective and the benefits of corporate investment into a well-developed quality program. Quality and safety are the foundation of a successful healthcare system.

Quality measures ensure the services provided meet the expectations of the recipient. These are measurable outcomes through patient satisfaction surveys. Safety measures ensure services are provided without risk of harmful intents rather than environmental or through care delivery. A good safety and quality program encompasses patient safety and decreases the cost of healthcare.  It is now recognized that preventable patient harm is the leading cause of death worldwide (Sherwood & Barnsteiner, 2021).  Patient care that is negligence or harmful also leads to lawsuits.

The DNP leadership role encompasses the responsibility to have a good quality improvement program in place to ensure patient care is provided safely with policies and procedures. The program should have a monitoring system with measurable outcomes and achievable goals.  This information could be retrieved through patient satisfaction surveys. Data collection should also include feedback from employees regarding job satisfaction.  Strategies to enable healthcare systems to embrace principles of high-reliability organizations – preoccupation with addressing process failures, recognition of complexity, open communication, commitment to resilience, and deference to expertise – may have tangible benefits beyond improving patient safety (Friese et al., 2021).

A safety culture encourages the reporting of mistakes so that all can learn from them and remedy underlying system problems.  Safety culture includes good leadership, communication, learning, collaboration, mindfulness, medicine that is based on evidence and best practice, and care that is centered on the patient (PSNet, 2019).

This commitment establishes a “culture of safety” that encompasses these key featuresLinks to an external site. (Woods, 2022):

• acknowledgment of the high-risk nature of an organization’s activities and the determination to achieve consistently safe operations
• A blame-free environment where individuals can report errors or near misses without fear of reprimand or punishment
• encouragement of collaboration across ranks and disciplines to seek solutions to patient safety problems
• organizational commitment of resources to address safety concerns

Quality and safety for the nursing practice and healthcare delivery represents a critical foundation to establish a sound practice that is beneficial for patient-centered care and a best practice healthcare business.

Reference

PSNet. (2019). Culture of safetyLinks to an external siteLinks to an external site.. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality.https://psnet.ahrq.gov/primer/culture-safetyLinks to an external site.

Harolds, J. A. (2022) Quality and Safety in Healthcare, Part LXXXIII: The Culture of Safety in High Reliability Organizations. Clinical Nuclear Medicine 47(10):p e673-e675, October 2022. | DOI: 10.1097/RLU.0000000000003418

Woods, M.D. (2022). How to improve healthcare improvement. BMJ 2019; 367 doi: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.l5514Links to an external site. (Published 01 October 2019)Cite this as: BMJ 2019;367:l5514

Goldman, J., Smeraglio, A., Lo, L. et al. (2021). Theory in quality improvement and patient safety education: A scoping review. Perspect Med Educ 10, 319–326.https://doi.org/10.1007/s40037-021-00686-5Links to an external site.

Friese, C. R., Mendelsohn-Victor, K., Medvec, B. R., Ghosh, B., Bedard, L., Griggs, J. J., & Manojlovich, M. (2021). Factors Associated With Job Satisfaction in Medical Oncology Practices: Results From a Multisite Survey. The Journal of nursing administration, 51(4), 200–205. https://doi.org/10.1097/NNA.0000000000000998Links to an external site.

Sample Answer 5 for NURS 8302 Discussion 1: Quality and Safety in Healthcare and Nursing Practice ANSWER

Safety and quality continue to be crucial elements in nursing practice and healthcare. Among other medical professionals, nurses are crucial to providing high-quality patient care.In order to guarantee that patients have the most excellent possible hospital experience, nurses must collaborate with interdisciplinary team members and make decisions based on predetermined goals (Dempsey & Assi, 2018). According to Hammersla et al. (2021), anticipating the best outcomes and facilitating the correct care for the right client at the right time are essential components of quality in healthcare. Healthcare safety is defined by Nash et al. (2019) as providing high-quality treatment free from medical errors and unwanted side effects. This essay considers how I want to represent safety and quality in nursing practice and healthcare delivery as a DNP-prepared nurse. The foundation of providing patients with high-quality care is safety. The adverse effects of care, including morbidity and mortality, are the main focus of the research that defines patient safety and harm prevention techniques.

Previous Experience with quality and safety

Throughout my nursing career, I have experienced safety and quality firsthand. Under the guidance of my superiors, I have been able to adhere to the use of evidence-based standard operating procedures (SOPs) throughout my career. This inspired me to provide my patients with efficient and timely care. One of my most significant accomplishments throughout my nursing practicum was enabling safe patient care while adhering to numerous patient safety guidelines. Lee et al. (2019) state that to deliver comprehensive, safe, and high-quality care, healthcare professionals should become familiar with these patient safety issues and acquire the necessary skills and knowledge.

In order to decrease the likelihood of unfavorable outcomes, nurses play a crucial role in monitoring and coordinating care (Sherwood & Barnsteiner, 2021). My prior experiences have leaned toward patient engagement because I work in a psychiatric mental health facility where safety is paramount. My areas of interest are providing high-quality healthcare, supporting recovery, and paying close attention to patients to improve their safety. Other categories include preventing health issues, and identifying disease causes and risk factors. Additionally, I have been instrumental in enhancing patients’ recuperation by educating and motivating them.

My role as a DNP-Prepared Nurse

Upon obtaining the DNP doctorate, I plan to take advantage of new opportunities to investigate and close the gap between healthy and unhealthy facilities and the gap between the best possible treatment and the quality and safety of the patients provided (Barkell & Synder, 2021). I will assist my facility in creating cohesive, healthy work environments that support patient safety and high-quality treatment. My primary goal as a nurse with a DNP is to provide patient-centered care. I have collaborated with other disciplinary teams in providing care. In addition, my duty as a DNP-prepared nurse is to understand and apply innovation to raise the standard of care provided. One of these is taking an active part in tech-driven advancements such as information systems and health informatics. Taking on leadership responsibilities in policy, education, and health care administration is another function of the DNP-prepared nurse. Mentoring nurses and improving their careers as educators are additional activities that reflect quality and safety for nursing practice and healthcare delivery (Trautman et al., 2018). Additionally, DNP nurses can assess practice and implement quality-improving measures. Also, nurses might strive to advocate for modifications and enhancements to various healthcare policies. My duty as a DNP-prepared nurse is to enforce adherence to the care services provided in my facility using methodical, evidence-based approaches. According to Dempsey and Assi (2018), the two main elements of evidence-based practice are patient safety and high-quality care. Completing my DNP program will allow me to provide better treatment, as evidenced by improved patient outcomes and safety. To increase safety and quality, I will support healthcare programs and advocate for the needs in this area.

 

References

Barkell, N. P. & Snyder, S. S. (2021). Just culture in healthcare: An integrative review.

Nursing Forum, 56(1), 103-111.https://doi.org/10.1111/nuf.12525

Dempsey, C., & Assi, M. J. (2018). The Impact of Nurse Engagement on Quality, Safety, and the

Experience of Care: What Nurse Leaders Should Know.Nursing administration

Quarterly  42(3), 278-283. https://doi.org/10.1097/NAQ.0000000000000305

Hammersla, M., Belcher, A., Ruccio, L. R., Martin, J., & Bingham, D. (2021). Practice and

Quality Improvement Leaders Survey of Expectations of DNP Graduates’ Quality

Improvement Expertise.Nurse educator 46(6),361365.https://doi.org/10.1097/NNE.0000000000001009

Lee, S. E., Scott, L. D., Dahinten, V. S., Vincent, C., Lopez, K. D., & Park, C. G. (2019). Safety

culture, patient safety, and quality of care outcomes: a literature review.Western Journal

of nursing research 41(2), 279-304.

Nash, D. B., Joshi, M. S., Ransom, E. R., & Ransom, S. B. (Eds.). (2019).The healthcare quality

book: Vision, strategy, and tools (4th ed.). Health Administration Press

Sherwood, G., & Barnsteiner, J. (Eds.). (2021).Quality and safety in nursing: A competency

approach to improving outcomes. John Wiley & Sons

Trautman, D. E., Idzik, S., Hammersla, M., & Rosseter, R. (2018). Advancing scholarship

through translational research: The role of Ph.D. and DNP prepared nurses.

Online Journal of Issues in Nursing, 23(2)