School Food Environment on Childhood Obesity
School Food Environment on Childhood Obesity
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The food environment is a modifiable enabler of dietary choices that can have a great impact on the prevention of childhood obesity in the UK. It is defined as a combination of physical, economic, political, and sociocultural surroundings as well as opportunities and conditions that influence food choice. Many interventions have been undertaken at the school level but evidence of their effectiveness in the reduction of childhood obesity is scarce. Therefore, we aimed to synthesise and evaluate the evidence of food environmental interventions around and within schools to determine effective parameters that can aid in childhood obesity prevention.
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Methods
We searched CINAHL, Embase, Global Health, MEDLINE, Scielo, and Cochrane databases. The considered population were children aged 18 years or younger. Interventions focused on modification of the food environment in schools to prevent obesity and improve dietary intake. Outcomes included anthropometrical measures and dietary intake. The protocol was registered with PROSPERO (CRD42019125039). A second reviewer did a reliability check on 10% of abstracts, bias, and full-text review.
Findings
Between Jan 1, 2000, to Feb 12, 2019, we retrieved 4307 studies, of which 21 were included after screening. Interventions (13; 62%), policies (two; 10%), and laws (three; 14%) from eight countries, including the UK, were included. Four (19%) interventions focused on vending machines. Study designs included natural experiments (one; 5%), quasi-experiments (two; 6%), non-randomised (one; 5%), and randomised (four; 19%). The main outcomes were body-mass index z score (13; 62%) and dietary intake (n=4, 19%). A positive association (p=0·0451) was found in 15 (71%) studies between 0·89% and 1·29% reduction in obesity prevalence. The most frequent interventions were vending machines, school stores, cafeterias, and menu offering regulations.
Interpretation
Identified effective interventions in the prevention of childhood obesity were banning of sugary drinks in schools and an increase in availability and accessibility of fruits and vegetables for children from an early age. Multisystem approaches, such as stringent and monitored school meal programmes, alongside the collaboration, training, education, and integration of the school staff, parents, and students, increased acceptability and adaptability according to the local needs and sustainability of the food environment interventions. Changes in the environment lead to individual behaviour modifications.
Funding
European Commission (H2020 SC2).
Contributors
EP designed and undertook the systematic literature review and meta-analysis. FS and BS guided the study and provided advice.
Topic 1 DQ 1
Oct 3-5, 2022
What would spirituality be according to your own worldview? How do you believe that your conception of spirituality would influence the way in which you care for patients?
According to Hart (1994, p. 23), spirituality is the way a person lives out their beliefs in daily life and the way they “respond to the end conditions of individual existence” (Bożek, Nowak, , & Blukacz, 2020).A sense of peace and well-being are generated by spirituality, which is defined by faith, a search for life’s meaning and purpose and a feeling of belonging with one another. Through spiritual connection life satisfaction may increase or make it easier to accommodate illness or disability. Although, the idea of spirituality encompasses a huge range of personal experiences and convictions. Every individual has a unique perspective on spirituality. We may develop more comprehensive and compassionate healthcare systems by addressing the spiritual needs of our patients.
Nurses are being required more and more to recognize and respond to spiritual issues because of the emphasis on holistic care and meeting the requirements of each individual patient. Physical healing, pain relief, and personal development might result from attending to the patient’s spiritual needs. The nurse must attend to the patient’s emotional as well as physical demands in order to meet their total needs.The way in which we provide patient care would be influenced by our personal understanding of spirituality. For example, my spiritual beliefs consist of treating everyone with respect, compassion, care and equality regardless of their health status, race, spiritual view, gender, etc. I can take that into consideration into my practice by providing culturally competent, holistic care so I can better understand what I can do to assist the patient’s physical, spiritual, and mental wellbeing. Further, hospitals are held liable by The Joint Commission (TJC) for upholding patient rights, which includes making accommodations for cultural, religious, and spiritual values. The bodies, minds, and spirits of patients must all be taken into consideration by healthcare practitioners and systems (Swihart, Yarrarapu, & Martin, 2021).
Bożek, A., Nowak, P. F., & Blukacz, M. (2020). The Relationship Between Spirituality, Health-Related Behavior, and Psychological Well-Being. Frontiers in Psychology, 11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01997
Swihart, D.L., Yarrarapu ,S.N.S & Martin R.L. (2021). Cultural Religious Competence In Clinical Practice. StatPearls Publishing https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK493216/