What is the difference between primary and secondary data?

What is the difference between primary and secondary data?

Grand Canyon University What is the difference between primary and secondary data?-Step-By-Step Guide

 

This guide will demonstrate how to complete the Grand Canyon University What is the difference between primary and secondary data?  assignment based on general principles of academic writing. Here, we will show you the A, B, Cs of completing an academic paper, irrespective of the instructions. After guiding you through what to do, the guide will leave one or two sample essays at the end to highlight the various sections discussed below.

 

How to Research and Prepare for What is the difference between primary and secondary data?                  

 

Whether one passes or fails an academic assignment such as the Grand Canyon University What is the difference between primary and secondary data?  depends on the preparation done beforehand. The first thing to do once you receive an assignment is to quickly skim through the requirements. Once that is done, start going through the instructions one by one to clearly understand what the instructor wants. The most important thing here is to understand the required format—whether it is APA, MLA, Chicago, etc.

 

After understanding the requirements of the paper, the next phase is to gather relevant materials. The first place to start the research process is the weekly resources. Go through the resources provided in the instructions to determine which ones fit the assignment. After reviewing the provided resources, use the university library to search for additional resources. After gathering sufficient and necessary resources, you are now ready to start drafting your paper.

 

How to Write the Introduction for What is the difference between primary and secondary data?                  

The introduction for the Grand Canyon University What is the difference between primary and secondary data? is where you tell the instructor what your paper will encompass. In three to four statements, highlight the important points that will form the basis of your paper. Here, you can include statistics to show the importance of the topic you will be discussing. At the end of the introduction, write a clear purpose statement outlining what exactly will be contained in the paper. This statement will start with “The purpose of this paper…” and then proceed to outline the various sections of the instructions.

 

How to Write the Body for What is the difference between primary and secondary data?                  

 

After the introduction, move into the main part of the What is the difference between primary and secondary data?  assignment, which is the body. Given that the paper you will be writing is not experimental, the way you organize the headings and subheadings of your paper is critically important. In some cases, you might have to use more subheadings to properly organize the assignment. The organization will depend on the rubric provided. Carefully examine the rubric, as it will contain all the detailed requirements of the assignment. Sometimes, the rubric will have information that the normal instructions lack.

 

Another important factor to consider at this point is how to do citations. In-text citations are fundamental as they support the arguments and points you make in the paper. At this point, the resources gathered at the beginning will come in handy. Integrating the ideas of the authors with your own will ensure that you produce a comprehensive paper. Also, follow the given citation format. In most cases, APA 7 is the preferred format for nursing assignments.

 

How to Write the Conclusion for What is the difference between primary and secondary data?                  

 

After completing the main sections, write the conclusion of your paper. The conclusion is a summary of the main points you made in your paper. However, you need to rewrite the points and not simply copy and paste them. By restating the points from each subheading, you will provide a nuanced overview of the assignment to the reader.

 

How to Format the References List for What is the difference between primary and secondary data?                  

 

The very last part of your paper involves listing the sources used in your paper. These sources should be listed in alphabetical order and double-spaced. Additionally, use a hanging indent for each source that appears in this list. Lastly, only the sources cited within the body of the paper should appear here.

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NUR 630 Topic 6 DQ 1

Primary data is information that has originated by the researcher through direct efforts and experience, specifically for the purpose of addressing a research problem. This is also known as first-hand or raw data.  With primary data, the research is usually conducted by an organization or agency, which can become expensive and time-consuming.  Some examples of primary data include surveys, questionnaires, personal interviews and case studies (Surbhi, 2020).  Primary data can be used to drive continuous quality improvement (CQI),  by taking an issue and directly starting to research the issue with the goal of a solution in mind.  Some of the sources that could be used to drive CQI would include questionnaires and surveys.  The researcher would have to personally interview or ask questions of a specific person.  The researcher would have a specific question or questions that would need to be addressed.  In this case, there is no “middle man” between the researcher and the direct questioning.

Secondary data implies second-hand information which is already collected and recorded by any person other than the user for a purpose, not relating to the current research problem. It is the readily available form of data collected from various sources like censuses, government publications, internal records of the organization, reports, books, and journal articles (Surbhi, 2020).  Secondary data is used in CQI for many reasons.  Many of the articles or publications that are used to improve healthcare are secondary sources.  One example of this is the Centers for Disease Control (CDC).  The information that is shared usually has been started by a group of researchers and then passed to other entities in the organization.  Those people then publish their findings in journals where doctors and nurses read the information and place their recommendations for better health into practice.  This is probably the largest group of data that is used in pushing for CQI.  Secondary data tends to be more cost-effective than primary research.

 

Reference

 

Surbhi, S. (2020).  Difference between primary and secondary data.  Key Differences.  https://keydifferences.com/difference-between-primary-and-secondary-data.html

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Data sources are categorized as primary or secondary data. Primary data is the direct description of an occurrence by a person who observed or experienced it. Sources of primary data include observations, experiments, surveys, interview, and questionnaires. On the other hand, secondary data includes any publication written by individuals who were not direct participants or observers in the described event (Gupta & Kaplan, 2020). Secondary data sources include books, scholarly journals, government documents, and periodicals. Secondary data is acquired when statistical methods are used on the primary data. However, data obtained from primary sources are more accurate and reliable than secondary sources.

Data collection is an essential aspect in making improvements and driving CQI. This is because lack of data means that there is no evidence to support that a problem really exists. Primary data obtained during a CQI project can be used to measure processes and outcomes, which are essential for evaluation. It provides answers on whether an identified issue is really a problem and why it needs improvement (Mendlowitz et al., 2020). Through primary data collection and analysis, needs are identified, and goals based on data are created. On the other hand, secondary data drives CQI by providing evidence on the best practices or interventions to employ in the CQI project (Gupta & Kaplan, 2020). Secondary data guides organizations and providers on the best approaches to achieve a particular desired outcome.

Primary data can be used to drive CQI by asking health providers who provide direct patient care, such as nurses and physicians, about the challenges they face in providing quality care. The information they give can be used to identify what the

problem is and why it needs to be addressed.  Secondary data from peer-reviewed sources can be used to establish the best approach to address the problem identified from the primary data (Gupta & Kaplan, 2020). It can guide an organization on the steps to improve the quality of care related to the problem.

References

Gupta, M., & Kaplan, H. C. (2020). Measurement for quality improvement: using data to drive change. Journal of Perinatology, 40(6), 962-971. http://doi.org/10.1038/s41372-019-0572-x

Mendlowitz, A., Croxford, R., MacLagan, L., Ritcey, G., & Isaranuwatchai, W. (2020). Usage of primary and administrative data to measure the economic impact of quality improvement projects. BMJ open quality, 9(2), e000712. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjoq-2019-000712

Primary data refers to the first-hand information that researchers gather through survey, research findings and interviews (Renjith et al., 2021). The sources of primary data can be direct patient observations or focus groups. Usually, the sources are selected and tailored to meet the requirements and demands of specific research. Before selecting the source for collecting data, the researchers need to identify the target population and research purpose. Primary data entails raw data and figures often presented by researchers or individuals who witnessed or participated in the event. For instance, in a healthcare setting, primary data can be collected by nurse leaders through observation of nurses’ practice, interviews of staff members, and carrying out experiments (Johnson & Sollecito, 2018).

On the other hand, secondary data is the information gathered by another person or agency like the registry. Secondary data is available on the internet and can be easily accessed by researchers. Secondary data can be collected from various sources, including organizational records, government websites, and censuses (Johnson & Sollecito, 2018). Secondary data applies assessment, generalizations, reconciliation and explanation of primary sources. The common sources for secondary data are the internet, articles, journals, newspapers, magazines, books, internal records, websites, and government publications.

How can primary and secondary source data be used to drive CQI? Provide a specific example of how each source can drive CQI.

Primary data can be collected and stored over time to detect trends and patterns in specific elements or issues in a healthcare organization. The data drives CQI by enabling the quality improvement team to detect gaps in process measures and adopt appropriate interventions to achieve established goals and anticipated outcomes. Primary data drives CQI in an organization by enhancing the identification of the target population that is affected by the health issue and guiding the development of project goals and objectives (Solliceto & Hardison, 2020).

Primary data collected through interviews and direct observations can be used to make evidence-based and effective medication-in-process measures to ensure efficiency, safety, and excellence in the delivery of healthcare services. This translates to improved and better outcomes. For instance, primary data on the causes of pressure ulcers among hospitalized patients can be used to inform the implementation of interventions like regular patient repositioning, pressure-relieving devices, balanced nutrition, and comprehensive risk assessment to enhance quality improvement and attainment of better outcomes such as increased patient safety and satisfaction levels (Johnson & Sollecito, 2018).

Secondary data in nursing journals is used to back up and drive the implementation of continuous quality programs and initiatives. Quality metrics data helps in the generation of the outcome process. For example, documented patient health information from administrative data, internal records, and insurance claims is used to drive the implementation of a CQI in a healthcare organization. The information enhances identifying outcomes and processes that contribute to the deterioration and improvement of quality (Horwitz et al., 2007).

Data collection is vital in creating a fair, meaningful and robust measure. Good data allows organizational administrators to evaluate the quality of care and assess the impacts of the proposed quality improvement initiative or intervention. For instance, in a healthcare organization, patient data from medical bills and insurance claims is applied in most CQI projects to guide decision-making and proper resource allocation to achieve the anticipated outcomes (Corti et al., 2019).

 

References

Corti, L., Van den Eynden, V., Bishop, L., & Woollard, M. (2019). Managing and sharing research data: A guide to good practice. Sage.

Horwitz, S. M., Briggs-Gowan, M. J., Storfer-Isser, A., & Carter, A. S. (2007). Prevalence, correlates, and persistence of maternal depression. Journal of Women’s Health, 16, 678-691. doi: 10.1089/jwh.2006.0185

Johnson, J. K., & Sollecito, W. A. (2018). McLaughlin & Kaluzny’s continuous quality improvement in health care (5th ed.). Jones & Bartlett Learning.

Renjith, V., Yesodharan, R., Noronha, J. A., Ladd, E., & George, A. (2021). Qualitative methods in health care research. International Journal of Preventive Medicine, 12. doi: 10.4103/ijpvm.IJPVM_321_19

• Grid View

		Excellent	Good	Fair	Poor
Main Posting		45 (45%) – 50 (50%) Answers all parts of the discussion question(s) expectations with reflective critical analysis and synthesis of knowledge gained from the course readings for the module and current credible sources.   Supported by at least three current, credible sources.   Written clearly and concisely with no grammatical or spelling errors and fully adheres to current APA manual writing rules and style.	40 (40%) – 44 (44%) Responds to the discussion question(s) and is reflective with critical analysis and synthesis of knowledge gained from the course readings for the module.   At least 75% of post has exceptional depth and breadth.   Supported by at least three credible sources.   Written clearly and concisely with one or no grammatical or spelling errors and fully adheres to current APA manual writing rules and style.	35 (35%) – 39 (39%) Responds to some of the discussion question(s).   One or two criteria are not addressed or are superficially addressed.   Is somewhat lacking reflection and critical analysis and synthesis.   Somewhat represents knowledge gained from the course readings for the module.   Post is cited with two credible sources.   Written somewhat concisely; may contain more than two spelling or grammatical errors.   Contains some APA formatting errors.	0 (0% ) – 34 (34%) Does not respond to the discussion question(s) adequately.   Lacks depth or superficially addresses criteria.   Lacks reflection and critical analysis and synthesis.   Does not represent knowledge gained from the course readings for the module. Contains only one or no credible sources.   Not written clearly or concisely.   Contains more than two spelling or grammatical errors.   Does not adhere to current APA manual writing rules and style.
Main Post: Timeliness		10 (10%) – 10 (10%) Posts main post by day 3.	0 (0%) – 0 (0%)	0 (0%) – 0 (0%)	0 (0%) – 0 (0%) Does not post by day 3.
First Response		17 (17%) – 18 (18%) Response exhibits synthesis, critical thinking, and application to practice settings.   Responds fully to questions posed by faculty.   Provides clear, concise opinions and ideas that are supported by at least two scholarly sources.   Demonstrates synthesis and understanding of learning objectives.   Communication is professional and respectful to colleagues.   Responses to faculty questions are fully answered, if posed.   Response is effectively written in standard, edited English.	15 (15%) – 16 (16%) Response exhibits critical thinking and application to practice settings.   Communication is professional and respectful to colleagues.   Responses to faculty questions are answered, if posed.   Provides clear, concise opinions and ideas that are supported by two or more credible sources.   Response is effectively written in standard, edited English.	13 (13%) – 14 (14%) Response is on topic and may have some depth.   Responses posted in the discussion may lack effective professional communication.   Responses to faculty questions are somewhat answered, if posed.   Response may lack clear, concise opinions and ideas, and a few or no credible sources are cited.	0 (0%) – 12 (12%) Response may not be on topic and lacks depth.   Responses posted in the discussion lack effective professional communication. Responses to faculty questions are missing.   No credible sources are cited.
Second Response		16 (16%) – 17 (17%) Response exhibits synthesis, critical thinking, and application to practice settings.   Responds fully to questions posed by faculty.   Provides clear, concise opinions and ideas that are supported by at least two scholarly sources.   Demonstrates synthesis and understanding of learning objectives.   Communication is professional and respectful to colleagues.   Responses to faculty questions are fully answered, if posed.   Response is effectively written in standard, edited English.	14 (14%) – 15 (15%) Response exhibits critical thinking and application to practice settings.   Communication is professional and respectful to colleagues.   Responses to faculty questions are answered, if posed.   Provides clear, concise opinions and ideas that are supported by two or more credible sources.   Response is effectively written in standard, edited English.	12 (12%) – 13 (13%) Response is on topic and may have some depth.   Responses posted in the discussion may lack effective professional communication.   Responses to faculty questions are somewhat answered, if posed.   Response may lack clear, concise opinions and ideas, and a few or no credible sources are cited.	0 (0%) – 11 (11%) Response may not be on topic and lacks depth. Responses posted in the discussion lack effective professional communication.   Responses to faculty questions are missing. No credible sources are cited.
Participation		5 (5%) – 5 (5%) Meets requirements for participation by posting on three different days.	0 (0%) – 0 (0%)	0 (0%) – 0 (0%)	0 (0%) – 0 (0%) Does no t meet requirements for participation by posting on 3 different days.
Total Points: 100

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For assignments that need to be submitted to Lopes Write, please be sure you have received your report and Similarity

Index (SI) percentage BEFORE you do a “final submit” to me.

Once you have received your report, please review it. This report will show you grammatical, punctuation, and spelling errors that can easily be fixed. Take the extra few minutes to review instead of getting counted off for these mistakes.

Review your similarities. Did you forget to cite something? Did you not paraphrase well enough? Is your paper made up of someone else’s thoughts more than your own?

Visit the Writing Center in the Student Success Center, under the Resources tab in LoudCloud for tips on improving your paper and SI score.

Late Policy

The university’s policy on late assignments is 10% penalty PER DAY LATE. This also applies to late DQ replies.

Please communicate with me if you anticipate having to submit an assignment late. I am happy to be flexible, with advance notice. We may be able to work out an extension based on extenuating circumstances.

If you do not communicate with me before submitting an assignment late, the GCU late policy will be in effect.

I do not accept assignments that are two or more weeks late unless we have worked out an extension.

As per policy, no assignments are accepted after the last day of class. Any assignment submitted after midnight on the last day of class will not be accepted for grading.

Communication

Communication is so very important. There are multiple ways to communicate with me:

Questions to Instructor Forum: This is a great place to ask course content or assignment questions. If you have a question, there is a good chance one of your peers does as well. This is a public forum for the class.

Individual Forum: This is a private forum to ask me questions or send me messages. This will be checked at least once every 24 hours.

Important information for writing discussion questions and participation

Welcome to class

Hello class and welcome to the class and I will be your instructor for this course. This is a -week course and requires a lot of time commitment, organization, and a high level of dedication. Please use the class syllabus to guide you through all the assignments required for the course. I have also attached the classroom policies to this announcement to know your expectations for this course. Please review this document carefully and ask me any questions if you do. You could email me at any time or send me a message via the “message” icon in halo if you need to contact me. I check my email regularly, so you should get a response within 24 hours. If you have not heard from me within 24 hours and need to contact me urgently, please send a follow up text to

I strongly encourage that you do not wait until the very last minute to complete your assignments. Your assignments in weeks 4 and 5 require early planning as you would need to present a teaching plan and interview a community health provider. I advise you look at the requirements for these assignments at the beginning of the course and plan accordingly. I have posted the YouTube link that explains all the class assignments in detail. It is required that you watch this 32-minute video as the assignments from week 3 through 5 require that you follow the instructions to the letter to succeed. Failure to complete these assignments according to instructions might lead to a zero. After watching the video, please schedule a one-on-one with me to discuss your topic for your project by the second week of class. Use this link to schedule a 15-minute session. Please, call me at the time of your appointment on my number. Please note that I will NOT call you.

Please, be advised I do NOT accept any assignments by email. If you are having technical issues with uploading an assignment, contact the technical department and inform me of the issue. If you have any issues that would prevent you from getting your assignments to me by the deadline, please inform me to request a possible extension. Note that working fulltime or overtime is no excuse for late assignments. There is a 5%-point deduction for every day your assignment is late. This only applies to approved extensions. Late assignments will not be accepted.

If you think you would be needing accommodations due to any reasons, please contact the appropriate department to request accommodations.

Plagiarism is highly prohibited. Please ensure you are citing your sources correctly using APA 7th edition. All assignments including discussion posts should be formatted in APA with the appropriate spacing, font, margin, and indents. Any papers not well formatted would be returned back to you, hence, I advise you review APA formatting style. I have attached a sample paper in APA format and will also post sample discussion responses in subsequent announcements.

Your initial discussion post should be a minimum of 200 words and response posts should be a minimum of 150 words. Be advised that I grade based on quality and not necessarily the number of words you post. A minimum of TWO references should be used for your initial post. For your response post, you do not need references as personal experiences would count as response posts. If you however cite anything from the literature for your response post, it is required that you cite your reference. You should include a minimum of THREE references for papers in this course. Please note that references should be no more than 5 years old except recommended as a resource for the class. Furthermore, for each discussion board question, you need ONE initial substantive response and TWO substantive responses to either your classmates or your instructor for a total of THREE responses. There are TWO discussion questions each week, hence, you need a total minimum of SIX discussion posts for each week. I usually post a discussion question each week. You could also respond to these as it would count towards your required SIX discussion posts for the week.

I understand this is a lot of information to cover in 5 weeks, however, the Bible says in Philippians 4:13 that we can do all things through Christ that strengthens us. Even in times like this, we are encouraged by God’s word that we have that ability in us to succeed with His strength. I pray that each and every one of you receives strength for this course and life generally as we navigate through this pandemic that is shaking our world today. Relax and enjoy the course!

Hi Class,

Please read through the following information on writing a Discussion question response and participation posts.

Contact me if you have any questions.

Important information on Writing a Discussion Question

• Your response needs to be a minimum of 150 words (not including your list of references)
• There needs to be at least TWO references with ONE being a peer reviewed professional journal article.
• Include in-text citations in your response
• Do not include quotes—instead summarize and paraphrase the information
• Follow APA-7th edition
• Points will be deducted if the above is not followed

Participation –replies to your classmates or instructor

• A minimum of 6 responses per week, on at least 3 days of the week.
• Each response needs at least ONE reference with citations—best if it is a peer reviewed journal article
• Each response needs to be at least 75 words in length (does not include your list of references)
• Responses need to be substantive by bringing information to the discussion or further enhance the discussion. Responses of “I agree” or “great post” does not count for the word count.
• Follow APA 7th edition
• Points will be deducted if the above is not followed
• Remember to use and follow APA-7th edition for all weekly assignments, discussion questions, and participation points.
• Here are some helpful links
• Student paper example
• Citing Sources
• The Writing Center is a great resource