NR 503 Week 7: Presentation of Epidemiological Problem Abstract

Chamberlain University NR 503 Week 7: Presentation of Epidemiological Problem Abstract– Step-By-Step Guide

This guide will demonstrate how to complete the Chamberlain University NR 503 Week 7: Presentation of Epidemiological Problem Abstract assignment based on general principles of academic writing. Here, we will show you the A, B, Cs of completing an academic paper, irrespective of the instructions. After guiding you through what to do, the guide will leave one or two sample essays at the end to highlight the various sections discussed below.

How to Research and Prepare for NR 503 Week 7: Presentation of Epidemiological Problem Abstract

Whether one passes or fails an academic assignment such as the Chamberlain University NR 503 Week 7: Presentation of Epidemiological Problem Abstract depends on the preparation done beforehand. The first thing to do once you receive an assignment is to quickly skim through the requirements. Once that is done, start going through the instructions one by one to clearly understand what the instructor wants. The most important thing here is to understand the required format—whether it is APA, MLA, Chicago, etc.

After understanding the requirements of the paper, the next phase is to gather relevant materials. The first place to start the research process is the weekly resources. Go through the resources provided in the instructions to determine which ones fit the assignment. After reviewing the provided resources, use the university library to search for additional resources. After gathering sufficient and necessary resources, you are now ready to start drafting your paper.

How to Write the Introduction for NR 503 Week 7: Presentation of Epidemiological Problem Abstract

The introduction for the Chamberlain University NR 503 Week 7: Presentation of Epidemiological Problem Abstract is where you tell the instructor what your paper will encompass. In three to four statements, highlight the important points that will form the basis of your paper. Here, you can include statistics to show the importance of the topic you will be discussing. At the end of the introduction, write a clear purpose statement outlining what exactly will be contained in the paper. This statement will start with “The purpose of this paper…” and then proceed to outline the various sections of the instructions.

How to Write the Body for NR 503 Week 7: Presentation of Epidemiological Problem Abstract

After the introduction, move into the main part of the NR 503 Week 7: Presentation of Epidemiological Problem Abstract assignment, which is the body. Given that the paper you will be writing is not experimental, the way you organize the headings and subheadings of your paper is critically important. In some cases, you might have to use more subheadings to properly organize the assignment. The organization will depend on the rubric provided. Carefully examine the rubric, as it will contain all the detailed requirements of the assignment. Sometimes, the rubric will have information that the normal instructions lack.

Another important factor to consider at this point is how to do citations. In-text citations are fundamental as they support the arguments and points you make in the paper. At this point, the resources gathered at the beginning will come in handy. Integrating the ideas of the authors with your own will ensure that you produce a comprehensive paper. Also, follow the given citation format. In most cases, APA 7 is the preferred format for nursing assignments.

How to Write the Conclusion for NR 503 Week 7: Presentation of Epidemiological Problem Abstract

After completing the main sections, write the conclusion of your paper. The conclusion is a summary of the main points you made in your paper. However, you need to rewrite the points and not simply copy and paste them. By restating the points from each subheading, you will provide a nuanced overview of the assignment to the reader.

How to Format the References List for NR 503 Week 7: Presentation of Epidemiological Problem Abstract

The very last part of your paper involves listing the sources used in your paper. These sources should be listed in alphabetical order and double-spaced. Additionally, use a hanging indent for each source that appears in this list. Lastly, only the sources cited within the body of the paper should appear here.

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Sample Answer for NR 503 Week 7: Presentation of Epidemiological Problem Abstract

The United State is spending close to $16 Billion dollars annually on sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) (Centers for Disease and Prevention [CDC], 2017). Southern states, like Georgia, sees a large number of syphilis cases. Surprisingly, there was once a time where syphilis was at its lowest and was on the verge of elimination. Now, the rates of syphilis have doubled, causing an incidence rate in the U.S of 5.5 cases per 100,000 (CDC). Men have the highest prevalence. Their rates have continued to climb. Men who have sex with men or MSM are at the greatest risk and have the highest rates of syphilis with 15.6 per 100,000 or 88.9% of all U.S. cases (CDC, 2017). This has been termed a MSM epidemic. A rapid plasma regain (RPR) is the lab of chose to routinely screen for syphilis. Once diagnosed there are 3 main stages: primary, secondary, and latent. Treatment dosage varies but the treatment of choice is Penicillin Benzathine G given intramuscularly. Once there is a positive lab and confirmation lab, it must be reported by law to the state’s public health department. This is normally done by the laboratory and physician. There is an electronic system where this is transmitted through. After being reported, it is then used for surveillance. It is the goal of providers to help educate the community on syphilis awareness. Patients must be open to talk about their sex health with their providers. Three ways to work towards the goal of syphilis prevention are: to provide information and encourage safe sex, screen for all STDs, and lastly, treat the patient and notify their partners. These actions will limit the exposure and transmission of syphilis; therefore, decreasing the rates of syphilis in Georgia and the U.S.

Resource

Centers for Disease and Prevention (CDC). (2017). Sexually Transmitted Disease (STDs). Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/std/syphilis/defualt.htm

NR 503 Week 8: Reflection on Achievement of Program Outcomes

Sample Answer 2 for NR 503 Week 7: Presentation of Epidemiological Problem Abstract

I agree that it will be paramount for advanced practice nurses (APNs) to understand disease process so that they aid in decreasing transmission of disease. It will also be important that they understand the role disparities play in the epidemiological and disease process. Take for example, in a study conducted by Green, Levin-Rector, Hadler, and Fine (2015), 18 out of 41 communicable disease in New York City (NYC) were found to correlate with high poverty rates. This helps to demonstrate the effects poverty has on disease, supporting that disparities may have an instrumental impact on transmission of disease, as it may limit access to care, or places patients at higher risk for a disease. APNs will be leaders within addressing and revealing disparities so that they are decreased within the communities and populations they serve, seeking to increase the health and wellness of all individuals.

During this week’s lesson measurements of outcomes were discussed. Through this I was able to learn key elements of measurable outcomes. The lesson also identified outcomes can be measured specifically both individually or within groups as they aid within development of patient care practices. It will be important for APNs to measure outcomes so that quality of care is maintained. As the measurable outcomes now no longer revolve around mortality rates, but have shifted to a patient-centered care model. As the study by Rutten, van Vugt, Weerdt, and de Koning (2018) discovered, patients were more satisfied when the visits revolved around them and their thoughts on care, as well as sharing decisions with the physicians (2018). Comparison of outcomes

will be paramount as they support patient care practices. APNs will need to also be knowledgeable about organizations that support comparison of outcomes so that patient practices and guidelines support evidence-based practice. Take for example, the Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute (PCORI) is organization that seeks to support outcomes research in clinical practice take into account patient providers and perspective into research so that patient-centered outcomes can arise (Frank, Basch, & Selby, 2014). Outcomes will seek to drive quality driven practices and aid in critical thinking so that patients receive optimal patient care and treatment. APNs will have the resources available to them to support them in measurement of outcomes. Measurable outcomes will be paramount as APNs appraise healthcare interventions so that they support safe healthcare practices.

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References:

Frank, L., Basch, E., & Selby, J. V. (2014). The PCORI perspective on patient-centered outcome research. Journal of the American Medical Association, 312(15), 1513-1514. doi:10.1001/jama.2014.11100

Greene, S. K., Levin-Rector, A., Hadler, J. L., & Fine, A. D. (2015). Disparities in reportable communicable disease incidence by census tract-level poverty, New York City, 2006-2013. American Journal of Public Health, 105(9), 27-34. doi:10.2105/ajph.2015.302741

Rutten, G. M., van Vugt, H. A., de Weerdt, I., & de Koning, E. (2018). Implementation of a structured diabetes consultation model to facilitate a person-centered approach: Results from a nationwide Dutch study. Diabetes Care, 41(4), 688-695. doi:10.2337/dc17-1194

Sample Answer 3 for NR 503 Week 7: Presentation of Epidemiological Problem Abstract

I was shocked to read these statistics regarding syphilis and the fact that an almost extinct disease now has a doubled rate and is considered an epidemic among MSM men. Dr. Anttila, I couldn’t agree more that although it is very important we have an advanced level of knowledge regarding syphilis and other STD’s it is crucial that we understand how disparities among different populations can impact their risk for contracting a STD. Darnesha you had great suggestions on reducing the incidence of syphilis. First and foremost, education is key. This education needs to be targeted at the population most at risk and provide resources for further information, counseling, etc. You mentioned screening for all STD’s and I think this is also crucial. The CDC’s current recommendations for different STD’s are not as inclusive as they should be, in my opinion, and this hinders physicians in asking the right questions, offering the right screening, and appropriate counseling. Providing easy access screening or even screening drives in impoverished or high risk areas would be very beneficial. Also, in my experience with my own teen, she did not realize that partners can be anonymously treated (Katz, 2014). Through this option partners of those who test positive can receive medication anonymously without ever having to be tested or see a physician. Of course this brings up the issue of antibiotic allergies or overuse but when considering the pros and cons of treating even a possible STD far outweighs the possible negative implications.

Thank you for a very informative post Darnesha.

Katz, A. R. (2014). Insights in public health: The hidden epidemic: sexually transmitted diseases in 2014. Hawai’i Journal of Medicine & Public Health: A Journal of Asia Pacific Medicine & Public Health, 73(8), 265-267.

Sample Answer 4 for NR 503 Week 7: Presentation of Epidemiological Problem Abstract

The epidemiological problem on which I chose to focus was human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). HIV is spread through various ways, including sex, breastfeeding, infected blood products, childbirth, and from mother to child during pregnancy. At this point in time there is no cure for HIV, but treatment with highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) can slow down the progression of the disease and significantly prolong life (“HIV/AIDS Basic Statistics,” 2018).

Clinical symptoms of AIDS include a severely compromised immune system, and usually the presence of multiple diseases. Although many people can test positive for the HIV antibody, which indicates exposure and infection by the virus, many of these people remain asymptomatic. A person can be unaware that they are infected for months or even years. The period of transmission before actually testing positive for HIV is known as the “window period” (“HIV/AIDS Basic Statistics,” 2018).

HIV/AIDS is a major cause of death for certain population groups, including homosexual African American men, people who have many sex partners, intravenous drug users, and people who reside in certain geographical areas (“HIV/AIDS Basic Statistics,” 2018). Barriers to stopping the spread of HIV infection in the Atlanta, GA area include a lack of healthcare, as well as the fact that those affected are mostly African American, which affects the black community in a disproportionate way (“HIV/AIDS Basic Statistics,” 2018).

The HIV/AIDS virus has had far-reaching consequences across all levels of society. The counties in Georgia with the most prevalent HIV rates of infection are Dekalb, Fulton, and Clayton counties. (“Georgia’s HIV/AIDS Epidemiology Surveillance Section,” 2018). Education and proper management are crucial to the prevention and spread of HIV/AIDS in the Atlanta area and around the world. Atlanta has seemingly become a seed bed for the proliferation of HIV, with alarmingly increasing rates of infection in the population.

Testing is important to help prevent the spread of HIV and there are three different types of tests that can be used to diagnose HIV, as well as a variety of surveillance methods. Patients must be informed that HIV/AIDS infection comes at a high cost, affecting health, family, and financial relationships. Finally, developing a focused plan is essential for the advanced practice nurse (APN) so that he or she can function in the clinical setting to successfully aid in combatting the infection and spread of the HIV/AIDS epidemic both locally in the Atlanta area and globally throughout the world.

References

Georgia’s HIV/AIDS Epidemiology Surveillance Section. (2018, June 13). Retrieved from https://dph.georgia.gov/georgias-hivaids-epidemiology-surveillance-sectionHIV/AIDS Basic Statistics. (2018, July 23). Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/hiv/basics/statistics.htmlLinks to an external site.

HIV/AIDS Basic Statistics. (2018, July 23). Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/hiv/basics/statistics.htmlLinks to an external site.

Sample Answer 5 for NR 503 Week 7: Presentation of Epidemiological Problem Abstract

Irrational fears of HIV infection, as well as negative attitudes and judgments towards people living with HIV persist despite decades of public information campaigns and other awareness-raising efforts. The populations with higher risk of HIV infection face high levels of stigma due, among other things, to their gender, sexual orientation, gender identity, drug use or sex trade. The stigma towards people living with or at risk of HIV leads to acts of discrimination in all sectors of society. In many countries, discriminatory laws and policies reinforce an environment of violence and marginalization (Kitara & Aloyo, 2012). This stigma and discrimination discourage people from accessing health care services, including methods of HIV prevention, knowing their HIV status, enrolling in health care and following treatment. Knowing the causes and developing the actions and measures to eliminate discrimination is the key to reducing the negative consequences in the people who experience it. These prejudiced ideas lead people to do or stop doing actions that lead to damaging, rejecting or denying people’s rights by placing them in a context of vulnerability and / or risk to infections such as HIV. This violation of rights causes a negative impact on each individual and the families and, in addition, society itself is affected by reinforcing the conditions that favor and create the contexts of vulnerability for the spread of the HIV epidemic(Kitara & Aloyo, 2012). Today, the biggest obstacles for carriers are not doctors, but the stigmas that society still does not overcome.

Kitara, D.L & Aloyo, J. (2012).HIV/AIDS Stigmatization, the Reason for Poor Access to HIV Counseling and Testing (HCT) Among the Youths in Gulu (Uganda). Afr J Infect Dis. 6(1): 12–20.

Sample Answer 6 for NR 503 Week 7: Presentation of Epidemiological Problem Abstract

Tuberculosis (TB) is a dangerous bacterial infection that mainly affects the lungs. It is an airborne disease; therefore, TB bacteria are transmitted through airborne droplets. When an infected person coughs, sneezes, or talks, they spread the TB-causing bacteria. The small evaporated droplets can survive and infection new individuals several minutes up to an hour in an environment. Hebert (2016) cites TB as a major global public health threat that affects one-third of the world’s population, with an estimated 9,400 cases reported in the US, in 2014. Classical symptoms of TB include unexplained weight loss, night sweating, fever, chills, anorexia, chest pain associated with breathing or coughing, fatigue, and coughing up blood or blood-stained mucus. Shenje et al. (2018) describe TB as the most common opportunistic infection in HIV-infected people in Sub-Saharan Africa, and attribute TB to the mycobacterium tuberculosis bacteria. This is a life-threatening extra pulmonary form of TB that causes fluid to accumulate around the heart, thereby constricting the heart and causing acute pericarditis. All 50 states, the District of Columbia, New York City, Puerto Rico, and other US jurisdictions in the Pacific and Caribbean are required to report CDC cases to the CDC, using a standard case report form. TB is a leading public health challenge, both in developed and developing countries. It is estimated that one-third of the world’s population is affected by TB. According to the World Health Organization, reported 10.4 million new cases globally, causing 1.8 million deaths (Mhimbira et al., 2017). Social, economic, and behavioral factors all play a role in the incidence of TB, and also influence treatment outcomes. Given that TB is a leading communicable infectious disease, surveillance plays a crucial role in control and prevention. Case management is suggested as an effective way of addressing TB during nursing practice and is associated with high efficacy.

References

Hebert, S. A. (2016). Tuberculosis screening: An update for NPs. The nurse practitioner, 41(9), 1-5. doi:10.1097/01.NPR.0000491161.88397.00

Mhimbira, F. A., Cuevas, L. E., Dacombe, R., Mkopi, A., & Sinclair, D. (2017). Interventions to increase tuberculosis case detection at primary healthcare or community-level services. The cochrane database of systematic reviews, 11CD011432. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD011432.pub2

Shenje, J., Lai, R. P., Ross, I. L., Mayosi, B. M., Wilkinson, R. J., Ntsekhe, M. &
Wilkinson, K. A. (2018). Effect of prednisolone on inflammatory markers in pericardial
tuberculosis: A pilot study. IJC Heart and Vasculature, 18: 104-108.