NR 507 Week 2: Respiratory Disorders and Alterations in Acid/Base Balance, Fluid and Electrolytes
Chamberlain University NR 507 Week 2: Respiratory Disorders and Alterations in Acid/Base Balance, Fluid and Electrolytes– Step-By-Step Guide
This guide will demonstrate how to complete the Chamberlain University NR 507 Week 2: Respiratory Disorders and Alterations in Acid/Base Balance, Fluid and Electrolytes assignment based on general principles of academic writing. Here, we will show you the A, B, Cs of completing an academic paper, irrespective of the instructions. After guiding you through what to do, the guide will leave one or two sample essays at the end to highlight the various sections discussed below.
How to Research and Prepare for NR 507 Week 2: Respiratory Disorders and Alterations in Acid/Base Balance, Fluid and Electrolytes
Whether one passes or fails an academic assignment such as the Chamberlain University NR 507 Week 2: Respiratory Disorders and Alterations in Acid/Base Balance, Fluid and Electrolytes depends on the preparation done beforehand. The first thing to do once you receive an assignment is to quickly skim through the requirements. Once that is done, start going through the instructions one by one to clearly understand what the instructor wants. The most important thing here is to understand the required format—whether it is APA, MLA, Chicago, etc.
After understanding the requirements of the paper, the next phase is to gather relevant materials. The first place to start the research process is the weekly resources. Go through the resources provided in the instructions to determine which ones fit the assignment. After reviewing the provided resources, use the university library to search for additional resources. After gathering sufficient and necessary resources, you are now ready to start drafting your paper.
How to Write the Introduction for NR 507 Week 2: Respiratory Disorders and Alterations in Acid/Base Balance, Fluid and Electrolytes
The introduction for the Chamberlain University NR 507 Week 2: Respiratory Disorders and Alterations in Acid/Base Balance, Fluid and Electrolytes is where you tell the instructor what your paper will encompass. In three to four statements, highlight the important points that will form the basis of your paper. Here, you can include statistics to show the importance of the topic you will be discussing. At the end of the introduction, write a clear purpose statement outlining what exactly will be contained in the paper. This statement will start with “The purpose of this paper…” and then proceed to outline the various sections of the instructions.
How to Write the Body for NR 507 Week 2: Respiratory Disorders and Alterations in Acid/Base Balance, Fluid and Electrolytes
After the introduction, move into the main part of the NR 507 Week 2: Respiratory Disorders and Alterations in Acid/Base Balance, Fluid and Electrolytes assignment, which is the body. Given that the paper you will be writing is not experimental, the way you organize the headings and subheadings of your paper is critically important. In some cases, you might have to use more subheadings to properly organize the assignment. The organization will depend on the rubric provided. Carefully examine the rubric, as it will contain all the detailed requirements of the assignment. Sometimes, the rubric will have information that the normal instructions lack.
Another important factor to consider at this point is how to do citations. In-text citations are fundamental as they support the arguments and points you make in the paper. At this point, the resources gathered at the beginning will come in handy. Integrating the ideas of the authors with your own will ensure that you produce a comprehensive paper. Also, follow the given citation format. In most cases, APA 7 is the preferred format for nursing assignments.
How to Write the Conclusion for NR 507 Week 2: Respiratory Disorders and Alterations in Acid/Base Balance, Fluid and Electrolytes
After completing the main sections, write the conclusion of your paper. The conclusion is a summary of the main points you made in your paper. However, you need to rewrite the points and not simply copy and paste them. By restating the points from each subheading, you will provide a nuanced overview of the assignment to the reader.
How to Format the References List for NR 507 Week 2: Respiratory Disorders and Alterations in Acid/Base Balance, Fluid and Electrolytes
The very last part of your paper involves listing the sources used in your paper. These sources should be listed in alphabetical order and double-spaced. Additionally, use a hanging indent for each source that appears in this list. Lastly, only the sources cited within the body of the paper should appear here.
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Sample Answer for NR 507 Week 2: Respiratory Disorders and Alterations in Acid/Base Balance, Fluid and Electrolytes
What is the etiology of cystic fibrosis?
This topic is of great interest to me because of this subject that I will be doing my presentation on, so I did a detailed search. The peer review article revealed that according to Munder& Tummler (2015), cystic fibrosis lung disease result from impaired chloride and bicarbonate epithelial transport, defective mucociliary transport, and acidification of the airway-surface liquid. In many ways, the pathophysiological process differs according to the different evidenced-based practice. “The pathophysiology of cystic fibrosis is deduced from the loss or dysfunction of CFTR in the apical epithelial membrane” Stoltz, (2015). The contributing factor is an attenuated bacteria-killing capability has reported in monocytes and macrophages isolated from people with cystic fibrosis.
The response to the peer review is” We agree with Munder and Tümmler that abnormal function in myeloid cells (i.e., neutrophils, monocytes, or macrophages) may contribute to impaired host defense in cystic fibrosis.” Stoltz, 2015. The article contains other pertinent information to describe the depth of this disease. “Specific cell types involved (monocytes, neutrophils, or macrophages) and proposed mechanisms for defects (e.g., organelle acidification, complement-mediated phagocytosis, and intraphagosomal production of hypochlorous acid) vary substantially among studies.” Stoltz (2015).
Describe in detail the pathophysiological process of cystic fibrosis.
Cystic fibrosis is the abnormal secretions that obstruct the respiratory, digestive, and reproductive tract. According to (McCance et al., 2013) research shows that there may be additional CF-associated primary defects, such as a natural proinflammatory state and abnormal local immune defenses in the lungs. “Cystic fibrosis is also associated with cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTCR) gene mutation results in the abnormal expression of cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTCR) protein, which is a cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)–activated chloride channel present on the surface of many types of epithelial cells.” (McCance et al., 2013). These cells include the lining of the airways, bile ducts, the pancreas, sweat glands, and the vas deferens. Even though cystic fibrosis affects multisystem it ultimately most often affects the lung, which is the most critical site of involvement that leads to respiratory failure and death.
Identify hallmark signs identified from the physical exam and symptoms.
Cystic fibrosis often occurs primarily in the white population; it affects 1 in 29 whites in the united s
tates. The symptoms typically start with the respiratory and digestive systems. Respiratory symptoms include a persistent cough or wheeze, sputum production, and recurrent or severe pneumonia, and chronic sinusitis and nasal polyps. “Persistence of infection incites chronic local inflammation, airway damage, bronchiectasis, microabscess formation, and foci of hemorrhagic pneumonia.
Describe the pathophysiology of complications of cystic fibrosis.
There is progressive damage to the typical architecture of the lung with a decline in pulmonary function.” (McCance et al., 2013. CF causes reduced hydration of airway mucus which results in increased adherence of mucus to the epithelium, making it easier for bacteria to stick to and increasing the chances of infection (McCance et al., 2013)
What teaching related to her diagnosis would you provide the parents?
Due to the severity of the disease, it will be overwhelming and devastating to the parents, as an advanced clinical nurse I will provide them with all the information and videos available. I would also refer them to join a group of parents with children of a similar diagnosis. Advising the patient to prevent infection, adequate nutrition, and an increase in caloric intake is the primary goal to maintain a healthy lifestyle. Lastly, I would provide them with my information for them to call with any further questions.
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References:
Antje Munder, M.D. Burkhard Tümmler, M.D., Ph.D.
Hanover Medical School, Hannover, Germany (2015)
tuemmler.burkhard@mh-hannover.de
David A. Stoltz, M.D., Ph.D. David K. Meyerholz, D.V.M., Ph.D.
Michael J. Welsh, M.D.
University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA (2015)
McCance, K. L., Huether, S. E., Brashers, V. L., & Rote, N. S. (2013). Pathophysiology: The biologic basis for disease in adults and children (7th ed.). St. Louis, MO: Mosby.
Sample Answer 2 for NR 507 Week 2: Respiratory Disorders and Alterations in Acid/Base Balance, Fluid and Electrolytes
Your post on cystic fibrosis (CF) is very informative. Your post explains the etiology, pathophysiology, and symptoms of cystic fibrosis in detail. I think we should also look to studying EBP nursing care plans to better assist our patients diagnosed with cystic fibrosis. Living with cystic fibrosis comes with many medical, social, and financial challenges for patients, their caretakers, and family members. Having a productive and fulfilling life with cystic fibrosis is possible, as long as patients are educated about how to cope with the condition. The Cystic Fibrosis Foundation (2018) outlines four areas they would like CF patients to focus on so they can live a their best lives: daily life, treatments and therapies, transitions, and CF resources. The Adult Guide to Cystic Fibrosis is a resource that helps adults with CF manage their lives, as adults with CF outnumber children with the disease. This guide discusses and makes recommendations for basic lung care, menopause, having a social life, birth control, pregnancy, exercise, traveling, having a career, and more. FNPs should also study this guide in order to create individual care plans for their CF patients.
Griesenbach and Alton (2015) mention that several therapies have progressed including amongst novel antibiotics (inhaled tobramycin and macrolides) and novel mucolytics (dornase alpha–a recombinant DNase) and hypertonic saline that have been approved through clinical trials and offered as mainstream treatment. New CF drug developments have progressed to CFTR correctors to treat classes I-III mutations (Griesenbach and Alton, 2015). Our understanding of cystic fibrosis pathophysiology and genetics has expanded tremendously and has led to vast improvements for patients. Griesenbach and Alton (2015) note the recent licensing of ivacaftor, a drug targeting the molecular defect in the CFTR protein in approximately 5 percent of cystic fibrosis patients, is one of the current treatments making a difference in treatment efforts.
References:
Griesenbach, U., & Alton, E. W. F. W. (2015). Recent advances in understanding and managing cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator dysfunction. F1000Prime Reports, 7, 64. http://doi.org/10.12703/P7-64
National Cystic Fibrosis Foundation. (2018). Adult Guide to Cystic Fibrosis. Retrieved from
https://www.cff.org/Life-With-CF/Daily-Life/Adult-Guide-to-CF.pdf
Sample Answer 3 for NR 507 Week 2: Respiratory Disorders and Alterations in Acid/Base Balance, Fluid and Electrolytes
As I read your discussion I noted the management of CF I think a multisystem approach is imperative because there are so many other systems and complications that go along with CF such as Pulmonary, Chronic infection, Bronchiectasis, Pneumothorax, Oxygen dependence Gastro-intestinal disease, Constipation and obstruction, Nutritional difficulties, Liver and gallbladder disease, Reflux and decreased motility. Then there is the Psycho-social aspect of Depression, Anxiety, Adjustment disorders, Substance abuse and addiction, Relationship problems, Work-related difficulties Treatment issues, Treatment burden, Compliance, Phobias (e.g., needle phobia). Other related conditions, CF-related diabetes, Osteoporosis, Male infertility all related to having CF(Nazareth & Walshaw, 2013). Although continuously evolving, the process should be multi-factorial, coordinated, and gradual; it should involve professional caregivers, the young person, and their family. With the multi-system complications due to CF comes a multi-disciplinary approach to the patient. With a good team of doctors and nurses, CF can help the patient live a healthy life as much as possible.
Reference
Nazareth, D., & Walshaw, M. (2013). Coming of age in cystic fibrosis – transition from pediatric to adult care. Clinical Medicine (London, England), 13(5), 482-486. doi:10.7861/clinmedicine.13-5-482
Sample Answer 4 for NR 507 Week 2: Respiratory Disorders and Alterations in Acid/Base Balance, Fluid and Electrolytes
What is the etiology of cystic fibrosis?
Cystic Fibrosis is a genetically inherited disease secondary to an autosomal recessive gene within chromosome 7. There are close to 2000 gene mutations; however, there are 6 prominent mutations that lead to pulmonary insufficiency. Gene mutations classified as 1 to 3 or closely correlated with severe pulmonary dysfunction whereas genes 4 thru 6 present a mild version of pulmonary insufficiency without pancreatic compromise. Affecting predominately Caucasians, African and Asian Americans. Over 70 percent of Cystic Fibrosis diagnoses occur around 6 months to 1 year of age. Affecting an estimated “30,000 individuals in the United States and 70,000 worldwide” (McCance, Huether, Brashers, & Rote, 2014, p. 1310).
Describe in detail the pathophysiological process of cystic fibrosis.
Cystic fibrosis is characterized by abnormal amounts of copious secretions that are heavily saturated and obstructive to the respiratory, digestive and reproductive organs. Secondary to altered chloride transport creating obstructions of the exocrine glands (Sommers & Fannin, 2015). Secretions are resultant of the gene mutation referred to as “cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTCR) protein. A cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) activated chloride channel” that lines the epithelial cells of specific secretory organs such as the airway, pancreas, bile ducts and in the male the vas deferens (McCance et al., 2014, p. 1311). Alterations in the epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) leads to excessive excretion of chloride with enhanced sodium retention. Contributing to dehydration of epithelial cells leading to restriction of ciliary tracts ability to expel mucus. With consequential overproduction of secretions creating a host environment for bacteria (McCance et al., 2014).
Identify hallmark signs identified from the physical exam and symptoms.
Hallmark signs and symptoms consist of parents reporting a salty taste to their infant’s skin often identified during moments of affection such through kissing the child. Parents and the patient’s medical history may indicate a history of chronic and/or repetitive upper respiratory infections ranging from a croup sounding cough to being diagnosed with pneumonia. In addition to excessive foul-smelling stools, insufficient weight gain not correlating with excessive appetite. As well as a failure of the infant to develop fine and gross motor skills at anticipated developmental milestones. Roughly 5 to 15 percent of infants will be diagnosed with a meconium ileus, spontaneous failure to thrive, abnormal breath sounds from rhonchi to rales. Body alignment and redisposition of the chest wall and clubbing of the fingernails as the child ages (Sommers & Fannin, 2015).
Describe the pathophysiology of complications of cystic fibrosis.
Complications consist of multiple organ insufficiency ranging from pulmonary insufficiency and failure secondary to antibiotic-resistant bacterial infections. A leading cause of death in patients diagnosed with Cystic Fibrosis. Electrolyte imbalances affected by chloride reabsorption limitations and excessive sodium excretion. Vitamins A, D, E and K deficiency related to malabsorption and metabolic abnormalities. In addition to secretions blocking the pancreatic ducts decreasing the production and secretion of pancreatic enzymes (Dodge, 2015). Additional complications include insulin resistance, reproductive complications as evidenced by fertility in women and sterility in men (McCance et al., 2014).
What teaching related to her diagnosis would you provide the parents?
Parental education would include teaching them how to cope with their child’s diagnosis spiritually, mentally, and physically. Also included in patient education, will consist of any additional disease confirmatory tests available such as “Quantitative electrolyte sweat tests, genotyping and confirmatory 72-hour stool sampling to assess pancreatic function” (Sommers & Fannin, 2015, p. 304). The importance of medication, dietary and physical exercise regimens for their child. Parents will be educated on treatment modalities to manage potential respiratory infections, how to prepare and monitor meals high in caloric intake. As well as how to perform various physical exercises, and what assistive medical equipment is available should the child need advanced therapy to help mobilize excessive secretions (Sommers & Fannin, 2015).
References
Dodge, J. A. (2015). A millennial view of Cystic Fibrosis. Developmental Period Medicine, 19, 9-13. Retrieved from https://eds-a-ebscohost-com.chamberlainuniversity.idm.oclc.org/eds/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=3&sid=115f2582-1c0a-4d30-9d64-0367a7a38097%40sessionmgr4008
McCance, K. L., Huether, S. E., Brashers, V. L., & Rote, N. S. (2014). Pathophysiology: The biologic basis for disease in adults and children (7th ed.). St. Louis, Missouri: Mosby.
Sommers, M. S., & Fannin, E. (2015). Cystic Fibrosis. In Diseases & disorders: A nursing therapeutics manual (5th ed., pp. 302-306). Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: F.A. Davis.