NR 503 Week 5: Infectious Disease Paper

Chamberlain University NR 503 Week 5: Infectious Disease Paper– Step-By-Step Guide

This guide will demonstrate how to complete the Chamberlain University NR 503 Week 5: Infectious Disease Paper assignment based on general principles of academic writing. Here, we will show you the A, B, Cs of completing an academic paper, irrespective of the instructions. After guiding you through what to do, the guide will leave one or two sample essays at the end to highlight the various sections discussed below.

How to Research and Prepare for NR 503 Week 5: Infectious Disease Paper

Whether one passes or fails an academic assignment such as the Chamberlain University NR 503 Week 5: Infectious Disease Paper depends on the preparation done beforehand. The first thing to do once you receive an assignment is to quickly skim through the requirements. Once that is done, start going through the instructions one by one to clearly understand what the instructor wants. The most important thing here is to understand the required format—whether it is APA, MLA, Chicago, etc.

After understanding the requirements of the paper, the next phase is to gather relevant materials. The first place to start the research process is the weekly resources. Go through the resources provided in the instructions to determine which ones fit the assignment. After reviewing the provided resources, use the university library to search for additional resources. After gathering sufficient and necessary resources, you are now ready to start drafting your paper.

How to Write the Introduction for NR 503 Week 5: Infectious Disease Paper

The introduction for the Chamberlain University NR 503 Week 5: Infectious Disease Paper is where you tell the instructor what your paper will encompass. In three to four statements, highlight the important points that will form the basis of your paper. Here, you can include statistics to show the importance of the topic you will be discussing. At the end of the introduction, write a clear purpose statement outlining what exactly will be contained in the paper. This statement will start with “The purpose of this paper…” and then proceed to outline the various sections of the instructions.

How to Write the Body for NR 503 Week 5: Infectious Disease Paper

After the introduction, move into the main part of the NR 503 Week 5: Infectious Disease Paper assignment, which is the body. Given that the paper you will be writing is not experimental, the way you organize the headings and subheadings of your paper is critically important. In some cases, you might have to use more subheadings to properly organize the assignment. The organization will depend on the rubric provided. Carefully examine the rubric, as it will contain all the detailed requirements of the assignment. Sometimes, the rubric will have information that the normal instructions lack.

Another important factor to consider at this point is how to do citations. In-text citations are fundamental as they support the arguments and points you make in the paper. At this point, the resources gathered at the beginning will come in handy. Integrating the ideas of the authors with your own will ensure that you produce a comprehensive paper. Also, follow the given citation format. In most cases, APA 7 is the preferred format for nursing assignments.

How to Write the Conclusion for NR 503 Week 5: Infectious Disease Paper

After completing the main sections, write the conclusion of your paper. The conclusion is a summary of the main points you made in your paper. However, you need to rewrite the points and not simply copy and paste them. By restating the points from each subheading, you will provide a nuanced overview of the assignment to the reader.

How to Format the References List for NR 503 Week 5: Infectious Disease Paper

The very last part of your paper involves listing the sources used in your paper. These sources should be listed in alphabetical order and double-spaced. Additionally, use a hanging indent for each source that appears in this list. Lastly, only the sources cited within the body of the paper should appear here.

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Sample Answer for NR 503 Week 5: Infectious Disease Paper

Tuberculosis (TB) is a contagious, life-threatening infectious disease that primarily affects the lungs and is caused by the mycobacterium germ (Delogu, Sali, and Fadda, 2013). General symptoms are a wracking cough, extreme weakness and fatigue, coughing up blood or phlegm (sputum), marked weight loss, fever and chills, profuse sweating, and severe chest pain while breathing or coughing (CDC: Signs and symptoms, 2016). A skin test or TB blood test are used to determine if a person has tuberculosis.

The TB mode of transmission occurs when a person with TB coughs, sneezes, speaks, or opens his or her mouth; mycobacterium germs are released into the air and remain for hours— even days (CDC: How TB spreads, 2016). Complications of pulmonary TB include structural, metabolic, vascular, and infectious conditions (Shah & Reed, 2014). An acute complication of TB is sepsis (Shah & Reed, 2014). Chronic complications are pulmonary mycetoma or focal neurologic deficits from tuberculomas; pulmonary complications include hemoptysis (coughing up blood) or pneumothorax (collapsed lung) (Shah & Reed, 2014). TB is treated with or more first-line drugs for 6 to 12 months: isoniazid (INH), rifampin (RIF), ethambutol (EMB), and/or pyrazinamide (PZA) (CDC: Treatment for TB disease, 2016). If the strain of TB is resistant to first-line drugs, second-line group 2 drugs are given (CDC: Treatment for TB disease, 2016). Other TB drugs are categorized as second-line groups 3 and 4, and third-line group 5. The vaccine for TB is Bacille Calmette–Guèrin (BCG) (CDC: Treatment for TB disease, 2016).

Demographic of interest

The global mortality rate for tuberculosis is more than 50 percent in patients who do not receive adequate treatment (Adigun & Bhimji, 2018). The CDC (2018) reports the morbidity of TB as 10.4 million people around the world of which the mortality was 1.7 million (Adigun & Bhimji, 2018). The morbidity of TB cases in the U.S. was 9,547 cases reported in the U.S. in 2015, of which 470 people died; of the 9, 272 TB cases reported in 2016, the CDC has yet to compile mortality rates (CDC, 2017). The incidence rate for TB cases in the United States is 3.0 per 100,000 in 2015 and 2.9 per 100,000 in 2016 (CDC: TB Incidence…, 2017). WHO (2017) estimates the global incidence rate for TB decreases 1.5 percent every year; the prevalence of TB in the U.S. in 2015 was 0.00002974 percent in a population of 321 million; in 2016, the prevalence was 0.0000287058 in a population of 323.4 million people (Adigun & Bhimji, 2018).

Determinants of health/host, agent, environmental factors

Common TB determinants of health are socioeconomic factors, physical environment, and individual behaviors. Poverty is one of the leading social determinants of TB, as it determines the conditions in which people live. Undernutrition is also another risk factor for developing the disease. Malnutrition leads to secondary immunodeficiency, which amplifies a person’s susceptibility for TB infection (Narasimhan et al., 2013). Smoking and alcohol abuse also increase a person’s chances of getting TB because these behaviors cause other medical conditions that weaken the immune system. Smoking damages the lungs in many ways, and people who smoke are 40 – 60 percent more likely to develop pulmonary TB, the leading form of the condition (Narasimhan et al., 2013). Excessive alcohol consumption damages the body and interferes with TB treatment drugs. People who have been diagnosed with cancer, diabetes, Crohn’s disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, HIV/AIDS, or other medical conditions that attack the immune system are at great risk to contract TB. These conditions cause an already compromised immune system to become defenseless against TB (Narasimhan et al., 2013).

NR 503 Week 6: Evaluation of an Epidemiological Disease or Problem

NR 503 Week 7: Presentation of Epidemiological Problem Abstract

NR 503 Week 8: Reflection on Achievement of Program Outcomes

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Host factors for TB are general health practices, attitude about healthcare providers, psychological states, social status, previous exposure to disease, race, genetic diseases. The causative agent for TB is the mycobacterium tuberculosis microbe. Environmental factors that promote TB are poorly ventilated, crowded, filthy home and work environments. Settings that have a lot of air pollution, geographic areas with a high incidence of TB, or work environments with high levels of airborne or released toxins promote growth of the mycobacterium tuberculosis germ.

Role of the FNP

If FNPs want to effectively help communities eliminate and prevent tuberculosis outbreaks, FNPs must understand and practice current CDC and WHO approved TB screening procedures, treatment guidelines, and community engagement methods. Case finding methods should include retrieving relevant TB source documents from local, national, and state health agencies, such as disease indices and pathology reports that identify reportable cases. FNPs should also go out in the community and collect data about members who have been treated for TB or who can recount stories of interactions with people who have been diagnosed with TB. FNPs can utilize their informatics and research skills to analyze their findings and experiences then compile them into a report. Once these experiences and evidence-based practices have been presented to the right sources, TB resources and clinical care for at risk populations will be more readily accessible.

References

Adigun R, Bhimji SS. (2018 Apr 20). Tuberculosis. In: StatPearls (Internet). Available from:

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK441916/

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (2016, March 17). Tuberculosis (TB): Signs & symptoms. Available from https://www.cdc.gov/tb/topic/basics/signsandsymptoms.htm

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (2016, July 26). How TB spreads. Available from https://www.cdc.gov/tb/topic/basics/howtbspreads.htm

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (2016, August 11). Treatment for TB Disease. Available from https://www.cdc.gov/tb/topic/treatment/tbdisease.htm

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (2017, November 13). Reported tuberculosis in the United States, 2016. Available from https://www.cdc.gov/tb/statistics/reports/2016/table1.htm

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (2017, November 13). TB incidence in the United States, 1953-2016. Available from https://www.cdc.gov/tb/statistics/tbcases.htm

Delogu, G., Sali, M., & Fadda, G. (2013). The Biology of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis

Infection. Mediterranean Journal of Hematology and Infectious Diseases, 5(1), e2013070. http://doi.org/10.4084/MJHID.2013.070

Narasimhan, P., Wood, J., MacIntyre, C. R., & Mathai, D. (2013). Risk Factors for Tuberculosis.

Pulmonary Medicine, 2013, 828939. http://doi.org/10.1155/2013/828939

Shah, M., & Reed, C. (2014). Complications of tuberculosis. Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases, 27(5), 403-410. doi: 10.1097/QCO.0000000000000090

Sample Answer 2 for NR 503 Week 5: Infectious Disease Paper

Epidemiological studies help in determining the prevalence of given health issues, the distribution, and the risk factors. The epidemiological triad constitutes the processes involved in the infection transmission and so helps in guiding the best approach to break the infection cycle. The current study focuses on Condyloma acuminatum disease, its epidemiology, the associated determinant of health, and the role of registered nurses in infection prevention.

Epidemiology of Condyloma acuminatum

Condyloma acuminatum is also known as genital warts is caused by the human papillomavirus (HPV). The condition occurs among a group of people with an anogenital HPV infection and it manifests as plaques on the external genitalia. According to Pudney et al. (2018), the human papillomavirus is among the most prevalent sexually transmitted diseases, especially among sexually active adults. The low-risk HPV strains, 6 and 11, are the main cause of the Condyloma acuminatum infection. The prevalence of Condyloma acuminatum high among people with HIV/AIDS. Furthermore, the prevalence of the disease among men who have sex with other men is estimated at 20%. Furthermore, women aged between 15 and 49 years are at high risk of developing the Condyloma acuminatum. Furthermore, the viruses can be transmitted through the microtrauma in the skin or the mucous membrane. People with multiple sexual partners are at higher risk of getting Condyloma acuminatum. Alternatively, poor hygiene is also a major risk factor for the contraction of the disease. Regular use of condoms can reduce the risk of infection; though, the outcome is not guaranteed (Clanner-Engelshofen et al., 2020).

Condyloma acuminatum is mainly transmitted through sexual intercourse. Although, the non-sexual routes such as the fomites could also lead to the infection. The symptoms associated with the disease include small painless growth in the vagina, anus, or penis. The patients could also have itching or bleeding from the anal regions. On the other hand, internal genital warts may be difficult to notice. Furthermore, the proper examination must be done to differentiate the Condyloma acuminatum from secondary syphilis. The treatment options for the disease include the administration of cryotherapy and surgical excision.

Demographic Breakdown

Condyloma acuminatum is mainly common among adult populations aged between 18 and 59 years. Furthermore, men are more likely to have genital warts compared to women. The risk of getting the disease is high among men having sex with other men. The study by Condyloma acuminatum (Genital warts) (2019) reported that the prevalence of Condyloma acuminatum among men and women being between 2.3% and 8.6% and 1.5% and 8.0% respectively. Furthermore, women who receive the HPV vaccine are less likely to develop genital warts.

Determinant of Health

The determinants of health include the factors influencing the risk of developing Condyloma acuminate. In this case, the key determinant of health for the disease include age, sex, and lifestyle. The younger populations below 15 years are assumed to be sexually inactive and so have a reduced risk of developing Condyloma acuminatum as per the Healthy People 2020 goals. On the other hand, sexually active adults have an increased risk of acquiring the infection. Furthermore, men have an increased risk of getting the diseases as compared to women because of the effect of the HPV vaccine.

Behavioral patterns have a significant impact on the risk of developing Condyloma acuminatum. People with multiple sexual partners are more likely to acquire the HPV infection. People from low economic status are less likely to seek medical interventions or even afford the medication costs and so may have poor health outcomes from the disease.

Epidemiological Triad

The infection cycle depends on three factors as defined in the epidemiological triad. The three elements include host, agent, and vector. The hosts harbor the disease while the agents are what cause the disease. On the other hand, the vector includes elements or bodies that carry the agent and transmit them to the host. In this case, the human body is the host. The HPV invades the genital lining or membranes. The host’s defense against the virus depends on the intact and the integrity of the cellular immunity. The main cells involved in fighting the virus include the Natural Killer and the T-cells. The definitive hosts for the virus include people aged between 18 and 59 years.

The agent in the epidemiological triad for the Condyloma acuminatum is the human papillomavirus. The virus is transmitted through sexual intercourse. On the other hand, the vector in the triad includes body surfaces and clothes. Viruses are intracellular organisms and thus cannot survive outside the body. Therefore, the agents cannot survive for a long time on the inanimate objects.

Role of Nurse Practitioner

Infection prevention is the responsibility of all healthcare providers including the nurses. The registered nurses interact with the patients to understand their health needs and the possible factors that could expose them to a given disease. Similarly, they gather data from the patients through research to define the geographical distribution of the health issue at hand. In this case, the registered nurses explore the risk factors linked to Condyloma acuminatum and educate the population on the best behavioral patterns that will protect them from the disease.

According to the American Association of Nurse Practitioners (AANP), nurses have to take an active role in infection prevention through translational research and advocating for evidence-based practices. However, it may be difficult to effectively promote the infection prevention programs without collaborating with other healthcare providers. The patient-centred care delivery model helps the registered nurses to gather enough data from the patients and identify their health needs. Therefore, in this case, the nursing practitioner’s role may educate the public on the prevention measures for the Condyloma acuminatum and encourage them to undergo the screening tests. Awareness creation will also encourage people with the disease to seek treatment and so avoid the complications and harmful outcomes liked to the disease.

Conclusion

Epidemiological studies help in identifying the health risks among different population groups and developing intervention measures to improve public health. Condyloma acuminatum is caused by HPV and affects different population groups. The disease mainly affects the sexually active populations (aged between 18 and 59). Similarly, people with multiple sexual partners are at increased risk of contracting the disease. Identification of the elements in the epidemiological triad helps in guiding infection prevention measures. In most cases, the prevention measures are aimed at breaking the vector stage and so limiting the chances of the infectious agent reaching the hosts. Promoting healthy sexual behavioral patterns among the populations can significantly reduce the incidence and burden of Condyloma acuminatum. Environmental exposures have a limited role in the transmission of the disease. Finally, people with a compromised immune system due to underlying diseases are also more vulnerable to Condyloma acuminatum disease.

References

Pudney, J., Wangu, Z., Panther, L., Fugelso, D., Marathe, J. G., Sagar, M., Politch, J. A., & Anderson, D. J. (2018). Condylomata Acuminata (Anogenital warts) contain accumulations of HIV-1 target cells that may provide portals for HIV transmission. The Journal of Infectious Diseases, 219(2), 275-283. https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiy505

Clanner-Engelshofen, B. M., Marsela, E., Engelsberger, N., Guertler, A., Schauber, J., French, L. E., & Reinholz, M. (2020). Condylomata acuminata: A retrospective analysis on clinical characteristics and treatment options. Heliyon, 6(3), e03547. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e03547

Condyloma acuminatum (Genital warts). (2019, March 13). Dermatology Advisor. https://www.dermatologyadvisor.com/home/decision-support-in-medicine/dermatology/condyloma-acuminatum-genital-warts/

Sample Answer 3 for NR 503 Week 5: Infectious Disease Paper

Introduction

Pertussis, known as whooping cough, is an airborne respiratory tract infection caused by the Gram-negative bacterium Bordetella Pertussis. The illness lasts for weeks, and an infected person experiences repeated coughs that end with a gasping whoop sound (a sudden, deep inspiration). Pertussis vaccines have been developed for years and are used globally. However, the pathogen is active and circulates worldwide, causing infant mortality and morbidity. This paper analyzes Pertussis disease, determinants of health related to its development, epidemiology triad, and NPs’ role in curbing the illness. The study will improve people’s knowledge of pertussis and help them understand the importance of effective measures to reduce its prevalence.

Analysis of Pertussis Infection

Pertussis is transmitted through coughing or sneezing droplets from an infected person during the early stages. The infection is highly contagious, with epidemic peaks every 2-5 years, and causes disease in ≥ 80% of close contacts (Decker & Edwards, 2021). Once infected, the incubation period averages one to two weeks, when the bacteria invade the respiratory mucosa. The infection increases mucus secretion, which is thin at the beginning, and later becomes viscid and tenacious. Pertussis lasts approximately 6 to 10 weeks and comprises three stages: Catarrhal, Paroxysmal, and Convalescent. The catarrhal stage is highly contagious and characterized by sneezing, lacrimation, runny nose, and a cough that lasts one to two weeks. In the paroxysmal stage, a person experiences severe and repeated coughing, followed by a whoop. Besides, people expel viscid mucus, salivate, teary eyes, exhaustion, and vomit. In infants, choking spells are more common than whoops. The convalescent stage begins within four weeks of infection and lasts up to three weeks. A person experiences a lessened cough and is no longer contagious. However, one should be careful as the body is susceptible to other respiratory infections, which could prolong the recovery period.

Pertussis affects subjects of all ages but mainly infants and young children. Between 2008 and 2011, pertussis was the major cause of death for children under three months in the United States of America. According to Tandy and Odoi (2021), pertussis incidence from 2000 to 2016 was highest in the central mid-west areas with records of 11.9 per 100,000 and Rocky Mountain with 11.5 per 100,000. The incidence was low in South Atlantic with records of 2.5 per 100,000, and in Southeastern areas, recording 3.1 per 100,000. Concurrently, between 2000 and 2017, the CDC recorded 307 reported deaths from pertussis, and children below two years accounted for 84% of these deaths (Havers et al., 2021). The statistics indicate that demographic differences and vaccine coverage influence pertussis epidemics. Immunization and prevention help reduce pertussis prevalence.

Infants, older children, and adults with pertussis face challenges due to a lack of oxygen. Infants develop brain damage, seizures, pneumonia, apnea, convulsions, and death. On the other hand, older children and adults experience pneumonia, urinary incontinence, difficulty sleeping, and rib fracture. Parents should monitor their children carefully; if symptoms persist, they should contact the doctor.

Pertussis can be prevented using acellular pertussis vaccine. Children should be vaccinated at 2, 4, and 6 months. Furthermore, they should be given booster vaccines at 18 months, 4 to 6 years, and 11 years to increase resilience (Duarte et al., 2021). Older children and adults should also receive booster vaccines to improve their immunity and reduce complications. Furthermore, pregnant women should receive a booster to protect their newborns. People should protect each other and prevent bacteria from spreading by observing health safety measures.

Pertussis is treated with antibiotics, including erythromycin, azithromycin, and trimethoprim. In Infants, excess mucus could be removed through suction. However, seriously ill infants should be hospitalized for oxygen and tracheostomy intubation. Isolation is recommended until antibiotics have been given for five days or at least four weeks until symptoms have subsided. Patients require supportive care and should be kept in a quiet room with minimal disturbance. Early treatment helps prevent the illness from spreading.

Determinants of Health

The environment and circumstances determine people’s health. Factors such as location, environment, income, education, relationships, gender, social support networks, and access to healthcare considerably impact health. Hence, the determinants of health include the social and economic environment, the physical environment, and the individual’s characters and behaviors (Duarte et al., 2021). Individuals, especially those in impoverished neighborhoods, have limited access to affordable healthcare, lack adequate knowledge of the illness, and lack social support networks. Some factors influence the access to pertussis diagnosis and treatment, predisposing individuals to spread the disease.

Determinants of health deny disadvantaged populations the opportunity to attain their full health potential. Besides, health disparities within social groups facilitate social disadvantages, including unequal access to healthcare, lower vaccination rates among minority populations, stigma, and racism (Duarte et al., 2021). For instance, an infected pregnant woman residing in a poorly populated area with uneducated family members is at high risk of spreading the bacteria to many people, including the unborn child. Hence, moving action on high-priority health issues helps attain the HP2020 goals. HP2020 objectives address determinants of health to promote healthy development across all life stages. Recognizing the factors that facilitate the prevalence of pertussis would help communities make appropriate choices eliminating health disparities to attain full health potential.

Epidemiological Triad

Epidemiologists use an epidemiological triad tool to help them understand how diseases spread. The tool consists of an external agent, host, and environment (Jia et al., 2020). In understanding how pertussis is transmitted, the agent is the Bordetella Pertussis bacteria. The bacteria are transmitted to a host or the organism that carries the disease, in this case, a person. The environment is the factor that fosters the spread of the illness, such as the temperature of a place, which could facilitate an agent’s ability to thrive, lack of adequate medical facilities, poverty, and illiteracy. If the infected person is a father to a three-week-old baby who is not vaccinated, lacks education, and lives in a crowded place, the infant will be infected. Thus, the environment is where the host and agent meet, contributing to the spread of the disease.

Role of the NP

A nurse practitioner (NP) should work across all healthcare settings to control, prevent, manage and treat infectious illnesses. An NP should operate with great autonomy to prevent the transmission of infectious diseases. Nurses should use learned skills to identify potentially contagious patients and isolate them to contain the illness and prevent transmissions. Besides, they should use evidence-based practice to diagnose and manage patients’ ailments. NPs are responsible to the public and must report incidences of an infectious disease to the appropriate authorities for an immediate action plan. Besides, they must use the leadership framework to educate the population and ensure all individuals’ safety (Benson et al., 2021). The leadership framework allows them to combine the role of providers, educators, mentors, researchers, and advocates. NPs provide safe, high-quality, patient-centered care to achieve improved healthcare outcomes.

Conclusion

Pertussis is a vaccine-preventable disease but continues to be a major cause of mortality and morbidity, especially among children. Understanding the disease helps the population to embrace effective measures to reduce its prevalence. Efforts to eradicate pertussis have increased as the government and the healthcare sector seek to achieve health equity by addressing economic, social, and environmental factors influencing health.

References

Benson, A. R., Peters, J. S., Kennedy, C., & Patch, M. (2021). In service to others: APRNs as serving leaders during the COVID-19 pandemic. The Online Journal of Issues in Nursing, 27(1). https://doi.org/10.3912/OJIN.Vol27No01PPT54.

Decker, M. D., & Edwards, K., M. (2021). Pertussis (Whooping Cough). The Journal of Infectious Diseases, 224(4), S310–S320. https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiaa469.

Duarte, R., Aguiar, A., Pinto, M., Furtado, I., Tiberi, S., Lönnroth, K., & Migliori, G. B. (2021). Different disease, same challenges: Social determinants of tuberculosis and COVID-19. Pulmonology, 27(4), 338-344. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pulmoe.2021.02.002.

Havers, F.P., Moro. P. L., Hariri. S. & Skoff. T. (2021). Epidemiology and prevention of vaccine preventable diseases. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/pubs/pinkbook/pert.html.

Jia, P., Dong, W., Yang, S., Zhan, Z., Tu, L., & Lai, S. (2020). Spatial lifecourse epidemiology and infectious disease research. Trends in Parasitology, 36(3), 235-238. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pt.2019.12.012.

Tandy, C. B., & Odoi. A. (2021). Geographic disparities and socio-demographic predictors of pertussis risk in Florida. PeerJ, 9, e11902. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.11902.