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NRNP 6635 Assessing and Diagnosing Patients With Schizophrenia, Other Psychotic Disorders, and Medication-Induced Movement Disorders

NRNP 6635 Assessing and Diagnosing Patients With Schizophrenia, Other Psychotic Disorders, and Medication-Induced Movement Disorders 

Walden University NRNP 6635 Assessing and Diagnosing Patients With Schizophrenia, Other Psychotic Disorders, and Medication-Induced Movement Disorders-Step-By-Step Guide

This guide will demonstrate how to complete the Walden University NRNP 6635 Assessing and Diagnosing Patients With Schizophrenia, Other Psychotic Disorders, and Medication-Induced Movement Disorders assignment based on general principles of academic writing. Here, we will show you the A, B, Cs of completing an academic paper, irrespective of the instructions. After guiding you through what to do, the guide will leave one or two sample essays at the end to highlight the various sections discussed below.

How to Research and Prepare for NRNP 6635 Assessing and Diagnosing Patients With Schizophrenia, Other Psychotic Disorders, and Medication-Induced Movement Disorders

Whether one passes or fails an academic assignment such as the Walden University NRNP 6635 Assessing and Diagnosing Patients With Schizophrenia, Other Psychotic Disorders, and Medication-Induced Movement Disorders depends on the preparation done beforehand. The first thing to do once you receive an assignment is to quickly skim through the requirements. Once that is done, start going through the instructions one by one to clearly understand what the instructor wants. The most important thing here is to understand the required format—whether it is APA, MLA, Chicago, etc.

After understanding the requirements of the paper, the next phase is to gather relevant materials. The first place to start the research process is the weekly resources. Go through the resources provided in the instructions to determine which ones fit the assignment. After reviewing the provided resources, use the university library to search for additional resources. After gathering sufficient and necessary resources, you are now ready to start drafting your paper.

How to Write the Introduction for NRNP 6635 Assessing and Diagnosing Patients With Schizophrenia, Other Psychotic Disorders, and Medication-Induced Movement Disorders

The introduction for the Walden University NRNP 6635 Assessing and Diagnosing Patients With Schizophrenia, Other Psychotic Disorders, and Medication-Induced Movement Disorders is where you tell the instructor what your paper will encompass. In three to four statements, highlight the important points that will form the basis of your paper. Here, you can include statistics to show the importance of the topic you will be discussing. At the end of the introduction, write a clear purpose statement outlining what exactly will be contained in the paper. This statement will start with “The purpose of this paper…” and then proceed to outline the various sections of the instructions.

How to Write the Body for NRNP 6635 Assessing and Diagnosing Patients With Schizophrenia, Other Psychotic Disorders, and Medication-Induced Movement Disorders

After the introduction, move into the main part of the NRNP 6635 Assessing and Diagnosing Patients With Schizophrenia, Other Psychotic Disorders, and Medication-Induced Movement Disorders assignment, which is the body. Given that the paper you will be writing is not experimental, the way you organize the headings and subheadings of your paper is critically important. In some cases, you might have to use more subheadings to properly organize the assignment. The organization will depend on the rubric provided. Carefully examine the rubric, as it will contain all the detailed requirements of the assignment. Sometimes, the rubric will have information that the normal instructions lack.

Another important factor to consider at this point is how to do citations. In-text citations are fundamental as they support the arguments and points you make in the paper. At this point, the resources gathered at the beginning will come in handy. Integrating the ideas of the authors with your own will ensure that you produce a comprehensive paper. Also, follow the given citation format. In most cases, APA 7 is the preferred format for nursing assignments.

How to Write the Conclusion for NRNP 6635 Assessing and Diagnosing Patients With Schizophrenia, Other Psychotic Disorders, and Medication-Induced Movement Disorders

After completing the main sections, write the conclusion of your paper. The conclusion is a summary of the main points you made in your paper. However, you need to rewrite the points and not simply copy and paste them. By restating the points from each subheading, you will provide a nuanced overview of the assignment to the reader.

How to Format the References List for NRNP 6635 Assessing and Diagnosing Patients With Schizophrenia, Other Psychotic Disorders, and Medication-Induced Movement Disorders

The very last part of your paper involves listing the sources used in your paper. These sources should be listed in alphabetical order and double-spaced. Additionally, use a hanging indent for each source that appears in this list. Lastly, only the sources cited within the body of the paper should appear here.

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Sample Answer for NRNP 6635 Assessing and Diagnosing Patients With Schizophrenia, Other Psychotic Disorders, and Medication-Induced Movement Disorders

 

Subjective:

CC (chief complaint): “My parents requested this appointment.”

HPI: Jay Feldman is a 19-year-old European-American male client on psychotherapy after his parents booked him a psychiatric appointment. When booking the appointment, Feldman’s parents reported that he was having difficulties in school. However, the client states that he is doing fine in school as a freshman pursuing Theoretical physics and advanced calculus. Feldman mentions that the combined courses are mysteries, and the moment he thinks that he has grasped it, it fades away. The client mentions that his roommate at State College brought a microwave. He reports that the purpose of the microwave is to trigger a bleeding degeneration of blood cells and bleed humanity from peoples’ rightful destiny. Feldman also mentions that their room is spying on them. The client has not been showering.

Past Psychiatric History:

  • General Statement: The client has a psychiatric history of mild paranoia.
  • Caregivers (if applicable): None
  • Hospitalizations: None
  • Medication trials: The patient was on a short trial of Aripiprazole for six months. The medication was stopped due to the side effects of akathisia.
  • Psychotherapy or Previous Psychiatric Diagnosis: Mild paranoia

Substance Current Use and History: Attempted to smoke marijuana twice at 18 years. He admits to taking vodka 3-4 glasses on weekends. Denies tobacco or other illicit substance use.

Family Psychiatric/Substance Use History: The patient has two younger brothers; one has a history of ADHD and the other a history of anxiety. Feldman’s mother has a history of anxiety, and his father of paranoia schizophrenia.

Psychosocial History:  Feldman is a freshman at State College pursuing a combination of Theoretical physics and Advanced calculus. He plans to pursue a double major in philosophy and physics. He is the firstborn in a family of three and was raised by both parents. He attained all his childhood developmental milestones. He states that he has several friends, but he has not kept in touch with them since he came back home. He sleeps 4–5 hrs per day.

 

NRNP 6635 Assessing and Diagnosing Patients With Schizophrenia Other Psychotic Disorders and Medication Induced Movement Disorders

Medical History:

 

  • Current Medications: None
  • Allergies: None
  • Reproductive Hx: No history of STIs.

ROS:

  • GENERAL: Reports appetite loss and weight loss. Denies fever, chills, or increased fatigue.
  • HEENT: Denies visual changes, ear pain/discharge, rhinorrhea, or swallowing difficulties.
  • SKIN: Denies rashes, discoloration, or bruises
  • CARDIOVASCULAR: Denies dyspnea, neck distension, or edema.
  • RESPIRATORY: Denies SOB, wheezing, or productive cough.
  • GASTROINTESTINAL: Reports having an inconsistent appetite. Denies having nausea, vomiting, abdominal discomfort, diarrhea, or constipation.
  • GENITOURINARY: Denies urinary symptoms.
  • NEUROLOGICAL: Denies headache, dizziness, or muscle weakness.
  • MUSCULOSKELETAL: Denies joint stiffness/pain or muscle pain.
  • HEMATOLOGIC: Denies bruising.
  • LYMPHATICS: Denies swollen lymph nodes.
  • ENDOCRINOLOGIC: Denies excessive sweating, heat/cold intolerance, or acute thirst.

Objective:

Physical exam: T- 98.3 P- 69 R 16 106/72 Ht 5’7 Wt 117lbs

Diagnostic results: None

Assessment:

Mental Status Examination:

The patient is untidy with shaggy hair, long dirty nails, yellow teeth, and a stinking body odor. He is alert but appears fatigued. He maintains minimal eye contact and appears uninterested in the interview. His speech is clear but speaks at a fast rate and high volume. The self-reported mood is “okay,” but he has a flat affect. He makes long pauses before responding to questions. He has a looseness of association, and his speech is difficult to follow. His thoughts are disorganized. The client has odd beliefs and paranoid delusions. No hallucinations, phobias, compulsions, or suicidal/homicidal ideations were noted. Insight is absent.

Differential Diagnoses:

Schizophrenia: Schizophrenia is a psychotic disorder characterized by hallucinations, delusions, and problems with perception, thought, and behavior. The DSM-V criteria for diagnosing schizophrenia require the presence of two or more of the following psychotic features: Delusions, Hallucinations, Disorganized or catatonic behavior, Disorganized speech and Negative symptoms (McCutcheon et al., 2020). Schizophrenia is thus a differential diagnosis based on the patient’s symptoms of odd beliefs, paranoia delusions, looseness of association, and disorganized thoughts and speech. The patient’s symptoms have contributed to impairment in academic and self-care activities.

Bipolar Disorder: Bipolar disorder is diagnosed based on the presence of alternating episodes of mania and profound depression. Mania is manifests with an elevated/irritable mood and increased goal-directed activity. Patients also present with grandiosity, excessive talking, racing thoughts, distractibility, diminished need for sleep, and increased engagement in risky activities (McIntyre et al., 2020). The episodes of profound depression present with a depressed mood, loss of interest, insomnia/hypersomnia, appetite changes, and suicidal ideations (McIntyre et al., 2020). Bipolar disorder is a differential based on the patient’s symptoms of looseness of association, reduced sleep, inconsistent appetite, and altered functioning in school and self-care areas. Nonetheless, the patient has no history of depression which makes Bipolar disorder an unlikely primary diagnosis.

Persecutory Delusional Disorder (PDD): Patients with PDD present with a persistent pattern of unwarrantable distrust and suspicion of others. They interpret others’ motives and actions as spiteful. Besides, individuals perceive that they may be attacked at any time and without reason (González-Rodríguez & Seeman, 2020). The patient’s paranoid delusions are consistent with PPD. The client believes that his roommate has brought a microwave to cause a bleeding degeneration of blood cells and bleed humanity from peoples’ rightful destiny. Besides, he expresses suspicions that they are being spied on in their room. However, the patient has looseness of association, and disorganized thoughts and speech, which are not characteristic of PPD, making it an unlikely primary diagnosis (Joseph & Siddiqui, 2021).

Reflections:

If I were to redo the session, I would assess the patient for depressive and anxiety symptoms, common comorbidities of schizophrenia. I would assess anxiety and depression using screening tools such as the Generalized Anxiety Disorder Assessment (GAD-7) and Patient Health Questionnaire- 9 (PHQ-9). The tools are effective in identifying the symptoms and their severity. Ethical principles to be considered in this patient include beneficence which is a duty to promote good and thus the best patient outcomes (Bipeta, 2019). Nonmaleficence should also be considered by avoiding causing harm to the patient. Health promotion interventions should include educating the patient on lifestyle changes such as increasing the level of physical activity and practicing healthy dietary habits.

 

References

Bipeta, R. (2019). Legal and Ethical Aspects of Mental Health Care. Indian journal of psychological medicine, 41(2), 108–112. https://doi.org/10.4103/IJPSYM.IJPSYM_59_19

González-Rodríguez, A., & Seeman, M. V. (2020). Addressing Delusions in Women and Men with Delusional Disorder: Key Points for Clinical Management. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(12), 4583.

Joseph, S. M., & Siddiqui, W. (2021). Delusional Disorder. In StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing.

McCutcheon, R. A., Reis Marques, T., & Howes, O. D. (2020). Schizophrenia-An Overview. JAMA Psychiatry, 77(2), 201–210. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2019.3360

McIntyre, R. S., Berk, M., Brietzke, E., Goldstein, B. I., López-Jaramillo, C., Kessing, L. V., Malhi, G. S., Nierenberg, A. A., Rosenblat, J. D., Majeed, A., Vieta, E., Vinberg, M., Young, A. H., & Mansur, R. B. (2020). Bipolar disorders. Lancet (London, England), 396(10265), 1841–1856. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31544-0

Sample Answer 2 for NRNP 6635 Assessing and Diagnosing Patients With Schizophrenia, Other Psychotic Disorders, and Medication-Induced Movement Disorders

Subjective:

CC (chief complaint): “I am having difficulty at work”

HPI: Ms. Fatima Branning is a 28-year-old female who presents for psychiatric evaluation after his boss suggested she get evaluated since she is having difficulties at work. She states that Mr. Nehring (his boss) wants to fire her because Eric (his supervisor) is in love with her, which is likely getting in the way. Branning denies being in a relationship with Eric, and she states that Eric has a girlfriend, and she also has a boyfriend. She states that Mr. Nehring thinks it is her fault, and they are joining together against her to fire her. Besides, Branning thinks that Eric is lustful for her. This is because he walks towards her differently, assigns her the easiest tasks, and asks for her opinion in the weekly meetings. Branning perceives herself as beautiful, strong, and attractive, which makes people like Mr. Nehring feel threatened. She denies any cases of sexual harassment at work. Furthermore, she reports being worried since she has neck pain radiating to the back and thinks she has a lump. She perceives the cause as pain, suffering, and a broken heart and thinks she has cancer.

Past Psychiatric History:

  • General Statement: The patient is guarded and refuses to discuss past psychiatric history.
  • Caregivers (if applicable): None.
  • Hospitalizations: No history of hospitalization.
  • Medication trials: None.
  • Psychotherapy or Previous Psychiatric Diagnosis: Refused to discuss past psychiatric history.

Substance Current Use and History: Denied alcohol use or smoking.

Family Psychiatric/Substance Use History: Denied family mental health issues.

Psychosocial History: The patient was raised by her parents and is the only child. She lives alone in Coronado, CA. She is an administrative assistant in car sales and has a bachelor’s in hospitality.

Medical History: She has a medical history of scoliosis. She is currently being treated with chiropractic care.

 

  • Current Medications: None.
  • Allergies: Allergic to Latex.
  • Reproductive Hx: She has regular menses and is on no birth control.

ROS:

  • GENERAL: Denies weight changes, fever, or fatigue.
  • HEENT: Denies head injury, eye pain, visual changes, rhinorrhea, or sore throat.
  • SKIN: Denies bruises or rashes.
  • CARDIOVASCULAR: Denies chest pain, palpitations, or edema.
  • RESPIRATORY: Denies SOB, sputum, or wheezing.
  • GASTROINTESTINAL: Denies abdominal pain, vomiting, nausea, or bowel changes.
  • GENITOURINARY: Denies dysuria or pelvic pain.
  • NEUROLOGICAL: Denies headaches, syncope, loss of consciousness, or muscle weakness.
  • MUSCULOSKELETAL: Denies joint pain/stiffness or muscle aches.
  • HEMATOLOGIC: Denies bleeding or anemia.
  • LYMPHATICS: Denies enlarged lymph nodes.
  • ENDOCRINOLOGIC: Denies excessive sweating, polyuria, polydipsia, or polyphagia.

Objective:

Physical exam: if applicable

Vitals: T- 98.4 P- 82 R 18 124/74 Ht 5’0 Wt 118lbs

Diagnostic results: No lab tests were ordered.

Assessment:

Mental Status Examination:

The patient is neat and appropriately dressed. She is alert and oriented but appears nervous. Her speech is clear and goal-oriented. The thought process is logical and coherent. The patient has delusions of something being physically wrong with her and that her boss is plotting against her. No hallucinations, obsessions, compulsions, or suicidal thoughts/ideas were noted. She has an intact memory and cognition. Minimal insight and impaired judgment about the delusions.

Differential Diagnoses:

Delusional Disorder – Mixed Subtype: This is characterized by two or more delusion types. The patient presents with delusions of persecutory and somatic type. She falsely believes that her boss is plotting to fire her, which falls under persecutory delusion (Rootes-Murdy et al., 2022). She also believes that something is physically wrong with her body and that she has cancer slowly killing her even though she has not had a medical checkup.

Delusional Disorder- Persecutory Type: This is characterized by an irrational and unshakable belief by an individual that someone is plotting against them or wishes to harm them (Bell et al., 2021). The patient has an irrational belief that her boss is ganging up against her to fire her. This is probably because the boss feels the patient could replace him soon. She falsely believes that the boss does not want her to get in the way of their day and thus wishes to see her gone.

Delusional Disorder- Somatic Type: This presents with a belief that something is physically wrong with the individual. The delusion may involve a medical condition, illness, or perceived deformity (Cohen et al., 2019). The patient is deluded to having cancer, yet she has not seen a doctor. This is based on neck pain radiating to the back, and she thinks she has a lump. She also has a false belief that the cancer is slowly killing her.

Reflections: In this assessment, I have learned of the indicators of a delusion, one of them being a patient expressing an idea or belief with unusual persistency or force. The idea usually appears to exert undue difference in the patient’s life (González-Rodríguez & Seeman, 2022)). In a different situation, I would assess the emotional distress related to the patient’s delusions, like irritability, anger, and resentment. Legal and ethical considerations for this patient should surround principles of beneficence and nonmaleficence. The clinician should identify therapeutic interventions for this patient to help alleviate the delusions but not compromise the patient’s occupational and social well-being, especially in the workplace (Boland et al., 2022). The clinician should avoid confrontation of the delusional symptoms to improve the patient’s possibility of treatment compliance and response. Health promotion for this patient should focus on recognizing and managing comorbid psychiatric conditions.

 

References

Bell, V., Raihani, N., & Wilkinson, S. (2021). Derationalizing Delusions. Clinical Psychological Science: a journal of the Association for Psychological Science, 9(1), 24–37. https://doi.org/10.1177/2167702620951553

Boland, R., Verduin, M. L., & Ruiz, P. (2022). Kaplan & Sadock’s synopsis of psychiatry (12th ed.). Wolters Kluwer.

Cohen, J. L., Vu, M. T., Beg, M. A., Sivaraman, S., & Birur, B. (2019). Successful Resolution of Prominent Somatic Delusions Following Bi-temporal Electroconvulsive Therapy in a Patient with Treatment-Resistant Schizoaffective Disorder. Psychopharmacology Bulletin, 49(2), 52–56.

González-Rodríguez, A., & Seeman, M. V. (2022). Differences between delusional disorder and schizophrenia: A mini-narrative review. World journal of psychiatry, 12(5), 683–692. https://doi.org/10.5498/wjp.v12.i5.683

Rootes-Murdy, K., Goldsmith, D. R., & Turner, J. A. (2022). Clinical and Structural Differences in Delusions Across Diagnoses: A Systematic Review. Frontiers in integrative neuroscience, p. 15, 726321. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnint.2021.726321

Sample Answer 3 for NRNP 6635 Assessing and Diagnosing Patients With Schizophrenia, Other Psychotic Disorders, and Medication-Induced Movement Disorders

CC (chief complaint): Her boss called for an appointment because she has some issues at her workplace.

HPI: Ms. Nijah Branning is a 25-year-old African American female who presented to the psychiatric clinic for evaluation following complaints of workplace issues from her boss.  According to her boss, she has made a single sale in the last three weeks, therefore failing to meet the business target. She is a saleslady and has been exhibiting abnormal thoughts including thinking that Mr. Nehring, her boss, wants to fire her because he thinks that she is in ‘love’ with her supervisor-Eric.  She also thinks that they have ganged up against her. Additionally, she attributes her pain, suffering, and broken heart to cancer and Eric’s obsession with her. She admits that the complaints are attributed to the health problems she has been having for close to 6 months now caused by a lump lodged in her neck, that is causing unexplained pain and aching in the same region. She is guarded and demonstrates unusual behavior by declining her family members to give more information about her condition. Finally, she denies any suicidal thoughts.

Past Psychiatric History:

  • General Statement: She is generally apprehensive and declined to discuss her past psychiatric history.
  • Caregivers (if applicable): None
  • Hospitalizations: None
  • Medication trials: None.
  • Psychotherapy or Previous Psychiatric Diagnosis: None.

Substance Current Use and History: Reports using cannabis while in college but stopped once she was employed. Denies smoking and tobacco use. She is a social drinker and drinks a maximum of 2 bottles of beer.

Family Psychiatric/Substance Use History: Denied family history of mental health issues or substance use.

Psychosocial History: She is the only child in her family, a saleslady by profession. She is guarded and lives alone in Santa Monica. Has a bachelor’s in business degree. She had uneventful childhood and teenage hood. She prefers being alone.

Medical History: She is a known hypothyroid patient on medication

 

  • Current Medications: Levothyroxine 100 mcg PO once daily.
  • Allergies: No known food and drug allergies.
  • Reproductive Hx: Heterosexual. Sexual debut at 20 years. The last Menstrual period was on 28th December 2022. Regular menses. Has never gotten pregnant but is currently in a relationship.

ROS:

  • GENERAL: Denies fever, chills, weight loss, night sweats, loss of appetite, or fatigue.
  • HEENT: No blurring of vision, double vision, sneezing, hearing problems, ear pain, ear discharge, runny nose, dysphagia, or sore throat.
  • SKIN: No rash or itchiness.
  • CARDIOVASCULAR: No chest pain, palpitations, orthopnea, or peripheral edema.
  • RESPIRATORY: No cough, shortness of breath, difficulty in breathing, or sputum production.
  • GASTROINTESTINAL: Denies abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, constipation, or diarrhea.
  • GENITOURINARY: Denies hematuria, frequency, nocturia, dysuria, or abnormal vaginal discharge.
  • NEUROLOGICAL: Denies dizziness, headaches, ataxia, numbness, or paralysis.
  • MUSCULOSKELETAL: Reports no muscle aches and backaches
  • HEMATOLOGIC: No easy bruising, anemia, or bleeding.
  • LYMPHATICS: No lymphadenopathy
  • ENDOCRINOLOGIC: No polydipsia, polyuria, heat, or cold intolerance.

Objective:

Physical exam:

VITAL SIGNS: Temperature- 98.4 F, Pulse- 80 beats per minute, Respiratory rate 18 breaths per minute, BP- 128/78 mmHg, Height 5’0, Weight 120lbs

GENERAL:  A young European American adult male, well kempt, not in obvious respiratory distress, well hydrated, and of good nutrition status. No cyanosis, pallor, jaundice, peripheral edema, or lymphadenopathy.

NECK: Soft neck, full range of motion, and no lymphadenopathy. Has a goiter.

RESPIRATORY: Symmetrical chest that moves with respiration. No obvious chest wall deformities or abnormalities. No tenderness. Resonant to percussion. Equal vocal and tactile fremitus. Vesicular breath sounds. No crackles or wheezes.

CARDIOVASCULAR: Normoactive precordium. Point of maximal impulse in the fifth intercostal space in the midclavicular line. S1 and S2 heard. No murmurs, thrills, or heaves.

NEUROLOGICAL: GCS 15/15. Well-oriented to time, place, and person. Cranial nerves are all intact. Reflexes and cerebellar functions are all intact.

Diagnostic results: Ms. Nijah Branning exhibits delusions particularly persecutory, paranoia and erotomania. These delusions have significantly affected her occupational and social functioning. Delusion is one of the many symptoms of psychosis. The DSM-V can be deployed to rule in or out an array of psychotic disorders including schizophrenia, schizophreniform disorder, brief psychotic disorder, and schizoaffective disorder among others. According to the American Psychiatric Association (2022), the DSM-5 criteria for diagnosis of schizophrenia includes two or more of the following symptoms; delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, grossly disorganized behavior, and negative symptoms. Additionally, the symptoms must cause a significant social, occupational or functional impairment and must be present for at least 6 months. Finally, the symptoms should not be attributed to substance use, medical disorder, or other psychiatric disorder.

Assessment:

Mental Status Examination:

Ms. Nijah Branning is a 25-year-old African American female. She is well-kempt and dressed appropriately for her age and occasion. She is slightly apprehensive and has difficulty maintaining eye contact. No abnormal motor movements are noted. She is oriented to time, place, and person but has difficulty concentrating. Her speech is clear and coherent although she is disinterested in some of the questions asked. Her thought process is coherent although the content is significant for erotomania, paranoia, and somatic and persecutory delusions. Her mood is stable and her affect is blunt. No hallucinations and suicidal thoughts. Finally, she has a fair concept formation although her insight and judgment are poor.

Differential Diagnoses:

The most likely diagnosis is schizophrenia. Ms. Nijah Branning fulfills the DSM-5 criteria for the diagnosis of schizophrenia. For instance, she has delusions and demonstrates unusual behavior. These symptoms have impaired her occupational and social functioning and cannot be attributed to substance use, another medical condition, or another psychiatric disorder (American Psychiatric Association, 2022). Additional, features suggestive of schizophrenia include early age of onset, previous marijuana use, and urban environment (Lin & Lane, 2019). Finally, she exhibits blunt affect and her insight and judgment are poor which are common in schizophrenic individuals (Lin & Lane, 2019). However, the exact duration of her symptoms is not known.

Other possible diagnoses include schizophreniform disorder, brief psychotic disorder, substance-induced psychosis, and hypothyroidism. According to Liu (2022), schizophreniform disorder presents similarly to schizophrenia although the duration of symptoms is limited to less than 6 months. On the other hand, a brief psychotic disorder lasts more than a day but less than a month (Giulio, 2020). It presents with at least one or more of the following symptoms: delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, or grossly disorganized behavior. It usually follows stressful life events and functionally impairs the affected individual (Giulio, 2020). Additionally, the substance-induced psychotic disorder could be considered a differential since she has a history of cannabis use (Starzer et al., 2018). Finally, she is a known patient with hypothyroidism on medication.

Reflections:

The aforementioned case provides an outline of a patient presenting with psychotic features. I agree with the preceptor’s diagnosis of schizophrenia since the patient met the DSM-5 criteria for the diagnosis of this condition. Additionally, the case highlights an incidence of disappointments frequently encountered in healthcare. For instance, this patient denies having her parents interrogated and does not explore her past psychiatric history. The importance of a collaborative psychiatric history is vividly highlighted in this case. If given a chance another opportunity to conduct this session, I will initiate the session by creating a therapeutic alliance and have a more interactive session (Stubbe, 2018). Additionally, I will empathize with this patient. Ethical issues in this case scenario include autonomy, privacy, confidentiality, beneficence, and truth-telling. For instance, the patient’s decision not to have her parents interrogated must be weighed against the benefits of having a collaborative psychiatric history (Bipeta, 2019). Additionally, patients must be evaluated to determine if they are fit to give a psychiatric history. Finally, health promotional activities for this case include patient education, family education, and support.

References

American Psychiatric Association. (2022). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. American Psychiatric Association Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425787

Bipeta, R. (2019). Legal and ethical aspects of mental health care. Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine, 41(2), 108–112. https://doi.org/10.4103/IJPSYM.IJPSYM_59_19

Giulio, P. (2020). Psychotic spectrum disorders: Definitions, classifications, neural correlates, and clinical profiles. Annals of Psychiatry and Treatment, 4(1), 070–084. https://doi.org/10.17352/apt.000023

Lin, C.-H., & Lane, H.-Y. (2019). Early identification and intervention of schizophrenia: Insight from hypotheses of glutamate dysfunction and oxidative stress. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 10, 93. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00093

Liu, Y. (2022). New perspectives of schizophreniform disorder. 2022 6th International Seminar on Education, Management and Social Sciences (ISEMSS 2022), 1964–1972. https://doi.org/10.2991/978-2-494069-31-2_231

Starzer, M. S. K., Nordentoft, M., & Hjorthøj, C. (2018). Rates and predictors of conversion to schizophrenia or bipolar disorder following substance-induced psychosis. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 175(4), 343–350. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2017.17020223

Starzer, M. S. K., Nordentoft, M., & Hjorthøj, C. (2018). Rates and predictors of conversion to schizophrenia or bipolar disorder following substance-induced psychosis. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 175(4), 343–350. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2017.17020223

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Important information for writing discussion questions and participation

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Hello class and welcome to the class and I will be your instructor for this course. This is a -week course and requires a lot of time commitment, organization, and a high level of dedication. Please use the class syllabus to guide you through all the assignments required for the course. I have also attached the classroom policies to this announcement to know your expectations for this course. Please review this document carefully and ask me any questions if you do. You could email me at any time or send me a message via the “message” icon in halo if you need to contact me. I check my email regularly, so you should get a response within 24 hours. If you have not heard from me within 24 hours and need to contact me urgently, please send a follow up text to

I strongly encourage that you do not wait until the very last minute to complete your assignments. Your assignments in weeks 4 and 5 require early planning as you would need to present a teaching plan and interview a community health provider. I advise you look at the requirements for these assignments at the beginning of the course and plan accordingly. I have posted the YouTube link that explains all the class assignments in detail. It is required that you watch this 32-minute video as the assignments from week 3 through 5 require that you follow the instructions to the letter to succeed. Failure to complete these assignments according to instructions might lead to a zero. After watching the video, please schedule a one-on-one with me to discuss your topic for your project by the second week of class. Use this link to schedule a 15-minute session. Please, call me at the time of your appointment on my number. Please note that I will NOT call you.

Please, be advised I do NOT accept any assignments by email. If you are having technical issues with uploading an assignment, contact the technical department and inform me of the issue. If you have any issues that would prevent you from getting your assignments to me by the deadline, please inform me to request a possible extension. Note that working fulltime or overtime is no excuse for late assignments. There is a 5%-point deduction for every day your assignment is late. This only applies to approved extensions. Late assignments will not be accepted.

If you think you would be needing accommodations due to any reasons, please contact the appropriate department to request accommodations.

Plagiarism is highly prohibited. Please ensure you are citing your sources correctly using APA 7th edition. All assignments including discussion posts should be formatted in APA with the appropriate spacing, font, margin, and indents. Any papers not well formatted would be returned back to you, hence, I advise you review APA formatting style. I have attached a sample paper in APA format and will also post sample discussion responses in subsequent announcements.

Your initial discussion post should be a minimum of 200 words and response posts should be a minimum of 150 words. Be advised that I grade based on quality and not necessarily the number of words you post. A minimum of TWO references should be used for your initial post. For your response post, you do not need references as personal experiences would count as response posts. If you however cite anything from the literature for your response post, it is required that you cite your reference. You should include a minimum of THREE references for papers in this course. Please note that references should be no more than 5 years old except recommended as a resource for the class. Furthermore, for each discussion board question, you need ONE initial substantive response and TWO substantive responses to either your classmates or your instructor for a total of THREE responses. There are TWO discussion questions each week, hence, you need a total minimum of SIX discussion posts for each week. I usually post a discussion question each week. You could also respond to these as it would count towards your required SIX discussion posts for the week.

I understand this is a lot of information to cover in 5 weeks, however, the Bible says in Philippians 4:13 that we can do all things through Christ that strengthens us. Even in times like this, we are encouraged by God’s word that we have that ability in us to succeed with His strength. I pray that each and every one of you receives strength for this course and life generally as we navigate through this pandemic that is shaking our world today. Relax and enjoy the course!

Hi Class,

Please read through the following information on writing a Discussion question response and participation posts.

Contact me if you have any questions.

Important information on Writing a Discussion Question

  • Your response needs to be a minimum of 150 words (not including your list of references)
  • There needs to be at least TWO references with ONE being a peer reviewed professional journal article.
  • Include in-text citations in your response
  • Do not include quotes—instead summarize and paraphrase the information
  • Follow APA-7th edition
  • Points will be deducted if the above is not followed

Participation –replies to your classmates or instructor

  • A minimum of 6 responses per week, on at least 3 days of the week.
  • Each response needs at least ONE reference with citations—best if it is a peer reviewed journal article
  • Each response needs to be at least 75 words in length (does not include your list of references)
  • Responses need to be substantive by bringing information to the discussion or further enhance the discussion. Responses of “I agree” or “great post” does not count for the word count.
  • Follow APA 7th edition
  • Points will be deducted if the above is not followed
  • Remember to use and follow APA-7th edition for all weekly assignments, discussion questions, and participation points.
  • Here are some helpful links
  • Student paper example
  • Citing Sources
  • The Writing Center is a great resource