NRS 434 Describe various risk factors or precursors to adolescent pregnancy
NRS 434 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
A teenage pregnancy refers to a pregnancy of a young woman ages between 10 and 19 years. This is the age when puberty begins to transition the body from a child into an adult. The breasts are not fully developed, the pelvis is smaller in diameter compared to an adult female and the reproductive system continues to mature and prepare the body for the reproductive years. In a teenage pregnancy there are many risk factors that place both the pregnant mother and fetus at risk of complications. Most common health risks to the pregnant teenager include:
· High blood pressure. Often occur during the first pregnancy (pregnancy induced hypertension)
· Difficult labor. Pregnant adolescent often have high risk of obstructive labor due to small pelvic cavity which may lead to the use of tools to assist delivery (Instrumental delivery)
· Anemia
· Placenta abruption
Birth complications that can result in infant death
· Low birth weight (less than 2.5 kg)
· Early birth (premature). Pregnant adolescent often give birth earlier than expected (before 37 weeks)
· Infant death. Pregnant teen often do not get adequate antenatal care which can lead to detrimental consequences for the baby (Farhana, B., 2016).
Common precursors include:
Key risk factors include living in poverty, limited maternal educational achievement, and having a mother who gave birth before the age of 20. Additional risk factors include being from a single-parent home, living in a home with frequent family conflict, early sexual activity, early use of alcohol and drugs, and low self-esteem. Lastly, a teen’s race and ethnicity can be a risk factor for teen pregnancy (Risk and Protective Factors | Youth.gov., n.d.). Further, there is slower progress in reducing adolescent first births amongst these and other vulnerable groups, leading to increasing inequity. Child marriage and child sexual abuse place girls at increased risk of pregnancy, often unintended. In many places, barriers to obtaining and using contraceptives prevent adolescents from avoiding unintended pregnancies (World Health Organization: WHO. (2023).
Planned Parenthood is a local community clinic that provides services for insured and uninsured individuals under 18 and over 18 years of age. Planned parenthood in California has served:
• Number of women, men, and young people worldwide provided with sexual and reproductive health care and education by Planned Parenthood each year: 4,665,000
• Percentage of Planned Parenthood health care patients
• age 20 and older: 83
• with incomes at or below 150 percent of the federal poverty level: 79 •
who receive services to prevent unintended pregnancy: 75
• Estimated number of unintended pregnancies averted by Planned Parenthood contraceptive services each year: 515,000 (Planned Parenthood, 2014).
This is a resource available to those who seek various medical services such a pregnancy prevention, sex education, sexually transmitted infection testing, cervical cancer screenings and breast exams. Another resource is Women Infant Children WIC program which is a state funded resources providing assistance with monthly vouchers for groceries for the pregnant woman and or formula for the infant. WIC also provides education before and after pregnancy to the mother and infant. Including other resources, the family may need.
The teen birth rate in California declined 85% between 1991 and 2020. Teen birth rates have fallen for all racial and ethnic groups, and in some cases the gap in teen birth rates by race/ethnicity has narrowed, but disparities remain. (California Data, 2020). According to NPR, The most immediate reasons behind the declines in teen births are delays in sex and increases in contraceptive use, particularly the use of the most effective contraceptive methods. For example, teens in the late 2010s were five times more likely to use IUDs and implants than teens in the late 2000s. But recently, there have also been declines in sexual activity among high school students (Rascoe, A., 2023). In my community of Santa Maria in 2021, Santa Maria had the highest proportion of births to teenage mothers at 9.2%. Although there was a significant decrease in the SBC teenage mother birth rate between 2017 and 2018 (21.9 to 17.1 births per 1,000 SBC women 15-19 years of age), these birth rates have remained stable over the last 5 years (SBCPHD, 2022). It is unclear as to the reason of the increase for teenage pregnancies in 2021. However, a few possibilities could have to do with the population. The population in Santa Maria is approximately 109,000 with 80,000 being Hispanic and 29,000 being white and other ethnic backgrounds. Given the large Hispanic population, thousands of low income and uneducated households these are a few suggestions. In addition, low poverty communities have low contraception rates due to lack of sexual education or knowledge. And lastly, lack of parental guidance and/or exposure to social media which normalizes exposure and influences sexuality and promiscuous behaviors.
References
California Data | Power to Decide. (2020). Power. https://powertodecide.
Farhana. (2016, April 14). Effects & Consequences of Teenage Pregnancy – PORTAL MyHEALTH. PORTAL MyHEALTH. http://www.myhealth.
Planned Parenthood by the numbers. (2014, January). Planned Parenthood. Retrieved June 21, 2023, from https://www.
Rascoe, A. (2023, January 8). Teen pregnancy rates have declined significantly. NPR. https://
Risk and Protective Factors | Youth.gov. (n.d.). https://youth.gov/
SANTA BARBARA COUNTY BIRTH REPORT 2017-2021. (2022, October). Santa Barbara County Public Health Department. Retrieved June 21, 2023, from https://content.
World Health Organization: WHO. (2023). Adolescent pregnancy. www.who.int. https:
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Adolescent pregnancy is seen as high-risk, as it causes serious risks for both mother and baby. Some of these risk factors include children being born pre-term, have lower birth weight, and higher neonatal mortality. Mothers tend to have greater rates of post-partum depression and are less likely to initiate breastfeeding [1, 2]. May 25, 2016. According to the CDC all sectors of the population communitywide should all make an effort to address teen pregnancy prevention. From 2010Campa to 2015, nine state-and community-based organizations and five national organizations were funded by cooperative agreement, Teen Pregnancy Prevention. The state- and community-based grantees, in turn, provide training and technical assistance to youth-serving organizations and partners. National resource, National Campaign to Prevent Teen and Unplanned Pregnancy. Its mission is promoted through, Raising awareness through affiliation with the media, policy makers, and influential leaders.
Promote discussion about prevention of teed and unplanned pregnancy and Develops and distributes materials including pamphlets and online information. State resource, Human services help people find stability, and can include everything from providing for basic needs like food and shelter with the goal of promoting self-sufficiency. Over the last ten years, California’s females ages 15-19 increased by 15% between 2000 and 2016 the number of births in this population decreased by 61%. Although reasons for the decline are not totally clear, evidence suggests these declines are due to more teens abstaining from sexual activity, and more teens who are sexually active using birth control than in previous years.
When considering risk factors, the nurse has an opportunity to provide patient education in an effort to prevent incidences of teen pregnancy. There are many community and state resources available that provide education, program information, and contact information to various programs in a patient’s area. The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services lists resources in the California area. It is well known that the Native American communities are often underserved. The Tribal Personal Responsibility Education Program (Tribal PREP) and the Personal Responsibility Education Innovative Strategies Program (PREIS) provide programs and information that assist indirectly in the reduction of the teen pregnancy rate. For example, access to programs that assist in funding services such as child care, family violence prevention, child welfare prevention, and short term emergency financial assistance in an effort to maintain the family nucleus. According to the CDC, teen pregnancy rates have decreased over the last 10 years nationwide, including California (CDC, 2018). While the exact reasons can not be identified specifically, it is clear that providing education, access to resources, and encouragement of support amongst family and social groups help to reduce isolation, poor examples, and other aspects that lead to teen pregnancy.
NRS 434 Describe various risk factors or precursors to adolescent pregnancy
References
Parenting in the digital age
https://cdc,gov> teen pregnancy
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
WWW.Humanservicesedu.org
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Hello Valencia, its true that adolescent pregnancy is a problem in our societies. Over the years, I have seen young mothers getting depressed especially from families where they have been rejected,. This is an issue that we must find a balance, more so for the rare cases of pregnancies that are unavoidable. At the same time, low birthweight has been a challenge for the new-borns , and this can be attributed to poor feeding programme that the mother might be having or even stress of the mother during the babies development in the womb.
NRS 434 Describe various risk factors or precursors to adolescent pregnancy
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According to the CDC, Native Americans have the highest rate of teen pregnancies amongst ethnicities. Blacks and Hispanic teens follow right behind Native Americans, who rank just under 30% of U.S. teens, ranking in the 25 percentile range for both groups (CDC, 2021). Considering the percentage of teen pregnancy in America requires a look at risk factors. Adolescent risk factors fall under many categories, some of which include socioeconomic standing, family history, religious considerations, and cultural traditions and concepts. Low income families, one parent households, absence of higher levels of education, reduced access to resources designed to prevent teen pregnancy, and little affiliation with church or religious organizations seem to have higher incidents of adolescent pregnancies (NIH, 2018).
When considering risk factors, the nurse has an opportunity to provide patient education in an effort to prevent incidences of teen pregnancy. There are many community and state resources available that provide education, program information, and contact information to various programs in a patient’s area. The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services lists resources in the California area. It is well known that the Native American communities are often underserved. The Tribal Personal Responsibility Education Program (Tribal PREP) and the Personal Responsibility Education Innovative Strategies Program (PREIS) provide programs and information that assist indirectly in the reduction of the teen pregnancy rate. For example, access to programs that assist in funding services such as child care, family violence prevention, child welfare prevention, and short term emergency financial assistance in an effort to maintain the family nucleus. According to the CDC, teen pregnancy rates have decreased over the last 10 years nationwide, including California (CDC, 2018). While the exact reasons can not be identified specifically, it is clear that providing education, access to resources, and encouragement of support amongst family and social groups help to reduce isolation, poor examples, and other aspects that lead to teen pregnancy.
NRS 434 Describe various risk factors or precursors to adolescent pregnancy
References
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2018, November 15). Reproductive health: Teen pregnancy. Retrieved February 9, 2022, from https://www.cdc.gov/teenpregnancy/about/
Chung, H., Kim, E., Lee, J. (2018). Comprehensive understanding of risk and protective factors related to adolescent pregnancy in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review. Journal of adolescence, Vol 69, pg. 180-188. http://https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30390598/
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How does health literacy play a part in developing a plan of care with an adolescent pregnant patient?
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I have to say that educating our kids about sex and sexuality, being responsible is a sure way of avoiding adolescent pregnancy just like you explain. I believe that doing so will save us from issues like low birth weight and stress of the mothers after birth. To some extent, families of these adolescent are always faced with the challenge of maintaining these kids and giving them the necessary emotional and financial support.
NRS 434 Describe various risk factors or precursors to adolescent pregnancy
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I agree with you, recent studies have shown that adolescent pregnancy has decreased over the years. Teenagers are more educated than they were previously. They are aware of the dangers of adolescent pregnancy. Furthermore, they are much more in unwanted pregnancies. Above all, parents are more concerned with their children and devote more attention to them. Parents are spending more time educating their children about the disadvantages of early pregnancies. These factors have caused the ratio to decrease in recent years. Aside from that, several community-based programs are offered via colleges and schools to educate children beginning at a young age about sex, contraception, and how it affects their health and future.
NRS 434 Describe various risk factors or precursors to adolescent pregnancy
Adolescent pregnancy. (2020, January 31). WHO | World Health Organization. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/adolescent-pregnancy
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I agree with you that there are factors that have contributed to the increase of teen pregnancies across the globe whereby according to (Hobbies 2015), most teens are into drug abuse and know nothing about contraceptives. They prefer having a good time and worry less about their future and most of these teens are victims of poverty, illiteracy and most modern parents have no time for their children which has then led most of them to end up with bad habits due to lack of proper guidance. (Philadelphia Legal Assistance. 2020). After conceiving, these teens are at risk of complications such as anemia or underweight babies which has then increased the maternal and infant mortality rates. To help address the issue of teen pregnancy and related deaths, some organizations have taken the initiative of sensitizing the public on the issue by providing information on the use of contraceptives to prevent unwanted pregnancies and diseases such as HIV.