NURS 6053 Alterations in Cellular Processes
Walden University NURS 6053 Alterations in Cellular Processes– Step-By-Step Guide
This guide will demonstrate how to complete the Walden University NURS 6053 Alterations in Cellular Processes assignment based on general principles of academic writing. Here, we will show you the A, B, Cs of completing an academic paper, irrespective of the instructions. After guiding you through what to do, the guide will leave one or two sample essays at the end to highlight the various sections discussed below.
How to Research and Prepare for NURS 6053 Alterations in Cellular Processes
Whether one passes or fails an academic assignment such as the Walden University NURS 6053 Alterations in Cellular Processes depends on the preparation done beforehand. The first thing to do once you receive an assignment is to quickly skim through the requirements. Once that is done, start going through the instructions one by one to clearly understand what the instructor wants. The most important thing here is to understand the required format—whether it is APA, MLA, Chicago, etc.
After understanding the requirements of the paper, the next phase is to gather relevant materials. The first place to start the research process is the weekly resources. Go through the resources provided in the instructions to determine which ones fit the assignment. After reviewing the provided resources, use the university library to search for additional resources. After gathering sufficient and necessary resources, you are now ready to start drafting your paper.
How to Write the Introduction for NURS 6053 Alterations in Cellular Processes
The introduction for the Walden University NURS 6053 Alterations in Cellular Processes is where you tell the instructor what your paper will encompass. In three to four statements, highlight the important points that will form the basis of your paper. Here, you can include statistics to show the importance of the topic you will be discussing. At the end of the introduction, write a clear purpose statement outlining what exactly will be contained in the paper. This statement will start with “The purpose of this paper…” and then proceed to outline the various sections of the instructions.
How to Write the Body for NURS 6053 Alterations in Cellular Processes
After the introduction, move into the main part of the NURS 6053 Alterations in Cellular Processes assignment, which is the body. Given that the paper you will be writing is not experimental, the way you organize the headings and subheadings of your paper is critically important. In some cases, you might have to use more subheadings to properly organize the assignment. The organization will depend on the rubric provided. Carefully examine the rubric, as it will contain all the detailed requirements of the assignment. Sometimes, the rubric will have information that the normal instructions lack.
Another important factor to consider at this point is how to do citations. In-text citations are fundamental as they support the arguments and points you make in the paper. At this point, the resources gathered at the beginning will come in handy. Integrating the ideas of the authors with your own will ensure that you produce a comprehensive paper. Also, follow the given citation format. In most cases, APA 7 is the preferred format for nursing assignments.
How to Write the Conclusion for NURS 6053 Alterations in Cellular Processes
After completing the main sections, write the conclusion of your paper. The conclusion is a summary of the main points you made in your paper. However, you need to rewrite the points and not simply copy and paste them. By restating the points from each subheading, you will provide a nuanced overview of the assignment to the reader.
How to Format the References List for NURS 6053 Alterations in Cellular Processes
The very last part of your paper involves listing the sources used in your paper. These sources should be listed in alphabetical order and double-spaced. Additionally, use a hanging indent for each source that appears in this list. Lastly, only the sources cited within the body of the paper should appear here.
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Sample Answer for NURS 6053 Alterations in Cellular Processes
Purpose Statement
This paper is being written to explain the pathology of cystic fibrosis. I personally have a friend who has this disease and have learned from her. The topics that will be covered are, how cystic fibrosis is created at a cellular level, genetics role in cystic fibrosis, the reasoning for the symptoms that the patient presented with, the description of the cells involved in cystic fibrosis, and how other characteristics would change the child’s response to cystic fibrosis. In short what I remember from nursing school is that cystic fibrosis is a genetic disorder which is an autosomal recessive gene that is carried by both the mother and the father. The abnormality occurs in chromosome 7 which is where creates an inability to transport small molecules across the cell’s membrane, which in turn, dehydrates the cells of the epithelium and this then creates dry secretion. This is a broad overview of what this disease is, but I will go into further detail below.
The Role Genetics Plays in the Disease
Genetics play an important role in this disease, according to an article published in PubMed titled Cystic fibrosis genetics: from molecular understanding to clinical application states that due to a defective epithelial cell that is defective, this cell is inherited and is an autosomal recessive gene. The genetic information that is in the cell, which is the recipe for the cell to make proteins (Cutting, 2015). According to Pathophysiology of disease: An introduction to clinical medicine, if a person receives a cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator gene (CFTCR), or a per
son can receive two copies of the CFTCR gene. This copy has a mutation of the cystic fibrosis gene, furthermore these two copies of the CFTR gene have stored a mutation which is the on chromosome seven. So, when the recipe is being presented to the cell to be made, the genetic information is then stored into the deoxyribonucleic acid which is known as DNA. This is part of the twenty-three pairs of chromosomes, but on the seventh chromosome, the cystic fibrosis recipe is stored in that chromosome. In the DNA, where the CFTCR gene recipe lives, if there is one copy of the recipe than the gene will not show up in the person but will be a carrier but if there are two copies of the recipe being stored in the chromosome than the cystic fibrosis gene than the person will have cystic fibrosis (McCance at el., 2019).
Why the Patient is Presenting with the Specific Symptoms Described
The symptoms that the baby presented with were salty skin, periodically patient gets a swollen stomach, and not gaining weight normally. According to an article published Journal of Cystic Fibrosis, titled Inflammation in cystic fibrosis lung disease: Pathogenesis and therapy, the major organ systems that are made up of epithelia. The systems that are being affected in this patient are the sweat glands, liver’s bile duct, and intestines in the gastrointestinal tract. The article goes on to explain that the loss of pancreatic function leads to the patient suffering from malnutrition, and not growing normally. Therefore, the replacement of enzymes is important for this patient to be able to prevent the clogging of the cell because of the inability to breakdown an access amount key nutrient (Cutting, 2015).
The physiologic response to the stimulus presented in the scenario and why you think this response occurred
After reading different sources, I was able to breakdown the pathology behind this patient’s symptoms. This disease starts with the CFTR gene protein being mutated in the chromosome seven, which there are two copies of the recipe, this mutation causes the decrease of chloride acceptance and ion being transported, then this makes the absorption of water to increase which throws off ciliary from completing the job and there is mucus that is dry, this is what causes the skin to be salty of the baby. The stomach inflammation and swelling that is being experienced, is due to the CFTR gene protein not having the right recipe present to the epithelial cell, this is causing malfunction by changing the reabsorption of the sodium, chloride and potassium in the cell, the recipe tells the cell to keep the sodium, chloride and potassium outside of the cell, this causes a back-up of outside of the cell structure and blocks the cell from absorbing the nutrients especially, proteins, fats and vitamins that are fat soluble.
The Cells that are Involved in this Process
The cells that are involved in this process start with the epithelial membranes which are present in the digestive trac
t, pancreas, airways, and reproductive area. According to an article in Apoptosis Journal, stated that cystic fibrosis is a caused by the dysfunction in the epithelial cell which leads to inflammation and an inability to create homeostasis because of the constant inflammation caused by the CFTR gene. Furthermore, the epithelial cells end up failing and create apoptosis in the epithelial cell because of the inflammation the is created in the endoplasmic reticulum (Soleti at el., 2013).
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How another characteristic (e.g., gender, genetics) would change your response
For cystic fibrosis, it is important to understand that this would not be a disease if the parents did not carry the gene. The gene is the CFTR gene mutation, mentioned throughout this paper. According to a study done by Harvard Stem Cell Institute, where a lung cell was isolated to examine the function of the CFTR gene. It was shown in the study that if the ionocytes in the cell are not doing their job because it is expressing CFTR gene in increased levels, then the symptoms are created in the cell (Montoro at el., 2018). This occurs in the form of thick mucus and creates the response in the body that does not allow for the patient to regulate sodium, chloride, and potassium in a normal fashion.
Conclusion
During this journey of studying disease in depth and truly understanding how they work will help in the future of my career. I believe that if screening done at the hospitals before they leave would be beneficial. When parents are informed about the possibility of something occurring and what it means, parents will be empowered and get treatment before or if cystic fibrosis symptoms could show up. Also, encouraging parents to come to their baby checkups, will also allow for the medical staff to ask the right questions and treat the baby early, if they see symptoms. Cystic fibrosis is a challenge some patients may struggle with and it is our job as practitioners to catch things before extreme measures need to be taken.
References
Cantin, A.M, Hartl, D, Konstan, M and Chmiel, J. (2015). Inflammation in Cystic Fibrosis Lung Disease and Therapy. Journal of Cystic Fibrosis. Retrieved from https://www.cysticfibrosisjournal.com/article/S1569-1993(15)00058-2/fulltext.
Cutting G. R. (2015). Cystic fibrosis genetics: from molecular understanding to clinical application. Nature reviews. Genetics, 16(1), 45–56. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrg3849
McCance, K. L. & Huether, S. E. (2019). Pathophysiology: The biologic basis for disease in adults and children (8th ed.). St. Louis, MO: Mosby/Elsevier.
Montoro D.T., Haber A.L., Biton M. et at. (2018) A Revised Airway Epithlial Heiracrchy Inclues CFTR-Expressing Inoncytes.Nature. DOI: 10.1038/s41586-018-0393-7
Soleti, R., Porro, C., & Martínez, M. C. (2013). Apoptotic process in cystic fibrosis cells. Apoptosis : an international journal on programmed cell death, 18
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Sample Answer 2 for NURS 6053 Alterations in Cellular Processes
Morgan, I enjoyed reading you post. It was very informative and explained cystic fibrosis very well. The background story of your personal connection to CF was a great addition to your post.
Cystic fibrosis is an autosomal recessive disease of the exocrine glands that involves multiple organ systems but primary the gastrointestinal and respiratory systems. (McCance & Huether, 2019) CF is an inherited disease that results from defective epithelial chloride ion transport (McCance & Huether, 2019) CF is diagnosed through various test, such as gene, blood and sweat test (medlineplus.gov, 2022)
References
McCance, K. L. & Huether, S. E. (2019). Pathophysiology: The biologic basis for disease in adults and children (8th ed.). St. Louis, MO: Mosby/Elsevier.
U.S. National Library of Medicine. (2022, February 24). Cystic fibrosis | CF | cystic fibrosis symptoms. MedlinePlus. Retrieved March 6, 2022, from https://medlineplus.gov/cysticfibrosis.html
Sample Answer 3 for NURS 6053 Alterations in Cellular Processes
Cystic Fibrosis and Genetics
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a genetically inherited disease of the sweat and mucus glands that primarily affects the pulmonary system and gastrointestinal (GI) tract (Mayo Clinic, n.d). Each person receives one cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene that is passed from the father and mother resulting in two total CFTR genes (CDC, n.d.). CF is a recessive disorder which means that both parents must pass the defective gene for the child to have CF (McCance & Huether, 2019). If just one parent passes the defective gene, the child will be a carrier and have the possibility of passing to their children (McCance & Huether, 2019). There is a 25% chance that future children will either have CF or not have CF and a 50% chance that they could be carriers of CF.
Symptom Explanation
Patients with CF have a defective CFTR protein that is unable to transport chloride (an element in salt) to the cell surface (Cystic Fibrosis Foundation, n.d.). When salt cannot move through the cells as it normally should, higher amounts of salt are found on the skin resulting in a salty taste (Cystic Fibrosis Foundation, n.d.). Salt and water typically travel together through the body, but in CF this balance in the cells is disrupted and there is a lack of water due to the defective CFTR protein which causes thick and sticky secretions in the affected organs. The baby’s bloating is caused by these thickened secretions that can block the ducts in the pancreas and cause irregular bowel movements, pain, cramping, and even intestinal blockages (Cystic Fibrosis Foundation, n.d.). When the pancreas has obstructed ducts, it prevents the movement of pancreatic enzymes through the digestive tract which causes problems with the absorption of needed nutrients for proper growth of the baby (McCance & Huether, 2019).
Physiologic Response to Stimulus
The pancreatic ducts get clogged by the thicker secretions and this causes a decrease in the digestive enzymes that are secreted by the pancreas. When there are not enough digestive enzymes to properly break down the food, there is a problem absorbing nutrients needed for proper growth such as fats, proteins, and fat-soluble vitamins such as A, D, E, and K (Cystic Fibrosis Foundation, n.d.). Incomplete digestion leads to bloating, cramping, diarrhea, vitamin deficiency, and difficulty gaining weight.
Involved Cells
Epithelial cells are largely responsible for ion and fluid absorption and secretion (Saint-Criq, & Gray, 2017). In patients with CFTR protein defects, there are problems with sodium, chloride, and water absorption and secretion. The chloride can not be transported correctly which causes an imbalance between the electrolytes and water and ultimately leads to thickened secretions that cause problems throughout the organs.
Other Characteristics
More information is needed related to race, as Caucasians have a higher risk of developing CF, and African Americans, Asians, and Hispanics have a lower risk (Cystic Fibrosis Foundation, n.d.). Having a sibling, cousin, or other close family members also increases the risk of CF (Cystic Fibrosis Foundation, n.d.). In this scenario, it seems the older sibling may also have CF, but further testing is needed for proper diagnosis.
References
Cystic Fibrosis. (n.d.). CDC. https://www.cdc.gov/genomics/disease/cystic_fibrosis.htm.
Cystic fibrosis – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic. (2021). https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/cystic-fibrosis/symptoms-causes/syc-20353700.
McCance, K. L., & Huether, S. E. (2019). Pathophysiology: The biologic basis for disease in adults and children (8th ed.).
Saint-Criq, V., & Gray, M. A. (2017). Role of CFTR in epithelial physiology. Cellular and molecular life sciences: CMLS, 74(1), 93–115. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00018-016-2391-y
Sample Answer 4 for NURS 6053 Alterations in Cellular Processes
I enjoyed your post on Cystic Fibrosis. To add to what you are saying, Cystic Fibrosis (CF) Cystic is a disease that affects multiple organs, including but not limited to the respiratory system, the digestive system, and the reproductive system (Alicandro et al., 2018). To further illustrate, according to McCance & Heuther (2019), CF is a common lethal recessive gene-disease in white. A copy of the defective gene must be inherited from both parents (cff.org,
2022). Furthermore, the gene causes defections in the transport of ions, disrupting the transport of ions that lead to a salt imbalance and thick mucus, also making breathing difficult (Bustami et al., 2018).
You did an impressive job explaining CF. Did you happen to learn more about how genetics play a role in CF? Thank you for sharing.
- Salvador
References
Alicandro, G., Bisogno, A., Rota, M., Padoan, R., & Colombo, C. (2019). No gender differences in growth patterns in a cohort of children with cystic fibrosis born between 1986 and 1995. Clinical Nutrition, 38(4), 1782–1787.
Bustami, M. R., Abu-Qatouseh, L. F., Hussein, N. A., Aburayyan, W. S., Mallah, E. M., Khalil, R. W., & Aeafat, T. A. (2018). The Impact of the Complexity of Cystic Fibrosis in Jordanian Patients on the Spectrum of Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator Mutations. Jordan Journal of Biological Sciences, 11(5), 483–488.
Cystic Fibrosis Foundation (CFF). (2021). Intro to CF. Available from https://www.cff.org/intro-cf
McCance, K. L., & Huether, S. E. (2019). Pathophysiology: The biologic basis for disease in adults and children (8th ed.). St. Louis, MO: Mosby/Elsevier.
Sample Answer 5 for NURS 6053 Alterations in Cellular Processes
Hi Maghan, the assessment in your post is right regarding the symptoms in the case assigned. Cystic fibrosis (CF) is more common in whites, and the lifespan is around 30 years. “The incidence varies by race and is higher in whites.” (McCance, & Huether, 2019). Females tend to have a slightly shorter lifespan than males. In CF, secretions become thick and viscous, this prevents the secretions from either leaving the body adequately or reaching their supposed destination, such as in the case of the pancreatic enzymes.
The cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTCR) gene ’s mutation causes the body’s secretions to become thick. The pancreatic enzymes become thick, this results in the ducts of the pancreas becoming obstructed, preventing the enzymes from partially digesting the food. Undigested food causes stomach pain, nausea, constipation or diarrhea, bloating, and malabsorption that leads to impaired growth. It clogs the airways passage in the lungs due to thick secretions blockage that become stagnant leading to infections evidenced by the baby being hospitalized with pneumonia. This blockage in the lungs also causes cough and dyspnea. Many of these patient’s mortality is due to their lung disease. “Respiratory failure ensues and is the major cause of death.” (Turcios, 2020).
References
McCance, K. L. & Huether, S. E. (2019). Pathophysiology: The biologic basis for disease in adults and children (8th ed.). St. Louis, MO: Mosby/Elsevier.
Turcios N. L. (2020). Cystic Fibrosis Lung Disease: An Overview. Respiratory care, 65(2), 233–251. https://doi.org/10.4187/respcare.06697
Sample Answer 6 for NURS 6053 Alterations in Cellular Processes
I appreciate your feedback regarding my post! Looking more into drug-induced anaphylaxis (DIA), a different study also agreed that women are more prone than men. However, the reasoning behind this finding is still being researched, and it was found that though women are more prone, men have higher severity cases (Regateiro, Marques, & Gomes, 2020).
Drugs most commonly involved in anaphylaxis are antibiotics and analgesics. In the US, penicillin reached 40.7% out of a study of 19,836 DIA patients in an 18-year timeframe. Interestingly, this particular study by Regateiro, Marques, & Gomes (2020) mentioned that DIA’s are seen more often in ethnically white people than in other ethnicities.
Co-morbidities that would present an increased risk are cardiovascular diseases (ex., hypotension, and hypoxia) and respiratory diseases (ex., asthma and COPD) (Regateiro, Marques, & Gomes, 2020). Fortunately, DIA’s resulting in death are rare (Regateiro, Marques, & Gomes, 2020).
Reference:
Regateiro, F. S., Marques, M. L., & Gomes, E. R. (2020). Drug-Induced Anaphylaxis: An Update on Epidemiology and Risk Factors. International archives of allergy and immunology, 181(7), 481–487. https://doi.org/10.1159/000507445
Sample Answer 7 for NURS 6053 Alterations in Cellular Processes
This 16-year-old patient was presented to the PCP, and we diagnosed them with strep throat. The cells have gone through an extracellular matrix (McCance & Huether, 2019) and are now injured due to infection. The PCP prescribed the antibiotic to reverse the injury. The damage to the cell itself causes the patient to have a reddened pharynx and enlarged tonsils with white patches. The 16-year-old cells are also experiencing hypertrophy, causing an increase in size in the tonsils.
After this patient took two doses of amoxicillin 500mg, they experienced tongue and lips swelling, difficulty breathing, and audible wheezes. This patient is presenting with anaphylaxis. This is an IgE-mediated reaction. IgE antibodies are produced in the immune system. This is considered a type 1 hypersensitivity reaction. The binding of Fc receptors on mast cells and basophils to IgE triggers mast cells and creates an allergic reaction. Enzymes tryptase cause tissue damage, and TNF causes inflammation (Justiz-Vaillant & Zito, 2019).
Initially, when the patient was presented, they had no known drug allergies. The new drug allergy can connect to the infection, especially if it is recurrent. To verify that the amoxicillin allergy is a true allergy, the PCP can use an allergic test called a radioallergosorbent test (RAST) (Justiz-Vaillant & Zito, 2019).
The patient’s anaphylaxis is generalized and not systemic. A study showed that penicillin was reported for 40.7% of antibiotics causing anaphylaxis. In the same survey, it is said that the female gender is more likely to have drug-induced anaphylaxis. Patients with several comorbidities or other medications may also be at higher risk (Regateiro, Marques, & Gomes, 2020).
Reference:
Justiz-Vaillant, A. A., & Zito, P. M. (2019). Immediate hypersensitivity reactions Download Immediate hypersensitivity reactions. In StatPearls. Treasure Island, FL: StatPearls Publishing. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK513315/
McCance, K. L. & Huether, S. E. (2019). Pathophysiology: The biologic basis for disease in adults and children (8th ed.). St. Louis, MO: Mosby/Elsevier.
Regateiro, F. S., Marques, M. L., & Gomes, E. R. (2020). Drug-Induced Anaphylaxis: An Update on Epidemiology and Risk Factors. International Archives of Allergy and Immunology, 181(7), 481–487. https://doi.org/10.1159/000507445