NURS 6521: Basic Pharmacotherapeutic Concepts
Walden University NURS 6521: Basic Pharmacotherapeutic Concepts-Step-By-Step Guide
This guide will demonstrate how to complete the Walden University NURS 6521: Basic Pharmacotherapeutic Concepts assignment based on general principles of academic writing. Here, we will show you the A, B, Cs of completing an academic paper, irrespective of the instructions. After guiding you through what to do, the guide will leave one or two sample essays at the end to highlight the various sections discussed below.
How to Research and Prepare for NURS 6521: Basic Pharmacotherapeutic Concepts
Whether one passes or fails an academic assignment such as the Walden University NURS 6521: Basic Pharmacotherapeutic Concepts depends on the preparation done beforehand. The first thing to do once you receive an assignment is to quickly skim through the requirements. Once that is done, start going through the instructions one by one to clearly understand what the instructor wants. The most important thing here is to understand the required format—whether it is APA, MLA, Chicago, etc.
After understanding the requirements of the paper, the next phase is to gather relevant materials. The first place to start the research process is the weekly resources. Go through the resources provided in the instructions to determine which ones fit the assignment. After reviewing the provided resources, use the university library to search for additional resources. After gathering sufficient and necessary resources, you are now ready to start drafting your paper.
How to Write the Introduction for NURS 6521: Basic Pharmacotherapeutic Concepts
The introduction for the Walden University NURS 6521: Basic Pharmacotherapeutic Concepts is where you tell the instructor what your paper will encompass. In three to four statements, highlight the important points that will form the basis of your paper. Here, you can include statistics to show the importance of the topic you will be discussing. At the end of the introduction, write a clear purpose statement outlining what exactly will be contained in the paper. This statement will start with “The purpose of this paper…” and then proceed to outline the various sections of the instructions.
How to Write the Body for NURS 6521: Basic Pharmacotherapeutic Concepts
After the introduction, move into the main part of the NURS 6521: Basic Pharmacotherapeutic Concepts assignment, which is the body. Given that the paper you will be writing is not experimental, the way you organize the headings and subheadings of your paper is critically important. In some cases, you might have to use more subheadings to properly organize the assignment. The organization will depend on the rubric provided. Carefully examine the rubric, as it will contain all the detailed requirements of the assignment. Sometimes, the rubric will have information that the normal instructions lack.
Another important factor to consider at this point is how to do citations. In-text citations are fundamental as they support the arguments and points you make in the paper. At this point, the resources gathered at the beginning will come in handy. Integrating the ideas of the authors with your own will ensure that you produce a comprehensive paper. Also, follow the given citation format. In most cases, APA 7 is the preferred format for nursing assignments.
How to Write the Conclusion for NURS 6521: Basic Pharmacotherapeutic Concepts
After completing the main sections, write the conclusion of your paper. The conclusion is a summary of the main points you made in your paper. However, you need to rewrite the points and not simply copy and paste them. By restating the points from each subheading, you will provide a nuanced overview of the assignment to the reader.
How to Format the References List for NURS 6521: Basic Pharmacotherapeutic Concepts
The very last part of your paper involves listing the sources used in your paper. These sources should be listed in alphabetical order and double-spaced. Additionally, use a hanging indent for each source that appears in this list. Lastly, only the sources cited within the body of the paper should appear here.
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NURS 6521: Basic Pharmacotherapeutic Concepts
Pharmacokinetics involves sequential processes, including absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion that occur in the body following drug administration (Arcangelo & Peterson, 2018). On the other hand, pharmacodynamics is the effect of a particular drug on the body. It includes side effects, physiological processes, and drug reactions. Unique patient features, including sex, age, and health condition, influence the two processes. My focus for this discussion purpose from my experience will be a 48-year-old male with diabetes mellitus Type 2.
Scenario: 48-year-old male with diabetes type 2 who was diagnosed with diabetes since the age of 20 but recently started going into diabetic ketoacidosis frequently. Patients presents with blood glucose of 690. Patient takes multiple medications including Lyrica, Metformin, Atorvastatin, and Lisinopril for hypertension, renal disease, gout, coronary artery disease, and neuropathy. I do not recall all the medications he was on.
Due to the complications of diabetes, these patients are usually prone to cardiovascular diseases, stroke, kidney diseases, vision alterations, among other diseases. Therefore, these patients are usually on many other drugs apart from the ones specified for diabetes mellitus.
Factors affecting pharmacokinetics
Liver metabolizes many drugs but with diabetic there is a decreased CYP 3A4 which is hepatic enzymatic activity and protein levels due to taking other medications for other complications brought about by diabetes (Uehara et al 2017). More often, these patients also experience an increase in glomerular infiltration rate causing excretion concerns related to micro vascular and macro vascular changes and renal function loss (Trevisan & Dodesini, 2017). There is also the effect of distribution due to the process of glycation where albumin has decreased affinity for some fatty acids decreasing efficiency of fatty acid grafted drugs (Gajahi Soudahome et al., 2018). Due to the different drugs that this patient was taking, there was the effect of decreased membrane permeability influenced by insulin induced capillary perfusion affecting absorption (McConell et al., 2020)
Pharmacodynamics
Metformin activates the enzyme adenosine monophosphate kinase (AMPK) which inhibits enzymes involved in gluconeogenesis and glycogen synthesis in the liver blocking the enzyme pyruvate carboxylase, while stimulating insulin signaling and glucose transport in muscles (Hunter et al., 2018). By blocking this enzyme, lactic acid accumulates causing lactic acidosis. This could happen with high doses of metformin or with patient with decreased renal clearance. This patient takes Lisinopril, ACE inhibitor, which lowers blood pressure by inhibiting the enzymes Angiotensin I and II which constricts blood vessels. Renal function can be decreased with chronic use of ACE inhibitors thus renal dosing is highly advised.
Personalized Care
This patient was seeing different doctors for diabetes, renal disease, and hypertension. Her medications were not revised by these providers hence the complications due to polypharmacy. For her personalized care, I would recommend her medications to be revised by the providers, a goal placed to focus on decreasing A1C, avoiding sedentary lifestyle including diet change, at home glycemic control, improved physical activity, and regular follow ups.
References
Uehara, S., Uno, Y., Nakanishi, K., Ishii, S., Inoue, T., Sasaki, E., & Yamazaki, H. (2017). Marmoset Cytochrome P450 3A4 Ortholog Expressed in Liver and Small-Intestine Tissues Efficiently Metabolizes Midazolam, Alprazolam, Nifedipine, and Testosterone. Drug Metabolism and Disposition, 45(5), 457–467. https://doi.org/10.1124/dmd.116.074898
McConell, G. K., Sjøberg, K. A., Ceutz, F., Gliemann, L., Nyberg, M., Hellsten, Y., Frøsig, C., Kiens, B., Wojtaszewski, J. F. P., & Richter, E. A. (2020). Insulin‐induced membrane permeability to glucose in human muscles at rest and following exercise. The Journal of Physiology, 598(2), 303–315. https://doi.org/10.1113/jp278600
Trevisan, R., & Dodesini, A. R. (2017). The Hyperfiltering Kidney in Diabetes. Nephron, 136(4), 277–280. https://doi.org/10.1159/000448183
Gajahi Soudahome, A., Catan, A., Giraud, P., Assouan Kouao, S., Guerin-Dubourg, A., Debussche, X., le Moullec, N., Bourdon, E., Bravo, S. B., Paradela-Dobarro, B., Álvarez, E., Meilhac, O., Rondeau, P., & Couprie, J. (2018). Glycation of human serum albumin impairs binding to the glucagon-like peptide-1 analogue liraglutide. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 293(13), 4778–4791. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.m117.815274
Hunter, R. W., Hughey, C. C., Lantier, L., Sundelin, E. I., Peggie, M., Zeqiraj, E., Sicheri, F., Jessen, N., Wasserman, D. H., & Sakamoto, K. (2018). Metformin reduces liver glucose production by inhibition of fructose-1-6-bisphosphatase. Nature Medicine, 24(9), 1395–1406. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-018
In 2011, more than 3.7 billion medication prescriptions were filled in US pharmacies (The Kaiser Family Foundation, 2011). With billions of medications administered each year for the treatment and management of various conditions, advanced practice nurses must become aware with popular drug therapies and their impact on patients. The primary concern when prescribing medications is ensuring patient safety. Nurses work more closely with patients than any other health care worker in many clinical settings, making it their obligation to support physicians with this task. As an advanced practice nurse responsible for patient safety, you must take into account the numerous patient characteristics that influence pharmacotherapeutics.
This week, you will investigate the elements that influence pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic processes in patients. You will also look at patient variables that advanced practice nurses must take into account while designing medication therapy plans.
Students will have completed the following tasks at the conclusion of this week:
Examine the variables that influence the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic processes in patients.
Assess patient variables and history to develop tailored plans of care
Understand and apply key pharmacotherapeutic terminologies, concepts, and principles.
Understand and apply important vocabulary, concepts, and principles related to geriatric medication prescribing.
Photo Credit: Daniel Kaesler/EyeEm/EyeEm/Getty Images
Learning Resources
This page contains the Learning Resources for this week. Be sure to scroll down the page to see all of this week’s assigned Learning Resources. To access select media resources, please use the media player below.
Required Readings
Arcangelo, V. P., Peterson, A. M., Wilbur, V., & Reinhold, J. A. (Eds.). (2017). Pharmacotherapeutics for advanced practice: A practical approach (4th ed.). Ambler, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
- Chapter 2, “Pharmacokinetic Basis of Therapeutics and Pharmacodynamic Principles” (pp. 17-31)
This chapter examines concepts related to pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. It also explores patient factors that health care providers consider when prescribing drug therapy to patients.
- Chapter 3, “Impact of Drug Interactions and Adverse Events on Therapeutics” (pp. 33-51)
This chapter explains drug-drug, drug-food, drug-herb, and drug-disease interactions. It also reviews patient factors that influence drug interactions and then covers adverse drug reactions.
- Chapter 4, “Principles of Pharmacotherapy in Pediatrics” (pp. 53-63)
This chapter explores concepts relating to drug selection, administration, and interaction for pediatric patients. It also compares age-related pharmacokinetic differences in children and adults.
- Chapter 6, “Principles of Pharmacotherapy in Elderly Patients” (pp. 73-89)
NURS 6521 Basic Pharmacotherapeutic Concepts This chapter describes issues and factors that affect drug therapy for elderly patients. It then explores concepts relating to drug selection, administration, and management for elderly patients.
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American Geriatric Society 2015 Beers Criteria Update Expert Panel. (2015). American Geriatrics Society 2015 updated beers criteria for potentially inappropriate medication use in older adults. Retrieved on 8/8/2018 from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/jgs.13702
This article is an update to the Beers Criteria which includes lists of potentially inappropriate medications to be avoided in older adults as well as newly added criteria that lists select drugs that should be avoided or have their dose adjusted based on the individual’s kidney function and select drug–drug interactions documented to be associated with harms in older adults.
Weitzel, K. W., Elsey, A. E., Langaee, T. Y., Benjamin, B., Nessl, D. R., Obeng, A. W.,…Johnson, J. A. (2014). Clinical pharmacogenetics implementation: Approaches, successes, and challenges. American Journal of Medical Genetics, 0(1): 56–67. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4076109/
Drugs.com. (2012). Retrieved August 22, 2012, from http://www.drugs.com/
This website presents a comprehensive review of prescription and over-the-counter drugs including information on common uses and potential side effects. It also provides updates relating to new drugs on the market, support from health professionals, and a drug-drug interactions checker.
Required Media
Laureate Education, Inc. (Executive Producer). (2012). Introduction to advanced pharmacology. Baltimore, MD: Author.
Note: The approximate length of this media piece is 8 minutes.
In this media presentation, Dr. Terry Buttaro, Associate Professor of Practice at Simmons School of Nursing and Health Sciences, discusses the importance of pharmacology for the advanced practice nurse.
The following document provides credit for Laureate-produced media within this course:
Optional Resources
The following resources are highly recommended for your professional library. You are encouraged to review these resources each week.
Explain the ethical and legal implications of the scenario you selected on all stakeholders involved, such as the prescriber, pharmacist, patient, and patient’s family.
Describe strategies to address disclosure and nondisclosure as identified in the scenario you selected. Be sure to reference laws specific to your state.
Explain two strategies that you, as an advanced practice nurse, would use to guide your decision making in this scenario, including whether you would disclose your error. Be sure to justify your explanation.
Explain the process of writing prescriptions, including strategies to minimize medication errors.