NURS 8310 Discussion: Descriptive Epidemiology ANSWER

NURS 8310 Discussion: Descriptive Epidemiology ANSWER

Walden University NURS 8310 Discussion: Descriptive Epidemiology ANSWER-Step-By-Step Guide

 

This guide will demonstrate how to complete the Walden University NURS 8310 Discussion: Descriptive Epidemiology ANSWER  assignment based on general principles of academic writing. Here, we will show you the A, B, Cs of completing an academic paper, irrespective of the instructions. After guiding you through what to do, the guide will leave one or two sample essays at the end to highlight the various sections discussed below.

 

How to Research and Prepare for NURS 8310 Discussion: Descriptive Epidemiology ANSWER  

 

Whether one passes or fails an academic assignment such as the Walden University NURS 8310 Discussion: Descriptive Epidemiology ANSWER depends on the preparation done beforehand. The first thing to do once you receive an assignment is to quickly skim through the requirements. Once that is done, start going through the instructions one by one to clearly understand what the instructor wants. The most important thing here is to understand the required format—whether it is APA, MLA, Chicago, etc.

 

After understanding the requirements of the paper, the next phase is to gather relevant materials. The first place to start the research process is the weekly resources. Go through the resources provided in the instructions to determine which ones fit the assignment. After reviewing the provided resources, use the university library to search for additional resources. After gathering sufficient and necessary resources, you are now ready to start drafting your paper.

 

How to Write the Introduction for NURS 8310 Discussion: Descriptive Epidemiology ANSWER  

The introduction for the Walden University NURS 8310 Discussion: Descriptive Epidemiology ANSWER  is where you tell the instructor what your paper will encompass. In three to four statements, highlight the important points that will form the basis of your paper. Here, you can include statistics to show the importance of the topic you will be discussing. At the end of the introduction, write a clear purpose statement outlining what exactly will be contained in the paper. This statement will start with “The purpose of this paper…” and then proceed to outline the various sections of the instructions.

 

How to Write the Body for NURS 8310 Discussion: Descriptive Epidemiology ANSWER  

 

After the introduction, move into the main part of the NURS 8310 Discussion: Descriptive Epidemiology ANSWER  assignment, which is the body. Given that the paper you will be writing is not experimental, the way you organize the headings and subheadings of your paper is critically important. In some cases, you might have to use more subheadings to properly organize the assignment. The organization will depend on the rubric provided. Carefully examine the rubric, as it will contain all the detailed requirements of the assignment. Sometimes, the rubric will have information that the normal instructions lack.

 

Another important factor to consider at this point is how to do citations. In-text citations are fundamental as they support the arguments and points you make in the paper. At this point, the resources gathered at the beginning will come in handy. Integrating the ideas of the authors with your own will ensure that you produce a comprehensive paper. Also, follow the given citation format. In most cases, APA 7 is the preferred format for nursing assignments.

 

How to Write the Conclusion for NURS 8310 Discussion: Descriptive Epidemiology ANSWER  

 

After completing the main sections, write the conclusion of your paper. The conclusion is a summary of the main points you made in your paper. However, you need to rewrite the points and not simply copy and paste them. By restating the points from each subheading, you will provide a nuanced overview of the assignment to the reader.

 

How to Format the References List for NURS 8310 Discussion: Descriptive Epidemiology ANSWER  

 

The very last part of your paper involves listing the sources used in your paper. These sources should be listed in alphabetical order and double-spaced. Additionally, use a hanging indent for each source that appears in this list. Lastly, only the sources cited within the body of the paper should appear here.

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Post a cohesive response that addresses the following:

• Evaluate your selected health problem in the population you identified by describing three to five characteristics related to person, place, and time.
• Appraise the data sources you utilized by outlining the strengths and limitations of each.
• Discuss two methods you could use to collect raw data to determine the descriptive epidemiology of your health problem, Determine how these methods would influence the completeness of case identification as well as the case definition/diagnostic criteria used.

Read a selection of your colleagues’ responses.

Sample Answer for NURS 8310 Discussion: Descriptive Epidemiology ANSWER

Evaluate your selected health problem in the population you identified by describing three to five characteristics related to person, place, and time.

According to World Health Organization (WHO) (2020), Childhood obesity is an epidemic causing severe public health problems globally and affecting children of all races, ethnicities, and income levels especially at the ages of 4 and 20yrs. The contributing factors include a variety of variables, such as poor diet, a sedentary lifestyle, drugs like glucocorticoids, and obesity-related comorbidities such gastric reflux, hypertension, premature puberty, sleep apnea, psychiatric disorders, and fatty liver disease. These factors may vary in individuals especially in US kids, time in relation to middle age, and places such as the minorities and (AL-Agha et al.,2020). often only a small percentage of any population is at the extremes of high or low risk. Most people fall in the middle of the distribution of risk, one hundred twenty-four million children and adolescents were affected by obesity in 2016. More children and adolescents developed health problems that previously were seen primarily in adults over time, such as high cholesterol, type 2 diabetes, impaired glucose level, social issue, and poor self-esteem. Overweight and obese children are at greater risk of non-communicable diseases such as heart disease, diabetes, cancer, and stroke at a younger age (WHO., 2020). These are the leading cause of death in the United States. Since childhood obesity is a concerning health issue among children and adolescents, it is controllable and reversible, and epidemiology is vital in its eradication.  The framework for program evaluation in public health developed by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) is used to define and approach program evaluation in relation to this study. Effective program evaluation, as stated in the framework, methodically assesses the execution and outcomes of strategies and interventions with the goal of using the findings to enhance those actions. As a result, it’s critical that the evaluation method be practical, ethical, and accurate (Kelsey et al.,2014)

Appraising the data sources utilized by outlining the strengths and limitations of each and methods of data collection to determine the descriptive epidemiology of your health problem, determine how these methods would influence the completeness of case identification as well as the case definition/diagnostic criteria used.

The traditional public health approach of describing needs in relation to specific health problems using estimates of the incidence was involved in the Program Evaluation in Public Health. As noted in the framework, effective program evaluation systematically examines the implementation and results of strategies and interventions with the aim of using findings to improve those actions. As such, it’s important that the evaluation approach be useful, feasible, ethical, and accurate (Kelsey et al.,2014). Understanding and ultimately improving a population’s health rest not only on understanding this population perspective but also on understanding the ecology of health and the interconnectedness of the biological, behavioral, physical, and socio-environmental domains. The Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (IBM SPSS) version 22 was used to enter, code, clean, and analyze data. One-way ANOVA for nominal variables with more than two categories and independent-samples t-test for nominal variables with two categories were used to analyze the relevance of various risk factors and sequelae in their contribution to pediatric obesity (Kelsey et al.,2014).

It mentioned the prevalence approach to the health needs assessment, which is the traditional public health method of describing a need in relation to specific health problems using estimates of incidence, prevalence, and other health impact surrogates derived from studies conducted locally or elsewhere. This methodology has been expanded to include, in addition to these measures, an examination of how existing services are delivered (Sanyaolu, 2019).

In addition to dramatic change, systemic difficulties, and challenging societal norms and influences, the mission of ensuring the nation’s health faces significant challenges. Given these concerns, the committee argues that national health policy, which has traditionally been based on a concern for personal health care and biological research that helps individuals, must be transformed. The interventions based on the first question are most likely to result in the largest gains in a population’s health. Because most cases of sickness occur in people who are not at high risk, preventative techniques must be appropriate to a wide range of people (Sanyaolu, 2019)

 

References

 

Kelsey, M. M., Zaepfel, A., Bjornstad, P., & Nadeau, K. J. (2014).  Age-related consequences of childhood obesity. Gerontology, 60(3), 222-228.

World Health Organization (2020). Childhood overweight and obesity. Retrieved from http://www.who.int/diet physical activity/childhood/obesity.

 

Al-Agha, A. E., Mabkhoot, Y. M., Bahwirith, A. S., Mohammed, A. N., Ragbi, R., Allhabi, E., … & Milyani, A. (2020). Various causative factors and associated complications of childhood obesity in Jeddah, Western Region, Saudi Arabia. Annals of African medicine, 19(1), 15.

Sanyaolu, A., Okorie, C., Qi, X., Locke, J., & Rehman, S. (2019). Childhood and Adolescent Obesity in the United States: A Public Health Concern. Global pediatric health, 6, 2333794X19891305. https://doi.org/10.1177/2333794X1989130

 

Williams, R., & Wright, J. (1998). Epidemiological issues in health need assessment. BMJ (Clinical research ed.), 316(7141), 1379–1382. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.316.7141.1379

Sample Answer 2 for NURS 8310 Discussion: Descriptive Epidemiology ANSWER

Descriptive epidemiology offers useful information which can be instrumental in disease prevention, intervention designs, and carrying out further research. Central to the epidemiology study are person, place, and time, implying the individuals affected by a particular condition, the place where that particular incidence happened, and the time it happened (Beghi et al., 2020). These three concepts are in the efforts of analyzing any existing patterns to come up with a possible solution. Therefore, the purpose of this discussion is to apply these epidemiologic concepts to Tuberculosis among African Americans.

Evaluation of the Health Problem

Tuberculosis is one of the conditions that affect populations disproportionately, possible due to various health disparities. According to the CDC (2020), the condition is eight times more prevalent among African Americans or non-Hispanic black as compared to non-Hispanic whites. The characteristics related to a person include race, sex, age, socio-economic status, and biological characteristics such as immune status. Age is considered since health-related events vary with age. For TB and other diseases, age groups are considered to detect data patterns connected to age. For sex, in some cases, females have higher incidences of illnesses than males and vice-versa. As earlier indicated, race dictates the rates of TB, and the condition is more prevalent among individuals from this population.

The characteristics of time include if the frequency of the condition has changed over the decades. Indeed the frequency of TB among African Americans changed from 7 cases to 3 cases per 100000 persons in the last decade (Marks et al., 2019). Another time characteristic is if the disease frequency varies seasonally; however, diabetes does not vary seasonally. The third characteristic is whether the condition changes over the course of days, such as in the case of outbreaks. The relevant characteristic of the place includes whether the problem occurs in a specific geographical location, a location relevant to the occurrence of the condition such as place of report or diagnosis. The other characteristic is a place category such as non-institutional or institutional, foreign or domestic, and rural or urban.

Data Source Appraisal

Various data sources were used to obtain data on tuberculosis. One of the sources was the center for disease control run National Health Interview Survey (NHIS). This data source has various advantages and disadvantages. Among the advantages is that there is an ongoing collection of data and availability. It also offers prevalence and incidence information on various health conditions (Blumberg, 2020). This source also has a nationwide sample and presents data for the risk factors connected to the condition. However, this source has disadvantages such as a delay of up to five years when it comes to data availability, the possibility of huge sampling errors when doing estimation for small populations. The other source was the National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System (NNDSS) and Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR)  One advantage is that there is ongoing data availability and collection. However, it suffers from possible incomplete reporting and only represents the number of events.

Data Collection

Some of the methods I would use to collect raw data include the use of a survey; this survey would prompt the participants to state whether they have had cases of TB in their family. While this data collection can be effective, it may suffer from incompleteness as some would refrain from telling the truth and lie about the condition (Yap et al., 2018). The implication is that it will also influence case definition as fewer cases would be reported. I would also explore data from patient records to find the trends. This method would make the data more complete as the electronic health record data is usually accurate. Therefore it will also boost case definition.

Conclusion

Descriptive epidemiology is key for a complete discussion of the nature of a condition among the populations. Therefore, the concepts of descriptive epidemiology have been applied in the case of tuberculosis among African Americans. Various aspects such as the characteristics connected to people, place, and time have all been explored.

 

References

Beghi, E., Giussani, G., & Poloni, M. (2020). Descriptive epidemiology and related neurobiology. Oxford Textbook of Neurologic and Neuropsychiatric Epidemiology, 331.

Blumberg, S. (2020). An Overview of the Redesigned National Health Interview Survey. In APHA’s 2020 VIRTUAL Annual Meeting and Expo (Oct. 24-28). American Public Health Association.

CDC. (2020). TB and Black or African American Persons. https://www.cdc.gov/tb/topic/populations/tbinafricanamericans/default.htm

Marks, S. M., Katz, D. J., Davidow, A. L., Pagaoa, M. A., Teeter, L. D., & Graviss, E. A. (2019). The impact of HIV infection on TB disparities among US-born Black and White tuberculosis patients in the United States. Journal of public health management and practice: JPHMP. https://dx.doi.org/10.1097%2FPHH.0000000000000949.

Yap, P., Tan, K. H. X., Lim, W. Y., Barkham, T., Tan, L. W. L., Mark, I., … & Chee, C. B. E. (2018). Prevalence of and risk factors associated with latent tuberculosis in Singapore: a cross-sectional survey. International Journal of Infectious Diseases, 72, 55-62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2018.05.004