PUB 540 GCU Disease Event Influence and Epidemiological Methods Scenarios Discussion
Grand Canyon University PUB 540 GCU Disease Event Influence and Epidemiological Methods Scenarios Discussion-Step-By-Step Guide
This guide will demonstrate how to complete the PUB 540 GCU Disease Event Influence and Epidemiological Methods Scenarios Discussion assignment based on general principles of academic writing. Here, we will show you the A, B, Cs of completing an academic paper, irrespective of the instructions. After guiding you through what to do, the guide will leave one or two sample essays at the end to highlight the various sections discussed below.
How to Research and Prepare for PUB 540 GCU Disease Event Influence and Epidemiological Methods Scenarios Discussion
Whether one passes or fails an academic assignment such as the Grand Canyon University PUB 540 GCU Disease Event Influence and Epidemiological Methods Scenarios Discussion depends on the preparation done beforehand. The first thing to do once you receive an assignment is to quickly skim through the requirements. Once that is done, start going through the instructions one by one to clearly understand what the instructor wants. The most important thing here is to understand the required format—whether it is APA, MLA, Chicago, etc.
After understanding the requirements of the paper, the next phase is to gather relevant materials. The first place to start the research process is the weekly resources. Go through the resources provided in the instructions to determine which ones fit the assignment. After reviewing the provided resources, use the university library to search for additional resources. After gathering sufficient and necessary resources, you are now ready to start drafting your paper.
How to Write the Introduction for PUB 540 GCU Disease Event Influence and Epidemiological Methods Scenarios Discussion
The introduction for the Grand Canyon University PUB 540 GCU Disease Event Influence and Epidemiological Methods Scenarios Discussion is where you tell the instructor what your paper will encompass. In three to four statements, highlight the important points that will form the basis of your paper. Here, you can include statistics to show the importance of the topic you will be discussing. At the end of the introduction, write a clear purpose statement outlining what exactly will be contained in the paper. This statement will start with “The purpose of this paper…” and then proceed to outline the various sections of the instructions.
How to Write the Body for PUB 540 GCU Disease Event Influence and Epidemiological Methods Scenarios Discussion
After the introduction, move into the main part of the PUB 540 GCU Disease Event Influence and Epidemiological Methods Scenarios Discussion assignment, which is the body. Given that the paper you will be writing is not experimental, the way you organize the headings and subheadings of your paper is critically important. In some cases, you might have to use more subheadings to properly organize the assignment. The organization will depend on the rubric provided. Carefully examine the rubric, as it will contain all the detailed requirements of the assignment. Sometimes, the rubric will have information that the normal instructions lack.
Another important factor to consider at this point is how to do citations. In-text citations are fundamental as they support the arguments and points you make in the paper. At this point, the resources gathered at the beginning will come in handy. Integrating the ideas of the authors with your own will ensure that you produce a comprehensive paper. Also, follow the given citation format. In most cases, APA 7 is the preferred format for nursing assignments.
How to Write the Conclusion for PUB 540 GCU Disease Event Influence and Epidemiological Methods Scenarios Discussion
After completing the main sections, write the conclusion of your paper. The conclusion is a summary of the main points you made in your paper. However, you need to rewrite the points and not simply copy and paste them. By restating the points from each subheading, you will provide a nuanced overview of the assignment to the reader.
How to Format the References List for PUB 540 GCU Disease Event Influence and Epidemiological Methods Scenarios Discussion
The very last part of your paper involves listing the sources used in your paper. These sources should be listed in alphabetical order and double-spaced. Additionally, use a hanging indent for each source that appears in this list. Lastly, only the sources cited within the body of the paper should appear here.
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PUB 540 GCU Disease Event Influence and Epidemiological Methods Scenarios Discussion
As health care providers try optimizing health care delivery, they need to use data-driven knowledge. In this case, they must understand a disease’s particulars in detail to be in a position to intervene appropriately. Epidemiology, which evolves progressively, deals with studying the distribution and determinants of health-related matters. It mostly deals with events and issues while targeting specified populations. Over time, key individuals and historical events have been instrumental in shaping the field of epidemiology diversely. The contributions of James Lind, Ignaz Semmelweis, and John Snow are immense in epidemiology, and their epidemiological methods are still relevant.
James Lind
When examining the emergence of experimentation in epidemiology, James Lind’s role was immense. As an 18th century physician, James Lind’s epidemiology contributions were triggered by the emergence of scurvy as a major problem among sailors (Lamb, 2018). At this time, the cause and risk factors of scurvy were not known, and only guesses were made regarding the causes. As Lee (2019) further mentioned, scurvy causes were linked with indigestible food, congenital laziness, and bad air. From Lind’s perspective, the sailors’ diet was the issue due to poor quality, but more details were necessary.
To advance epidemiological methods, Lind experimented with patients suffering from scurvy. As Lamb (2018) explained, Lind took part in experimental epidemiology where populations were divided into groups and subjected to different treatments. Each group was allocated a specific exposure, and the outcome observed. As a major characteristic of many experimental studies today, James Lind has a control group of patients who were not subjected to the treatment. By comparing outcomes between groups, the qualitative study demonstrated the need for placebos in health-related experiments. In this case, it would be impractical for a researcher to use one group to assess and deduce a study’s outcomes.
Ignaz Semmelweis
Ignaz Semmelweis’ concentrated on examining the cause and treatment of illnesses. As Leigh (2018) mentioned, Ignaz Semmelweis
was instrumental in discovering hand washing as a way of preventing illness transmission. His research was on childbed fever, which claimed the lives of many women in the 19th century. According to Gakuu (2016), Semmelweis was concerned about women’s mortality rate from childbed fever. He observed that women under the care of physicians when delivering had a higher mortality rate than those under midwives (Davis, 2015). Given this, he hypothesized that handling corpses before attending to pregnant women led to the fever, and hand washing could prevent transmission.
To advance epidemiology, Semmelweis took part in an experiment where he initiated a mandatory hand-washing policy and sanitization programs. Doctors and midwives were the primary subjects to assess whether childbed fever could be prevented by improved hygiene (washing). According to Leigh (2018), the results did not disappoint, given that the mortality rate fell from 18% to 2% among doctors and reached as low as 1% in midwives after they started washing medical instruments. By design, Semmelweis engaged in an empirical study where results are not based on an assumption.
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John Snow
John Snow’s contribution to epidemiology was immense as well. When cholera was claiming many lives, John Snow conducted several investigations of cholera outbreaks to understand the cause and possible prevention. As Friis and Sellers (2020) posited, Snow’s investigations demonstrate the development of hypothesis testing from descriptive epidemiology. His main experiment was after a cholera outbreak in Golden Square of London in 1854. According to Yan and Chowell (2019), Snow believed in spot mapping to identify the cause of the cholera outbreak. After identifying the source, interventions follow while responding to specific elements of the illness.
A study starts with a basic assumption, and this study was not different. Snow assumed that water was the source of cholera’s infection, and samples from different pumps in the Golden Square area could reveal where the problem started. As Friis (2017) explained, Snow gathered data from people with cholera while asking them where they obtained their water. After summarizing his findings, Snow identified the pump where most infected people obtained their water. Its closure ended the outbreak. Largely, Snow’s study typifies an empirical study where the researcher collects data from the field to prove or disprove the hypothesis.
Informing the Definition of Epidemiology
The definition of epidemiology is broad, and several elements from these studies helped to inform the definition. These individuals depict illness identification as a scientific and data-driven process that is concerned with health-related events. Moreover, they targeted some populations, resembling the present day’s view of epidemiology to study health issues in specific populations. As experimental studies, it is right deducing that these individuals used qualitative and quantitative data collection methods. On testing the hypothesis, they used the standard approach. After identifying the hypothesis, a sample is analyzed, leading to rejection of the null hypothesis’s validation based on the outcome of the analysis. A perfect example is Semmelweis’s study proving that hand-washing could reduce infections from childbed fever, and it turned out to be so (validating the hypothesis).
Application of Similar Epidemiological Methods
The researchers’ approach to a disease’s cause and control has been used in many health-related scenarios for a long time. Experimentation morphed into randomized trials where placebos usually serve as the control. Today, experimentation is used to assess the cause and possible control of the cardiovascular disease. There is an assumption that people’s changing lifestyles and shifts in dietary habits could be the primary cause. This assumption acts as the hypothesis to be tested while comparing different groups, imitating the methods that Snow, Semmelweis, and Lind used.
Research Studies used to Understand Risk Factors
Heart problems have troubled people for a long time, and research studies to understand its risk factors have been done in the past. A suitable example is the cardiovascular disease and the Framingham Heart Study by Drawber and colleagues in 1950. According to Hajar (2016), this study found that cigarette smoking, high cholesterol, and increased blood pressure are leading risk factors for heart disease. Another key research study is the risk stratification for sudden cardiac death. As Detai et al. (2018) explained, this study found that relieving the obstruction in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) can reduce sudden death. Such experimental studies like those that John Snow, Lind, and Semmelweis carried out help understand risk factors of illnesses and possible control.
Undeniably, the best way to deal with an illness is to understand its causes and risk factors. If the cause is known, control is known since interventions focus on specific aspects of the illness. Experiments by John Snow, James Lind, and Ignaz Semmelweis show how quantitative and qualitative methods guide in illness control. These individuals advanced epidemiology by making it a systematic and scientific study that focuses on health matters affecting specific populations.
References
Davis, R. (2015, Jan 12). The doctor who championed hand-washing and briefly saved lives. npr. https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2015/01/12/375663920/the-doctor-who-championed-hand-washing-and-saved-women-s-lives
Desai, M. Y., Smedira, N. G., Dhillon, A., Masri, A., Wazni, O., Kanj, M., … & Lever, H. M. (2018). Prediction of sudden death risk in obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: potential for refinement of current criteria. The Journal of thoracic and cardiovascular surgery, 156(2), 750-759. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtcvs.2018.03.150
Friis, R. H. (2017). Epidemiology 101. Jones & Bartlett Learning.
Friis, R. H., & Sellers, T. (2020). Epidemiology for public health practice. Jones & Bartlett Learning.
Gakuu, L. N. (2016). Ignas Semmelweis: the doctor who championed hand-washing. East African Orthopaedic Journal, 10(2), 43-44. https://www.ajol.info/index.php/eaoj/article/view/149036/138538
Hajar R. (2016). Framingham Contribution to Cardiovascular Disease. Heart views : the official journal of the Gulf Heart Association, 17(2), 78–81. https://doi.org/10.4103/1995-705X.185130
Lamb, J. (2018). Scurvy: The disease of discovery. Princeton University Press.
Lee, W. J. (2019). Vitamin C in Human Health and Disease: Effects, Mechanisms of Action, and New Guidance on Intake. Springer.
Leigh, A. (2018). Randomistas: how radical researchers are changing our world. Yale University Press.