HLT 362 Summary and Descriptive Statistics SOLUTION
Grand Canyon University HLT 362 Summary and Descriptive Statistics SOLUTION-Step-By-Step Guide
This guide will demonstrate how to complete the HLT 362 Summary and Descriptive Statistics SOLUTION assignment based on general principles of academic writing. Here, we will show you the A, B, Cs of completing an academic paper, irrespective of the instructions. After guiding you through what to do, the guide will leave one or two sample essays at the end to highlight the various sections discussed below.
How to Research and Prepare for HLT 362 Summary and Descriptive Statistics SOLUTION
Whether one passes or fails an academic assignment such as the Grand Canyon University HLT 362 Summary and Descriptive Statistics SOLUTION depends on the preparation done beforehand. The first thing to do once you receive an assignment is to quickly skim through the requirements. Once that is done, start going through the instructions one by one to clearly understand what the instructor wants. The most important thing here is to understand the required format—whether it is APA, MLA, Chicago, etc.
After understanding the requirements of the paper, the next phase is to gather relevant materials. The first place to start the research process is the weekly resources. Go through the resources provided in the instructions to determine which ones fit the assignment. After reviewing the provided resources, use the university library to search for additional resources. After gathering sufficient and necessary resources, you are now ready to start drafting your paper.
How to Write the Introduction for HLT 362 Summary and Descriptive Statistics SOLUTION
The introduction for the Grand Canyon University HLT 362 Summary and Descriptive Statistics SOLUTION is where you tell the instructor what your paper will encompass. In three to four statements, highlight the important points that will form the basis of your paper. Here, you can include statistics to show the importance of the topic you will be discussing. At the end of the introduction, write a clear purpose statement outlining what exactly will be contained in the paper. This statement will start with “The purpose of this paper…” and then proceed to outline the various sections of the instructions.
How to Write the Body for HLT 362 Summary and Descriptive Statistics SOLUTION
After the introduction, move into the main part of the HLT 362 Summary and Descriptive Statistics SOLUTION assignment, which is the body. Given that the paper you will be writing is not experimental, the way you organize the headings and subheadings of your paper is critically important. In some cases, you might have to use more subheadings to properly organize the assignment. The organization will depend on the rubric provided. Carefully examine the rubric, as it will contain all the detailed requirements of the assignment. Sometimes, the rubric will have information that the normal instructions lack.
Another important factor to consider at this point is how to do citations. In-text citations are fundamental as they support the arguments and points you make in the paper. At this point, the resources gathered at the beginning will come in handy. Integrating the ideas of the authors with your own will ensure that you produce a comprehensive paper. Also, follow the given citation format. In most cases, APA 7 is the preferred format for nursing assignments.
How to Write the Conclusion for HLT 362 Summary and Descriptive Statistics SOLUTION
After completing the main sections, write the conclusion of your paper. The conclusion is a summary of the main points you made in your paper. However, you need to rewrite the points and not simply copy and paste them. By restating the points from each subheading, you will provide a nuanced overview of the assignment to the reader.
How to Format the References List for HLT 362 Summary and Descriptive Statistics SOLUTION
The very last part of your paper involves listing the sources used in your paper. These sources should be listed in alphabetical order and double-spaced. Additionally, use a hanging indent for each source that appears in this list. Lastly, only the sources cited within the body of the paper should appear here.
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Sample Answer for HLT 362 Summary and Descriptive Statistics SOLUTION
Using the data on the “National Cancer Institute Data” Excel spreadsheet, calculate the descriptive statistics indicated below for each of the Race/Ethnicity groups. Refer to your textbook and the topic Resources, as needed, for assistance in with creating Excel formulas.
Provide the following descriptive statistics:
- Measures of Central Tendency: Mean, Median, and Mode
- Measures of Variation: Variance, Standard Deviation, and Range (a formula is not needed for Range).
- Once the data is calculated, provide a 150-250 word analysis of the descriptive statistics on the spreadsheet. This should include differences and health outcomes between groups.
| American Indian / Alaska Native (includes Hispanic) | Asian / Pacific Islander (includes Hispanic) | Black (includes Hispanic) | Hispanic (any race) | White (includes Hispanic) | |
| Year of Diagnosis | Rate per 100,000 | Rate per 100,000 | Rate per 100,000 | Rate per 100,000 | Rate per 100,000 |
| 2000 | 45.7 | 41.8 | 77.8 | 34.2 | 68.8 |
| 2001 | 47.9 | 41 | 79 | 34.1 | 68.7 |
| 2002 | 44.6 | 40.4 | 75.8 | 34.1 | 68 |
| 2003 | 50 | 40.9 | 77.3 | 34.5 | 67.1 |
| 2004 | 51.7 | 40.5 | 75.1 | 35 | 65.8 |
| 2005 | 48.7 | 40.2 | 73.7 | 33.8 | 65.9 |
| 2006 | 46.4 | 39.8 | 73.4 | 32 | 65.8 |
| 2007 | 43.1 | 38.8 | 71.2 | 32.7 | 65.2 |
| 2008 | 45 | 38.5 | 70.8 | 32.2 | 63.9 |
| 2009 | 40.1 | 39 | 71.6 | 31.8 | 63.1 |
| 2010 | 42.4 | 37 | 67.8 | 30.3 | 60.4 |
| 2011 | 39.6 | 36.6 | 64.1 | 29.4 | 58.5 |
| 2012 | 36.6 | 36.7 | 64.3 | 28.2 | 57.5 |
| 2013 | 39.9 | 36.6 | 60.5 | 28.8 | 56.3 |
| 2014 | 32 | 34 | 61.3 | 26.8 | 55.4 |
| 2015 | 38.7 | 34.4 | 57.4 | 26 | 53.2 |
| Mean | 43.275 | 38.5125 | 70.06875 | 31.49375 | 62.725 |
| Median | 43.85 | 38.9 | 71.4 | 32.1 | 64.55 |
| Mode | #N/A | 36.6 | #N/A | 34.1 | 65.8 |
| Varience | 27.71933333 | 5.679833333 | 45.42895833 | 8.399291667 | 26.162 |
| Standard Deviation | 5.264915321 | 2.383240091 | 6.740100766 | 2.898153148 | 5.114880253 |
| Range | 19.7 | 7.8 | 21.6 | 9 | 15.6
|
Descriptive statistics are important in any research study, but they are especially important in healthcare research studies. This is because the goal of healthcare research is to improve the health and wellbeing of people, and descriptive statistics help researchers to understand the characteristics of the patients who are being studied. Descriptive statistics can tell researchers things like how old the patients are, what gender they are, what race they are, what type of illness or condition they have, and how severe their illness or condition is. By understanding these characteristics, researchers can then begin to look for patterns and associations between different factors (such as age and race) and different diseases or conditions.
There are a few different measures of variation that are commonly used when analyzing healthcare data. These measures can give you a good sense of how different groups of patients vary in their health outcomes or in the care that they receive. The first measure is the mean. This is simply the average value for a given group of patients. It can be useful to compare the mean outcome between different groups of patients, such as those who received different treatments. The second measure is the standard deviation. This gives you a sense of how much variation there is within a group of patients. A higher standard deviation indicates more variation, while a lower standard deviation indicates less variation. The third measure is the median.
The National Cancer Institute (NCI) is the Federal government’s principal agency for cancer research and training. NCI coordinates the National Cancer Program, which includes basic and applied research, cancer control, and cancer education and information activities. The data on the “National Cancer Institute Data” website is from the NCI’s Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) Program (Kline et al., 2018). The SEER Program collects data on cancer incidence (new cases), mortality (deaths), survival, prevalence (the number of people living with cancer), and care at diagnosis from population-based sources in the United States.
Analysis of Descriptive Statistics
Table 1: American Indian / Alaska Native (includes Hispanic) Population
| American Indian / Alaska Native (includes Hispanic) Population | |
| Measures Of Central tendency | Value |
| Average | 43.2700 |
| Median | 43.8500 |
| Mode (Number which appear most) | There is no number which appears most |
Table 2: Black_includes Hispanic
| Table 2: Black_includes Hispanic | |
| Measures Of Central tendency | Value |
| mean | 70.0700 |
| Median | 71.4200 |
| Mode | There is no number which appears most |
Table 3_Hispanic_any race
| Table 3_Hispanic_any race | |
| Measures Of Central tendency | Value |
| Average/mean | 62.7300 |
| Median | 64.5500 |
| Mode (Number which appear most) | 65.8000 |
Table 4_Asian / Pacific Islander_includes Hispanic
| Table 4_Asian / Pacific Islander_includes Hispanic | |
| Measures Of Central tendency | Value |
| Average/mean | 38.5200 |
| Median | 38.9100 |
| Mode (Number which appear most) | 36.6000 |
Table 5_Hispanic_any race
| Table 2: Hispanic (any race) | |
| Measures Of Central tendency | Value |
| Average/mean | 31.49 |
| Median | 32.10 |
| Mode (Number which appear most) | 34.10 |
Tables 1–5 indicate the overall number of cancer cases documented from all racial groupings. For the rate measurements, a sample population of 100,000 persons was used. According to the descriptive analysis, black persons had the greatest risk of having cancer infections, with white people coming in a close second. Hispanics have been shown to have the lowest risk of having cancer related infections. The information used for the analytic technique was collected in 2016, hence the research period spanned a 16-year period beginning in the year 2000.
Overall, there is a striking disparities in cancer incidence and mortality rates between African Americans and other racial groups in the United States. While the overall cancer incidence rate for African Americans is 10% higher than for whites, the mortality rate is a staggering 33% higher (Li et al., 2019). The discrepancy exists across all types of cancer, but is especially pronounced for cancers of the breast, prostate, and lung. There are a variety of factors that contribute to this divide. African Americans are more likely to live in poverty and lack access to quality healthcare. They also tend to have a unhealthy diet and lifestyle choices which increase their risks for developing cancer (DeSantis et al., 2019). In addition, certain genetic mutations that increase cancer risks are more common among people of African descent.
Measures of Variation from the Cancer Institute Data
Table 6: Measures of Variation
| Ethnicity | American Indian / Alaska Native_includes Hispanic | Hispanic_any race | Black_includes Hispanic | White_includes Hispanic | Asian / Pacific Islander_includes Hispanic |
| Variance for each category | 27.71933333 | 8.399291667 | 45.428960 | 26.162000 | 5.670830 |
| Standard Deviation | 5.264915321 | 2.898153 | 6.7401000 | 5.1148800 | 2.38000 |
| Maximum | 51.7000000 | 35.0000 | 79.0000 | 68.80200 | 41.80000 |
| Minimum | 32.000000 | 26.0000 | 57.42000 | 53.20000 | 34.00000 |
| Range | 19.700000 | 9.00000 | 21.60000 | 15.60000 | 7.800000 |
Table 6 shows the results of the dataset’s variation. According to the findings, the black population recorded the most variation/fluctuation in data. The measurements were taken once per 100,000 people involved in the cohort study.
Conclusion
According to the American Cancer Society, African Americans have the highest rates of cancer incidence and mortality of any racial or ethnic group in the United States. While the overall cancer incidence rate has been declining since the early 1990s, this decline has been much slower among African Americans. Additionally, African Americans are more likely than other groups to be diagnosed with certain types of cancer, such as breast cancer, prostate cancer, and colorectal cancer. There are a number of possible explanations for these disparities in cancer rates. One possibility is that African Americans are more likely to live in areas with higher levels of pollution and exposure to toxic chemicals. This could lead to a higher risk of developing cancer.
References
DeSantis, C. E., Miller, K. D., Goding Sauer, A., Jemal, A., & Siegel, R. L. (2019). Cancer statistics for african Americans, 2019. CA: a cancer journal for clinicians, 69(3), 211-233. https://acsjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.3322/caac.21555
Kline, R. M., Arora, N. K., Bradley, C. J., Brauer, E. R., Graves, D. L., Lunsford, N. B., … & Ganz, P. A. (2018). Long-term survivorship care after cancer treatment-summary of a 2017 National Cancer Policy Forum Workshop. JNCI: Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 110(12), 1300-1310. https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/djy176
Li, T., Higgins, J. P., & Deeks, J. J. (2019). Collecting data. Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions, 109-141. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119536604.ch5
Sample Answer 2 for HLT 362 Summary and Descriptive Statistics SOLUTION
Descriptive statistics is important in revealing special data trends in a population (Mishra et al.,2019). It can be used to explore disease trends such as diabetes (Abe et al.,2021), cancer, and other conditions among populations. The analyzed data was obtained from the National Cancer Institute, lung and bronchus cancer (“National Cancer”, n.d). The data has been expressed in terms of rates per one hundred thousand. The ethnic races considered in the data include whites (includes Hispanic), Hispanic (any race), black (includes Hispanic), Asian/Pacific Islander (includes Hispanic), and American Indian/Alaska Native (Includes Hispanic). The analyzed data covered the years 2000 to 2015.
The mean data covering the sixteen years shows that the blacks had the highest rates of cancer at 70.06 while the Hispanics had the lowest rates at 31.493. Median rates for the groups included 43.85, 38.9, 71.4, 32.1 and 64.55. It is also important to explore mode as part of descriptive statistics. Only three racial groups had mode, including Asian/Pacific Islanders, Hispanics, and whites. The observed modes were 36.6, 34.1, and 65.8 respectively. Variance was also calculated, with the blacks having the largest variance of 45.42 while the Asian/Pacific Islanders had the least variance at 5.679. The black race also recorded the highest range at 21.6, followed by the American Indian/Alaska Native at 19.7. The least variance was observed in Hispanics, where a value of 9 was observed. It is observable that the black has high rates, hence there is a need to use various approaches to reduce cancer rates. One of the recommended approaches is the use of culture-tailored education (Zhou et al.,2019). Another approach is early screening (Shah et al.,2019)
References
Abe, T., Egbuche, O., Igwe, J., Jegede, O., Wagle, B., Olanipekun, T., & Onwuanyi, A. (2021). Cardiovascular complications in COVID‐19 patients with or without diabetes mellitus. Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, 4(2), e00218. Doi: 10.1002/edm2.218
Mishra, P., Pandey, C. M., Singh, U., Gupta, A., Sahu, C., & Keshri, A. (2019). Descriptive statistics and normality tests for statistical data. Annals of Cardiac Anaesthesia, 22(1), 67. https://doi.org/10.4103%2Faca.ACA_157_18
National Cancer Institute. (n.d).Cancer stat facts: Lung and bronchus cancer. https://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/lungb.html
Shah, S. C., Kayamba, V., Peek Jr, R. M., & Heimburger, D. (2019). Cancer control in low-and middle-income countries: is it time to consider screening?. Journal of Global Oncology, 5, 1-8. Doi: 10.1200/JGO.18.00200
Zhou, H., Zhang, Y., Liu, J., Yang, Y., Fang, W., Hong, S., … & Zhang, L. (2019). Education and lung cancer: a Mendelian randomization study. International Journal of Epidemiology, 48(3), 743-750. https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyz121
Sample Answer 3 for HLT 362 Summary and Descriptive Statistics SOLUTION
Statistical analysis incorporates measures of central tendency to show the attributes of variables used in the study (Heumann & Schomaker, 2016). In the analysis, there is the use of central tendency to measure the mean, median and mode for all the races represented in the study. Also, there is the application of the measures of variation to including variance, standard deviation, and range. All these measures are essential in determining the distribution of data from the dataset provided. In statistics, central tendency refers to the typical or central value for the probability distribution (Anderson, 2015). It may also be referred to as a center or location of the distribution.
Table 1: Measures of Central Tendency (Mean, Median, and Mode)
| Measure | American Indian / Alaska Native (includes Hispanic)
(Rate per 100,000) |
Asian / Pacific Islander (includes Hispanic)
(Rate per 100,000) |
Black (includes Hispanic)
(Rate per 100,000) |
Hispanic (any race)
(Rate per 100,000) |
White (includes Hispanic)
(Rate per 100,000) |
| Mean | 43.275 | 38.5125 | 70.06875 | 31.49375 | 62.725 |
| Median | 43.85 | 38.9 | 71.4 | 32.1 | 64.55 |
| Mode | n/a | 36.6 | n/a | 34.1 | 65.8 |
The table above shows the descriptive statistics for the data for all the races per 100,000 people in the United States of America. The samples were obtained from different hospitals across the United States. The mean, median, and mode were calculated based on the Microsoft Excel formulas.
Table 2: Measures of Variation: Variance, Standard Deviation, and Range
| Measure | American Indian / Alaska Native (includes Hispanic)
(Rate per 100,000) |
Asian / Pacific Islander (includes Hispanic)
(Rate per 100,000) |
Black (includes Hispanic)
(Rate per 100,000) |
Hispanic (any race)
(Rate per 100,000) |
White (includes Hispanic)
(Rate per 100,000) |
| Variance | 27.71933 | 5.679833 | 45.428958 | 8.39928 | 26.162 |
| Standard Deviation | 5.264915 | 2.3832 | 6.7401 | 2.89815 | 5.11488 |
| Range | 19.7 | 7.8 | 21.6 | 9 | 15.6 |
Table 2 shows the results of measures of variation as computed from the Microsoft Excel formulas. The standard deviation was computed through finding the square root of variance. Also, the measurements were calculated based on 100,000 people (Weaver et al., 2017).
Analysis of the Descriptive Statistics
Table 1 indicates the results of the descriptive statistics. For the American Indian, the mean number of participants was 43.275 per 100, 000 people. For the Asian / Pacific Islander and the Black (includes Hispanic), the mean number of participants were 38.5125 and 70.06875 respectively per 100, 000 people. Finally, the mean for Hispanic and White races were 31.49375 and 62.725 respectively per 100, 000 people. From the descriptive statistics, the black community had the highest number of cancer patients followed by Whites. Hispanics had the least number of infections per 100,000 people. The data was recorded for the 16 successive years from 2000 to 2015. The result shows that cancer is more prevalent to the black community as the population has a higher rate of infections compared to other races. The highest rate if infection among the American Indian participants was 51.7 and the lowest rate was 32. Both the lowest and the highest rates were recorded in the year 2004. Among the Asian participants, the minimum rate of infections per 100, 000 people was 34 while the maximum rate stood at 41.8. These figures were recorded in the year 2014 and 2000 respectively.
Conclusion
The analysis shows mean, median and mode (measures for central tendency) for all the variables represented in the dataset, there is all the measures of variations including variance, standard deviation, and range. From the data, among the Whites, Hispanics, and blacks, the maximum rates of infections were 68.8, 35, and 79 respectively. The average rate of infections for the American Indians, Asians, Blacks, Hispanics, and Whites who participated in the research was 43.275, 38.5125, 70.06875, 31.49375, and 62.725 respectively.
References
Anderson, A. (2015). Statistics for big data for dummies. John Wiley & Sons.
Heumann, C., & Schomaker, M. (2016). Introduction to statistics and data analysis. Springer International Publishing Switzerland.
Weaver, K. F., Morales, V. C., Dunn, S. L., Godde, K., & Weaver, P. F. (2017). An introduction to statistical analysis in research: with applications in the biological and life sciences. John Wiley & Sons.