Assignment: NURS 6050 Global Healthcare Comparison Matrix and Narrative Statement

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If you talk about a possible poor health outcome, do you believe that outcome will occur? Do you believe eye contact and personal contact should be avoided?

You would have a difficult time practicing as a nurse if you believed these to be true. But they are very real beliefs in some cultures.

Differences in cultural beliefs, subcultures, religion, ethnic customs, dietary customs, language, and a host of other factors contribute to the complex environment that surrounds global healthcare issues. Failure to understand and account for these differences can create a gulf between practitioners and the public they serve. AssignmentNURS 6050 Global Healthcare Comparison Matrix and Narrative Statement

Global Health Comparison Grid Template

Use this document to complete the Module 6 Assessment Global Healthcare Comparison Matrix and Narrative Statement.

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Global Healthcare Issue	HIV& AIDS
Description	The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) attacks cells of the immune system and impairs or destroys their function. The attack and infection by the virus cause gradual deterioration of the immune system resulting in immune deficiency (Deeks, Overbaugh, Phillips & Buchbinder, 2015). Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is a term that refers to the most advanced stages of HIV infection. AIDS is diagnosed when there is a manifestation of any of more than 20 opportunistic infections or HIV-related cancers.
Country	United States	Canada
Describe the policy in each country related to the identified healthcare issue	Declaration of Commitment on HIV/AIDS. In June 2001, 189 national governments including the US took up the policy on the Declaration of Commitment on HIV/AIDS, at the United Nations General Assembly Special Session on HIV/AIDS (UNGASS) (Assembly, 2015). The policy commits the US government to improve its response to the domestic AIDS epidemic and set targets for financing, policies, and programming of AIDS programs. The UNGASS Declaration commits the US government to do the following: Allocate adequate resources to address the domestic epidemic. Establish HIV prevention targets and address issues that increase people’s vulnerability to infection (Assembly, 2015). Attain the highest attainable standard of AIDS treatment. Enact protections to eliminate discrimination against people living with HIV/AIDS (Assembly, 2015). Develop appropriate program monitoring and evaluation systems.	Federal Initiative to Address HIV/AIDS in Canada This is a key policy of the Government of Canada’s comprehensive approach to HIV/AIDs. The Federal Initiative funds HIV/AIDS prevention and support programs directed to key priority populations (Public Health Agency of Canada [PHAC], 2012). It also funds for research, public awareness, surveillance, and evaluation programs. The Federal Initiative policy indicates a renewed and enhanced role in the Canadian response to HIV/AIDS. The goals of the policy are to: Prevent the acquisition and transmission of new infections. Delay the progression of the disease and improve quality of life (PHAC, 2012). Lessen the social and economic impact of HIV/AIDS Contribute to the global effort to reduce the spread of HIV and mitigate the effects of the disease.
What are the strengths of this policy?	The Declaration policy requires that the government performs periodic reviews to evaluate progress on realizing their UNGASS commitments. Secondly, the Declarations urges the government to involve civil society and people living with HIV/AIDS in the review process (Assembly, 2015). The policy highlights that an effective response to HIV/AIDS should be grounded in respect for the rights of people living with HIV/AIDS. It gives priority to vulnerable groups such as children, women, and other groups who are at the highest risk and susceptible to new infections (Assembly, 2015).	The Federal initiative has policy directions that guide federal action. The policy promotes coherent action at the local, national, and global level by individuals, organizations, and systems that are involved in the HIV/AIDS response (PHAC, 2012). This has been vital in attaining the goals of the Federal initiative. In addition, the Federal Initiative policy promotes integrated treatment for people living with HIV/AIDS due to their complex health needs and vulnerability to communicable diseases (PHAC, 2012).
What are the weaknesses of this policy?	The policy does not offer a comprehensive national strategy to address HIV/AIDS in key areas such as prevention, support services, and treatment.	The Federal Initiative policy does not provide directions on how knowledge from research and surveillance should be shared and applied to policy and practice to advance public health action in HIV/AIDS.
Explain how the social determinants of health may impact the specified global health issue.	Social stratification by race and economic class in the US may impact the HIV epidemic, by increasing individuals’ vulnerability to HIV infection and hindering access to, and utilization of, HIV-related care. HIV is more prevalent in individuals who are faced with poverty, poor health care, inadequate education, unemployment, and “social disintegration.”	Individuals living in poverty are more vulnerable to HIV infections and mortality related to AIDS due to lack of access to health services where they can be tested and provided preventive services. Stigma and discrimination faced by key populations, insufficient funds, and lack of inclusion of Marginalized groups such as sex workers and drug users are key challenges in the response to HIV/AIDS.
How has each country’ government addressed cost, quality, and access to the selected global health issue?	HIV/AIDS prevention and treatment services are financed by a wide range of public and private sources at the federal, state, and local level. Programs such as Medicaid and Medicare have facilitated access to treatment and support services for Americans.	The Federal Initiative is funded by the Public Health Agency of Canada’s HIV and Hepatitis C Community Action Fund. The Action fund supports excellent community programming that addresses priority public health issues (PHAC, 2012). The Agency invests $26.4 million a year in community-based programs across the country to address HIV, hepatitis C and other sexually transmitted and blood-borne infections (STBBI) (Bourgeois et al., 2017).
How has the identified health policy impacted the health of the global population? (Be specific and provide examples)	The HIV/AIDS policy has helped to improve HIV testing rates among Americans and has increased the population that is aware of their HIV status. It has enhanced the treatment of people living with HIV/AIDS, including treatment of opportunistic infections which contribute to the highest mortality rates.	Through the Federal initiative policy, Canada has supported HIV/AIDS research and prevention activities. The policy has facilitated access to diagnosis, treatment, and care particularly for vulnerable populations (PHAC, 2012). This has contributed to a low general HIV prevalence and decreased infection rates in Canada. Furthermore, the policy has contributed to the global effort to reduce the spread of HIV and mitigate the impact of the disease (PHAC, 2012).
Describe the potential impact of the identified health policy on the role of the nurse in each country.	The nurse has a role of providing testing services for HIV and referring individuals who have tested positive for the virus for treatment services (Deeks et al., 2015). Besides, the nurse is obliged to provide HIV/AIDS preventive services to all individuals to lower HIV infections rates in the US.	The policy has influenced nurses to promote greater integration of HIV/AIDS prevention, care and treatment interventions with those of other diseases (Bourgeois et al., 2017).
Explain how global health issues impact local healthcare organizations and policies in both countries. (Be specific and provide examples)	Global health issues are a threat to the health of US citizens. Local health organizations are economically affected, as their resources are often strained. Health policies are also modified to direct the emergency response of the health issues.	The Public Health department in Canada builds alliances at the national, regional and community level with healthcare organizations to address health concerns (PHAC, 2012). It also involves consumers and communities in planning and program development to address global health issues.
General Notes/Comments	The HIV/AIDS policy needs to be modified to address the need for an effective way of targeting resources to deal with racial disparities. An outcome-oriented strategic plan also needs to be developed to improve prevention and HIV/AIDS treatment.	The Federal Initiative is in line with the mandate of each federal government partners. The policy has outlined a clear role of the federal government, which includes national and international leadership, coordination and knowledge translation for HIV/AIDS prevention, diagnosis, care, treatment, support and research.

References

Assembly, U. U. N. G. (2015). Final declaration of commitment on HIV/AIDS (A/s-26/L. 2). New York; 2011.

Bourgeois, A. C., Edmunds, M., Awan, A., Jonah, L., Varsaneux, O., & Siu, W. (2017). Can we eliminate HIV? HIV in Canada—surveillance report, 2016. Canada Communicable Disease Report, 43(12), 248.

Deeks, S. G., Overbaugh, J., Phillips, A., & Buchbinder, S. (2015). HIV infection. Nature reviews Disease primers, 1(1), 1-22.

Public Health Agency of Canada. (2012). Government of Canada. Retrieved from https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/hiv-aids/federal-initiative-address-hiv-aids-canada/strengthening-federal-action-canadian-response-hiv-aids/hiv-aids/federal-initiative-address-hiv-aids-canada.html

The problem of non-communicable diseases across the globe is a challenge that is growing on an annual basis. This issue of non-communicable diseases is a global challenge that WHO tries to prevent. Given the disease cannot be treated such as diabetes and high blood pressure they can be successfully prevented in various communities (World Health Organization (WHO). (n.d.). The issue is a global problem that requires mitigation from different countries which include the US and Canada.

Global Healthcare Issue	Prevention of Non-Communicable Diseases
Description	The cost of medication and management of the non-communicable disease is rising. The increased cost of care delivery and the need for nurses is due to non-communicable diseases. The fact that non-communicable disease is rarely cured due to its chronic nature requires lifelong management which is expensive for the patient and the country as well. The covid-19 pandemic has also revealed non-communicable to be a major weakness of human beings since it resulted in many deaths due to underlying conditions. Therefore, a need for prevention is essential.
Country	United States	Canada
Describe the policy in each country related to the identified healthcare issue	Adopted prevention of non-communicable disease through education, institution, and public-private partnership. The government has a special institution that focuses on each specific issue such as diabetes association, cancer centers, and cardiovascular diseases (Bhattacharya, Juyal, Hossain & Singh, 2020). The government through mass communication emphasizes the issue and provision of information through the center for disease control.	The country adopts the policy of research, support, and collaborative initiative for the affected people (Milsom, Smith, Baker & Walls, 2021).
What are the strengths of this policy?	The policy of adopting and focusing on medical research is to bring solutions that will help only solve the problem. The public-private partnership ensures medical equipment and drugs needed are subsidized for patients.	In Canada, the education of the public is the primary focus that will help prevent non-communicable diseases. The sharing of ideas and understanding the non-communicable disease by population is the primary focus (Milsom, Smith, Baker & Walls, 2021).
What are the weaknesses of this policy?	The major weakness of the dominant policy research is that it is relatively expensive and takes time for medications to be discovered. The subsidies given to specific industries result in complaints from other drug manufacturing firms.	Education of masses and the general public take a long period to materialize. This requires the need to have interventions.
Explain how the social determinants of health may impact the specified global health issue. (Be specific and provide examples)	The problem of non-communicable disease is mainly attributed to the type of food consumed. The ability to buy and access food is a social determinant that is characterized by a level of education, income, and availability of food. The case of obesity is due to consumption of food that reaches in sugar as compared to a balanced diet.	The social determinants in Canada include drug abuse such as smoking and alcohol intake. Also, a high intake of red meat and salt is a major social determinant of health.
How has each country’s government addressed cost, quality, and access to the selected global health issue?	The united states have addressed the issue of non-communicable by offering subsidies to insulin, provision of free medical management for non-communicable diseases, and subsiding of cancer treatments. The equality of services has been achieved since the issue is managed by government facilities.	The government focuses on the provision of medication equal to all people with standardization of prices and medical costs to all.
How has the identified health policy impacted the health of the global population? (Be specific and provide examples)	The policy of research has resulted in the identification of issues that result in non-communicable diseases. For instance, through research, it has been shown that excess weight gain can result in other comorbidities such as high blood pressure and diabetes. This has been replicated across the world to help promote physical practice	Through education of the public and having physical exercise the cases of diabetes have been significantly reduced.
Describe the potential impact of the identified health policy on the role of the nurse in each country.	The nurses in the US will be able to educate and make a decision based on the research findings. This will help the patient and the rest of the population to reduce the incidences of non-communicable diseases.	Through the education of patients, nurses can mitigate this problem effectively.
Explain how global health issues impact local healthcare organizations and policies in both countries. (Be specific and provide examples)	The policies made in the medical arena in the country should always be in line with the issue of non-communicable diseases. Consequently, a lot of resources are channeled by the government to healthcare as compared to other sectors.	The country focuses more on the problem and hence requires more resources both labor, equipment, and money. The country’s budget within healthcare has been shaped by this issue.
General Notes/Comments	The policy has resulted in significant management of non-communicable causes.	The policy helps reduce new cases and promotes effective management of the existing ones.

Part 2: A Plan for Social Change

Evidence-based practices are the basis of mitigating the problem of non-communicable diseases. The social change needed within the medical community as far as the issue of non-communicable disease is a concern is the use of evidence-based practices. The problem of non-communicable disease is not the same as a vector-borne disease which requires stopping the vector or the agent itself but requires prevention of the onset of the condition (Akseer et al., 2020). This evidence-practice includes having regular physical exercises, reduce intake of alcohol, and cessation of smoking. In the nutritional realm, the need to reduce the high intake of calories is essential as well as embracing a balanced diet. The country should be able to subsidize healthy food such as fruits, vegetables, and approved sources of proteins. World health organization’s guidelines should be promoted and adhered to to ensure good health and safety for all people.

Conclusion

Conclusively, the issue of non-communicable disease is a major global problem in the arena of health. The best policies that remain viable are the prevention and management of existing cases. US and Canada are two examples of countries that strive to overcome the problem of non-communicable disease through various policies. This is a long way impact how other countries will mitigate this problem of non-communicable diseases.

References

Akseer, N., Mehta, S., Wigle, J., Chera, R., Brickman, Z. J., Al-Gashm, S., … & Bhutta, Z. A. (2020). Non-communicable diseases among adolescents: current status, determinants, interventions and policies. BMC public health, 20(1), 1-20. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12889-020-09988-5

Bhattacharya, S., Juyal, R., Hossain, M. M., & Singh, A. (2020). Non-communicable diseases viewed as “collateral damage” of our decisions: Fixing accountabilities and finding sloutions in primary care settings. Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care, 9(5), 2176. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7380828/

Milsom, P., Smith, R., Baker, P., & Walls, H. (2021). Corporate power and the international trade regime preventing progressive policy action on non-communicable diseases: a realist review. Health policy and planning, 36(4), 493-508. https://academic.oup.com/heapol/article/36/4/493/6024433

World Health Organization (WHO). (n.d.). Global health agenda. Retrieved September 20, 2018, from http://www.who.int/about/vision/global_health_agenda/en/

Name: NURS_6050_Module01_Week01_Discussion_Rubric

	Excellent	Good	Fair	Poor
Main Posting	45 (45%) – 50 (50%) Answers all parts of the discussion question(s) expectations with reflective critical analysis and synthesis of knowledge gained from the course readings for the module and current credible sources. Supported by at least three current, credible sources. Written clearly and concisely with no grammatical or spelling errors and fully adheres to current APA manual writing rules and style.	40 (40%) – 44 (44%) Responds to the discussion question(s) and is reflective with critical analysis and synthesis of knowledge gained from the course readings for the module. At least 75% of post has exceptional depth and breadth. Supported by at least three credible sources. Written clearly and concisely with one or no grammatical or spelling errors and fully adheres to current APA manual writing rules and style.	35 (35%) – 39 (39%) Responds to some of the discussion question(s). One or two criteria are not addressed or are superficially addressed. Is somewhat lacking reflection and critical analysis and synthesis. Somewhat represents knowledge gained from the course readings for the module. Post is cited with two credible sources. Written somewhat concisely; may contain more than two spelling or grammatical errors. Contains some APA formatting errors.	0 (0%) – 34 (34%) Does not respond to the discussion question(s) adequately. Lacks depth or superficially addresses criteria. Lacks reflection and critical analysis and synthesis. Does not represent knowledge gained from the course readings for the module. Contains only one or no credible sources. Not written clearly or concisely. Contains more than two spelling or grammatical errors. Does not adhere to current APA manual writing rules and style.
Main Post: Timeliness	10 (10%) – 10 (10%) Posts main post by day 3.	0 (0%) – 0 (0%)	0 (0%) – 0 (0%)	0 (0%) – 0 (0%) Does not post by day 3.
First Response	17 (17%) – 18 (18%) Response exhibits synthesis, critical thinking, and application to practice settings. Responds fully to questions posed by faculty. Provides clear, concise opinions and ideas that are supported by at least two scholarly sources. Demonstrates synthesis and understanding of learning objectives. Communication is professional and respectful to colleagues. Responses to faculty questions are fully answered, if posed. Response is effectively written in standard, edited English.	15 (15%) – 16 (16%) Response exhibits critical thinking and application to practice settings. Communication is professional and respectful to colleagues. Responses to faculty questions are answered, if posed. Provides clear, concise opinions and ideas that are supported by two or more credible sources. Response is effectively written in standard, edited English.	13 (13%) – 14 (14%) Response is on topic and may have some depth. Responses posted in the discussion may lack effective professional communication. Responses to faculty questions are somewhat answered, if posed. Response may lack clear, concise opinions and ideas, and a few or no credible sources are cited.	0 (0%) – 12 (12%) Response may not be on topic and lacks depth. Responses posted in the discussion lack effective professional communication. Responses to faculty questions are missing. No credible sources are cited.
Second Response	16 (16%) – 17 (17%) Response exhibits synthesis, critical thinking, and application to practice settings. Responds fully to questions posed by faculty. Provides clear, concise opinions and ideas that are supported by at least two scholarly sources. Demonstrates synthesis and understanding of learning objectives. Communication is professional and respectful to colleagues. Responses to faculty questions are fully answered, if posed. Response is effectively written in standard, edited English.	14 (14%) – 15 (15%) Response exhibits critical thinking and application to practice settings. Communication is professional and respectful to colleagues. Responses to faculty questions are answered, if posed. Provides clear, concise opinions and ideas that are supported by two or more credible sources. Response is effectively written in standard, edited English.	12 (12%) – 13 (13%) Response is on topic and may have some depth. Responses posted in the discussion may lack effective professional communication. Responses to faculty questions are somewhat answered, if posed. Response may lack clear, concise opinions and ideas, and a few or no credible sources are cited.	0 (0%) – 11 (11%) Response may not be on topic and lacks depth. Responses posted in the discussion lack effective professional communication. Responses to faculty questions are missing. No credible sources are cited.
Participation	5 (5%) – 5 (5%) Meets requirements for participation by posting on three different days.	0 (0%) – 0 (0%)	0 (0%) – 0 (0%)	0 (0%) – 0 (0%) Does not meet requirements for participation by posting on 3 different days.

Total Points: 100

Assignment: NURS 6050 Global Healthcare Comparison Matrix and Narrative Statement