NURS 6630 Foundational Neuroscience
Walden University NURS 6630 Foundational Neuroscience-Step-By-Step Guide
This guide will demonstrate how to complete the Walden University NURS 6630 Foundational Neuroscience assignment based on general principles of academic writing. Here, we will show you the A, B, Cs of completing an academic paper, irrespective of the instructions. After guiding you through what to do, the guide will leave one or two sample essays at the end to highlight the various sections discussed below.
How to Research and Prepare for NURS 6630 Foundational Neuroscience
Whether one passes or fails an academic assignment such as the Walden University NURS 6630 Foundational Neuroscience depends on the preparation done beforehand. The first thing to do once you receive an assignment is to quickly skim through the requirements. Once that is done, start going through the instructions one by one to clearly understand what the instructor wants. The most important thing here is to understand the required format—whether it is APA, MLA, Chicago, etc.
After understanding the requirements of the paper, the next phase is to gather relevant materials. The first place to start the research process is the weekly resources. Go through the resources provided in the instructions to determine which ones fit the assignment. After reviewing the provided resources, use the university library to search for additional resources. After gathering sufficient and necessary resources, you are now ready to start drafting your paper.
How to Write the Introduction for NURS 6630 Foundational Neuroscience
The introduction for the Walden University NURS 6630 Foundational Neuroscience is where you tell the instructor what your paper will encompass. In three to four statements, highlight the important points that will form the basis of your paper. Here, you can include statistics to show the importance of the topic you will be discussing. At the end of the introduction, write a clear purpose statement outlining what exactly will be contained in the paper. This statement will start with “The purpose of this paper…” and then proceed to outline the various sections of the instructions.
How to Write the Body for NURS 6630 Foundational Neuroscience
After the introduction, move into the main part of the NURS 6630 Foundational Neuroscience assignment, which is the body. Given that the paper you will be writing is not experimental, the way you organize the headings and subheadings of your paper is critically important. In some cases, you might have to use more subheadings to properly organize the assignment. The organization will depend on the rubric provided. Carefully examine the rubric, as it will contain all the detailed requirements of the assignment. Sometimes, the rubric will have information that the normal instructions lack.
Another important factor to consider at this point is how to do citations. In-text citations are fundamental as they support the arguments and points you make in the paper. At this point, the resources gathered at the beginning will come in handy. Integrating the ideas of the authors with your own will ensure that you produce a comprehensive paper. Also, follow the given citation format. In most cases, APA 7 is the preferred format for nursing assignments.
How to Write the Conclusion for NURS 6630 Foundational Neuroscience
After completing the main sections, write the conclusion of your paper. The conclusion is a summary of the main points you made in your paper. However, you need to rewrite the points and not simply copy and paste them. By restating the points from each subheading, you will provide a nuanced overview of the assignment to the reader.
How to Format the References List for NURS 6630 Foundational Neuroscience
The very last part of your paper involves listing the sources used in your paper. These sources should be listed in alphabetical order and double-spaced. Additionally, use a hanging indent for each source that appears in this list. Lastly, only the sources cited within the body of the paper should appear here.
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Sample Answer for NURS 6630 Foundational Neuroscience
Explain the agonist-to-antagonist spectrum of action of psychopharmacologic agents, including how partial and inverse agonist functionality may impact the efficacy of psychopharmacologic treatments.
In defining the agonist -to-antagonist spectrum of action of psychopharmacologic agents, one can say that an agonist tends to bind to its receptor, while an antagonist is a drug that will bind to receptors and stop the receptor from giving a response. Agonists are drugs with both affinity (they bind to the target receptor) and intrinsic efficacy (they change receptor activity to produce a response). Antagonists have affinity but zero intrinsic efficacy; therefore they bind to the target receptor but do not produce a response. By virtue of occupying a fraction of the receptor population (defined by the affinity of the antagonist), an antagonist reduces the probability of occupancy by an agonist. Thus, the presence of an antagonist will reduce receptor occupancy by an agonist with a corresponding reduction in response (Berg & Clark 2018).
Compare and contrast the actions of g couple proteins and ion gated channels.
In comparing and contrasting the actions of G couple proteins and ion gated channels, I would say that G couple proteins are usually located in the cell membrane and allow for the transmission of signals, on the other hand, ion gated channels serve as a gated channels and allow for passage of ion from one side of a membrane to another. Ion channels and G protein–coupled receptors (GPCRs) are two major classes of proteins responsible for membrane signaling and are also drug targets. Similar to all membrane proteins, ion channels and GPCRs interact with lipids in cell membranes. These interactions may be of two types: interactions with the lipid bilayer as a hydrophobic environment of a certain thickness and fluidity, which exerts a lateral pressure, or specific interactions of lipids as ligands. The latter interaction type has the potential to act as allosteric regulatory ligands of membrane proteins and thus offer potential druggable sites (Anna el al., 2020).
Explain how the role of epigenetics may contribute to pharmacologic action.
Epigenetics is defined as a reversible and heritable alteration in gene expression that occurs without changes in the primary DNA sequence. Epigenetics can change chromatin and DNA structure via methylation of cytosine bases in DNA, posttranslational modifications of histone proteins, nucleosome remodeling, and non-coding RNAs. Epigenetic modifications play a pivotal part in important cellular processes including differentiation, embryonic developmental programming, and the development of cancer. A common feature of tumors is aberrant gene regulation, therefore, epigenetic and genetic changes associated with the initiation and progression of cancer contribute to malignant transformation by working together (Dogan et al., 2021). Epigenetic changes may predict response to therapy and may be useful as biomarkers to diagnose disease and monitor disease progression (Schuebel et al., 2016).
Explain how this information may impact the way you prescribe medications to patients. Include a specific example of a situation or case with a patient in which the psychiatric mental health nurse practitioner must be aware of the medication’s action.
As a psychiatric mental health nurse practitioner, I will need to very aware of the medication action of my patient due to safety reason and side effect of the medication. I would also have to know if the medication is working for patient. For example, if l prescribe an SSRIs to a patient, l need to understand how an SSRIs helps to increase neurotransmitter to the brain by blocking the reabsorption of serotonin which will further help remove depression in patient. Medications work differently for different people, so I might have to change the medication regime or increase or decrease the dose if it is not working for my patient.
References:
Dogan, F., Forsyth, N.R., Horikawa, l., & Pisano, C. (2021). Telomerase Regulation: A Role for Epigenetis. Cancers, 13 (6), 1213.
Kornel Schuebel, PhD, Miri Gitik, PhD, Katharina Domschke, PhD, MD, David Goldman, MD, Making Sense of Epigenetics, International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology, Volume 19, Issue 11, 1 November 2016.
Anna L. Duncan, Wanling Song, Mark S.P. Sansom
Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology 2020 60:1, 31-50
Berg KA, Clarke WP. Making Sense of Pharmacology: Inverse Agonism and Functional Selectivity. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 2018 Oct 1;21(10):962-977. doi: 10.1093/ijnp/pyy071
Sample Answer 2 for NURS 6630 Foundational Neuroscience
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Explain the agonist-to-antagonist spectrum of action of psychopharmacologic agents, including how partial and inverse agonist functionality may impact the efficacy of psychopharmacologic treatments.
A substance that binds to and triggers a receptor is known as an agonist. Full, partial, or inverse (Shiriaeva et al., 2022). A full agonist has high effectiveness, causing a complete reaction while occupying a small number of receptors. Comparing partial and full agonists, partial agonists are less effective. No matter the concentration, it cannot evoke the maximum response because it causes sub-maximal activation even though it occupies the whole receptor population. While binding to the same receptor binding site as an agonist, an inverse agonist exerts the opposite action.
Compare and contrast the actions of g couple proteins and ion-gated channels.
With between 600 to 1000 members, g couple proteins are the biggest protein family and have been connected to a variety of normal biological and pathological processes (Hu et al., 2022). They perform a broad variety of tasks, including the recognition of photons, tiny chemicals, and proteins. Ion-gated channels, on the other hand, are cellular membrane pores that permit ions to enter and exit the cell. The human genome has around 400 ion-gated channels. G-couple proteins, as opposed to ion-gated channels, are metabotropic receptors, while the latter are ionotropic.
Explain how the role of epigenetics may contribute to pharmacologic action.
The study of molecular alterations made to DNA and chromatin that result in changes in the expression of genes is known as epigenetics (Ganesan et al., 2019). Cytosine base methylation and chemical alterations to histone and nonhistone proteins, including acetylation and methylation, are examples of epigenetic modifications. The maintenance of normal phenotypic activity in cells as well as the development of diseases like cancer and neurological diseases like Alzheimer’s have all been linked to epigenetic alteration of gene activity.
Explain how this information may impact the way you prescribe medications to patients. Include a specific example of a situation or case with a patient in which the psychiatric mental health nurse practitioner must be aware of the medication’s action.
A psychiatric mental health nurse practitioner must grasp the pharmacology of medications to be aware of how the action of the drug will benefit the patient. For psychiatric and mental health patients, the procedure of prescribing medications is particularly important because changes brought on by neurocognitive mechanisms could change the drugs. For instance, stimulants like methylphenidate (Ritalin) and combined amphetamine salts (Adderall) have typically been found to be safe and helpful in the treatment of ADHD symptoms in teenagers and certain adults (Phoenix, 2019). However, the use of stimulants by pre-schoolers has sparked considerable debate due to the increased risk of adverse effects and worries about the medications’ impact on growth and neurodevelopment.
References
Ganesan, A., Arimondo, P. B., Rots, M. G., Jeronimo, C., & Berdasco, M. (2019). The timeline of epigenetic drug discovery: from reality to dreams. Clinical Epigenetics, 11(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13148-019-0776-0
Hu, Y., Chen, M., Wang, M., & Li, X. (2022). Flow-mediated vasodilation through mechanosensitive G protein-coupled receptors in endothelial cells. Trends in Cardiovascular Medicine, 32(2), 61–70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tcm.2020.12.010
Phoenix, B. J. (2019). The Current Psychiatric Mental Health Registered Nurse Workforce. Journal of the American Psychiatric Nurses Association, 25(1), 38–48. https://doi.org/10.1177/1078390318810417
Shiriaeva, A., Park, D., Kim, G., Lee, Y., Hou, X., Jarhad, D. B., Kim, G., Yu, J., Hyun, Y. E., Kim, W., Gao, Z.-G., Jacobson, K. A., Han, G. W., Stevens, R. C., Jeong, L. S., Choi, S., & Cherezov, V. (2022). GPCR Agonist-to-Antagonist Conversion: Enabling the Design of Nucleoside Functional Switches for the A2A Adenosine Receptor. Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, 65(17), 11648–11657. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c00462
Sample Answer 3 for NURS 6630 Foundational Neuroscience
Neuroscience is the scientific study of the human central nervous system to understand the brain’s dysfunction that can lead to disease, mental disorders, and physical impairment (Karmarkar & Plassmann, 2019). The complex design of a neuron is the basic understanding of communication by sending impulses to other body organs. The brain controls human behavior and the functions of body organs. The anatomy and physiology of the brain help understand the part of the brain affected by mental illness. For example, poor concentration and cognitive skills dysfunction is the forebrain pathology. Additionally, one can understand the mode of action of psychopharmacology. For example, antidepressants may function by inhibiting the serotonin or epinephrine receptors.
An Agonist-To-Antagonist Spectrum of Action and How Partial and Inverse Agonists Influence Psychopharmacologic
An antagonist binds at the receptors by blocking any event of an agonist, hence, blocking the biological response. For example, naloxone is a competitive opioid antagonist and has no effects with opioid co-administration (Gicquelais, et al, 2019). An agonist binds to a receptor causing activation of the receptor, hence, the biological response. A partial agonist activates the receptors partially with lesser effect on the brain. For example, buprenorphine is a partial agonist, and therefore, an antagonist may block its opioid function without activating its receptors. An inverse receptor binds with constitutively active receptors and inhibits receptor activity by exerting opposite pharmacological effects that suppress spontaneous receptor signaling.
Comparison between Actions of G Couple Proteins and Ion Gated Channels
G coupled proteins GPCRs are integral membrane proteins that convert extracellular responses to hormones, neurotransmitters, olfaction, and taste signals. The GPCRs work by binding to the hormones, neurotransmitters, and growth factors to initiate a cellular response. The three types of G-couple receptors are alpha, beta, and gamma, in which the ligands bind and activate (Yudin & Rohacs 2019). Ion gated channels are integral membrane proteins of excitable cells that allow a flux of ions to pass only under defined circumstances. These channels are voltage-gated sodium channel neurons and ligand-dated acetylcholine receptors of the cholinergic synapses. The ion gated channel pull and bonds to the agonist changing the protein while g coupled proteins are used by the cells to convert intracellular signals into responses.
The Role of Epigenetics In the Pharmacologic Action
Epigenetics regulate gene activity by switching off the gene activity or activating the gene activity. Epigenetics plays a role in the phenotypic activity of the cell in diseases such as cancer and neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer’s disease. Epigenetics modify gene expressions after drug administration to counteract the disease states in humans. Epigenetics proves its effectiveness in treating psychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders to its ability to modify gene expressions.
The Significance of the Information to Psychiatric Mental Health Nurse Practitioner
A psychiatric mental health nurse practitioner should have basic knowledge of the concepts of foundational neuroscience. Understanding the function of agonists, inverse and partial agonists, and antagonists prevent co-administration of drugs that agonize and antagonize the same receptors. For example, in treating a patient with a depressive mood disorder, prescribing antipsychotics such as fluphenazine worsens the depressive mood because it antagonizes the dopaminergic D1 and D2 receptors depressing the release of the hypothalamic hormone.
References
Gicquelais, R. E., Bohnert, A. S., Thomas, L., & Foxman, B. (2020). Opioid agonist and antagonist use and the gut microbiota: associations among people in addiction treatment. Scientific reports, 10(1), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-76570-9
Karmarkar, U. R., & Plassmann, H. (2019). Consumer neuroscience: Past, present, and future. Organizational Research Methods, 22(1), 174-195.
https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1094428117730598
Yudin, Y., & Rohacs, T. (2019). The G‐protein‐biased agents PZM21 and TRV130 are partial agonists of μ‐opioid receptor‐mediated signalling to ion channels. British journal of pharmacology, 176(17), 3110-3125. https://doi.org/10.1111/bph.14702
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Sample Answer 4 for NURS 6630 Foundational Neuroscience
Pharmacological agents produce both agonist and antagonist actions in different receptors in the human body. The agonist and antagonist actions of pharmacological agents work against one another. The agonists combine with the receptor to produce an action in the body. On the other hand, antagonist action hinders or opposes the action by a receptor, thereby, leading to a failure of an occurrence of an event. The effect of agonists is attributed to the combination it has with compounds or chemical substances to promote the desired action while that of antagonist entails the combination with chemicals or blockage of neurotransmitters to cause interference with action. Partial and inverse agonists have an effect on the efficacy of psychopharmacological agents. Partial agonists bind to a specific receptor to produce partial efficacy at that receptor that is relative to the effect of full agonist. The partial enhancement of the actions of the receptor results in a net decline in the activation of the receptor hence, average activity of the receptor in producing the desired action. Inverse agonists work by binding to a receptor as an antagonist to produce an action that is opposite to that of the agonist (Demler, 2019). Inverse agonists mimic the agonist activity of the receptors, hence, the desired therapeutic activity of psychopharmacological agents.
G-couple proteins and ion-gated channels are the mechanisms in which cells communicate to produce actions. They comprise of the cell-surface receptors that play the roles of signal transfer in multicellular organisms. The two however differ in a number of aspects. Ion-gated channels have receptors that bind to a ligand to cause opening of channels via membranes to allow the passage of specific ions. Ion-gated channels do not allow the passage of fatty acids and amino acids because they are hydrophobic in nature. Ion-gated channels therefore mediate rapid, post-synaptic responses. G-proteins channels on the other hand have receptors that bind and active G-protein on cell membranes. The activation of G-proteins results in cyclic series that cause entry of proteins such as amino acids and fatty acids into the cell to produce action (Hood & Khan, 2020). The G-proteins therefore mediate slow post-synaptic responses.
Epigenetics has a role in pharmacologic actions of drugs. Firstly, changes in the expression of enzymes that metabolize drugs may affect the action as well as metabolism of a drug. For example, changes in enzymes due to aspects such as DNA methylation affects the metabolism of drugs, leading to their altered effectiveness. The addition of methyl group to the cytosine pyrimidine ring causes silencing of transcription, thereby, hindering the binding of co-activators and transcription factors that are needed for metabolism and action of drugs. The second influence of epigenetics is the genetic variations in the transporters of drugs. A genetic change in the transporters of drugs such as ATP binding cassette transporters and solute carrier transporter affect the binding and action of pharmacological agents (Castelo-Branco & Jeronimo, 2020).
The above information will affect my prescribing of medications to patients. For instance, it will translate into my understanding of the disease process and the targets of the medications that I prescribe to the patients. The implication of the information also entails the need for comprehensive patient assessment to identify any relevant patient history that may affect the effectiveness of the prescribed medications. I should also be aware of the contraindications of specific medications to patients with history of allergies or comorbid conditions (Hood & Khan, 2020). Therefore, the information will inform my safe prescribing in my professional role as an advanced practice nurse.
References
Castelo-Branco, P., & Jeronimo, C. (2020). Histone Modifications in Therapy. Elsevier Science.
Demler, T. L. (2019). Pharmacotherapeutics for Advanced Nursing Practice, Revised Edition. Jones & Bartlett Learning.
Hood, P., & Khan, E. (2020). Understanding Pharmacology in Nursing Practice. Springer Nature.
| Excellent | Good | Fair | Poor | ||
| Main Posting | 45 (45%) – 50 (50%)
Answers all parts of the discussion question(s) expectations with reflective critical analysis and synthesis of knowledge gained from the course readings for the module and current credible sources.
Supported by at least three current, credible sources.
Written clearly and concisely with no grammatical or spelling errors and fully adheres to current APA manual writing rules and style. |
40 (40%) – 44 (44%)
Responds to the discussion question(s) and is reflective with critical analysis and synthesis of knowledge gained from the course readings for the module.
At least 75% of post has exceptional depth and breadth.
Supported by at least three credible sources.
Written clearly and concisely with one or no grammatical or spelling errors and fully adheres to current APA manual writing rules and style. |
35 (35%) – 39 (39%)
Responds to some of the discussion question(s).
One or two criteria are not addressed or are superficially addressed.
Is somewhat lacking reflection and critical analysis and synthesis.
Somewhat represents knowledge gained from the course readings for the module.
Post is cited with two credible sources.
Written somewhat concisely; may contain more than two spelling or grammatical errors.
Contains some APA formatting errors. |
0 (0%) – 34 (34%)
Does not respond to the discussion question(s) adequately.
Lacks depth or superficially addresses criteria.
Lacks reflection and critical analysis and synthesis.
Does not represent knowledge gained from the course readings for the module.
Contains only one or no credible sources.
Not written clearly or concisely.
Contains more than two spelling or grammatical errors.
Does not adhere to current APA manual writing rules and style. |
|
| Main Post: Timeliness | 10 (10%) – 10 (10%)
Posts main post by day 3. |
0 (0%) – 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) – 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) – 0 (0%)
Does not post by day 3. |
|
| First Response | 17 (17%) – 18 (18%)
Response exhibits synthesis, critical thinking, and application to practice settings.
Responds fully to questions posed by faculty.
Provides clear, concise opinions and ideas that are supported by at least two scholarly sources.
Demonstrates synthesis and understanding of learning objectives.
Communication is professional and respectful to colleagues.
Responses to faculty questions are fully answered, if posed.
Response is effectively written in standard, edited English. |
15 (15%) – 16 (16%)
Response exhibits critical thinking and application to practice settings.
Communication is professional and respectful to colleagues.
Responses to faculty questions are answered, if posed.
Provides clear, concise opinions and ideas that are supported by two or more credible sources.
Response is effectively written in standard, edited English. |
13 (13%) – 14 (14%)
Response is on topic and may have some depth.
Responses posted in the discussion may lack effective professional communication.
Responses to faculty questions are somewhat answered, if posed.
Response may lack clear, concise opinions and ideas, and a few or no credible sources are cited. |
0 (0%) – 12 (12%)
Response may not be on topic and lacks depth.
Responses posted in the discussion lack effective professional communication.
Responses to faculty questions are missing.
No credible sources are cited. |
|
| Second Response | 16 (16%) – 17 (17%)
Response exhibits synthesis, critical thinking, and application to practice settings.
Responds fully to questions posed by faculty.
Provides clear, concise opinions and ideas that are supported by at least two scholarly sources.
Demonstrates synthesis and understanding of learning objectives.
Communication is professional and respectful to colleagues.
Responses to faculty questions are fully answered, if posed.
Response is effectively written in standard, edited English. |
14 (14%) – 15 (15%)
Response exhibits critical thinking and application to practice settings.
Communication is professional and respectful to colleagues.
Responses to faculty questions are answered, if posed.
Provides clear, concise opinions and ideas that are supported by two or more credible sources.
Response is effectively written in standard, edited English. |
12 (12%) – 13 (13%)
Response is on topic and may have some depth.
Responses posted in the discussion may lack effective professional communication.
Responses to faculty questions are somewhat answered, if posed.
Response may lack clear, concise opinions and ideas, and a few or no credible sources are cited. |
0 (0%) – 11 (11%)
Response may not be on topic and lacks depth.
Responses posted in the discussion lack effective professional communication.
Responses to faculty questions are missing.
No credible sources are cited. |
|
| Participation | 5 (5%) – 5 (5%)
Meets requirements for participation by posting on three different days. |
0 (0%) – 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) – 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) – 0 (0%)
Does not meet requirements for participation by posting on 3 different days. |
|
| Total Points: 100 | |||||