NURS-6630 Wk 1 Discussion: Foundational Neuroscience

Walden University NURS-6630 Wk 1 Discussion: Foundational Neuroscience-Step-By-Step Guide

This guide will demonstrate how to complete the Walden University NURS-6630 Wk 1 Discussion: Foundational Neuroscience assignment based on general principles of academic writing. Here, we will show you the A, B, Cs of completing an academic paper, irrespective of the instructions. After guiding you through what to do, the guide will leave one or two sample essays at the end to highlight the various sections discussed below.

How to Research and Prepare for NURS-6630 Wk 1 Discussion: Foundational Neuroscience

Whether one passes or fails an academic assignment such as the Walden University NURS-6630 Wk 1 Discussion: Foundational Neuroscience depends on the preparation done beforehand. The first thing to do once you receive an assignment is to quickly skim through the requirements. Once that is done, start going through the instructions one by one to clearly understand what the instructor wants. The most important thing here is to understand the required format—whether it is APA, MLA, Chicago, etc.

After understanding the requirements of the paper, the next phase is to gather relevant materials. The first place to start the research process is the weekly resources. Go through the resources provided in the instructions to determine which ones fit the assignment. After reviewing the provided resources, use the university library to search for additional resources. After gathering sufficient and necessary resources, you are now ready to start drafting your paper.

How to Write the Introduction for NURS-6630 Wk 1 Discussion: Foundational Neuroscience

The introduction for the Walden University NURS-6630 Wk 1 Discussion: Foundational Neuroscience is where you tell the instructor what your paper will encompass. In three to four statements, highlight the important points that will form the basis of your paper. Here, you can include statistics to show the importance of the topic you will be discussing. At the end of the introduction, write a clear purpose statement outlining what exactly will be contained in the paper. This statement will start with “The purpose of this paper…” and then proceed to outline the various sections of the instructions.

How to Write the Body for NURS-6630 Wk 1 Discussion: Foundational Neuroscience

After the introduction, move into the main part of the NURS-6630 Wk 1 Discussion: Foundational Neuroscience assignment, which is the body. Given that the paper you will be writing is not experimental, the way you organize the headings and subheadings of your paper is critically important. In some cases, you might have to use more subheadings to properly organize the assignment. The organization will depend on the rubric provided. Carefully examine the rubric, as it will contain all the detailed requirements of the assignment. Sometimes, the rubric will have information that the normal instructions lack.

Another important factor to consider at this point is how to do citations. In-text citations are fundamental as they support the arguments and points you make in the paper. At this point, the resources gathered at the beginning will come in handy. Integrating the ideas of the authors with your own will ensure that you produce a comprehensive paper. Also, follow the given citation format. In most cases, APA 7 is the preferred format for nursing assignments.

How to Write the Conclusion for NURS-6630 Wk 1 Discussion: Foundational Neuroscience

After completing the main sections, write the conclusion of your paper. The conclusion is a summary of the main points you made in your paper. However, you need to rewrite the points and not simply copy and paste them. By restating the points from each subheading, you will provide a nuanced overview of the assignment to the reader.

How to Format the References List for NURS-6630 Wk 1 Discussion: Foundational Neuroscience

The very last part of your paper involves listing the sources used in your paper. These sources should be listed in alphabetical order and double-spaced. Additionally, use a hanging indent for each source that appears in this list. Lastly, only the sources cited within the body of the paper should appear here.

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Sample Answer for NURS-6630 Wk 1 Discussion: Foundational Neuroscience

Understanding major concepts within foundational neuroscience is crucial for psychiatric and mental health nurse practitioner. One key topic is the agonist-to-antagonist spectrum of action for psychopharmacologic agents, which includes the concept of partial and inverse agonist functionality impacting the efficacy of psychopharmacologic treatments. Psychopharmacologic agents can be agonists, which means that they bind to and activate specific neurotransmitter receptors in a way that mimics the function of an endogenous ligand. Antagonists bind to receptors but do not activate them, which serves to block the effects of endogenous ligands as well as agonist drugs. Partial agonists activate receptors only partially, resulting in a lesser degree of activation relative to full agonists. Inverse agonists are those that bind to the same receptor as a relevant agonist but function to decrease the receptor’s activation rather than increasing it or merely blocking its activation by endogenous ligands. Partial agonists are, in some cases, preferred over full agonists because they often have fewer unintended side effects (Prus, 2020). Inverse agonists can be useful for treating conditions like anxiety that are characterized by the excess activation of certain receptors.

Another key topic is the similarities and differences between g couple proteins and ion gated channels. Both are central nervous system receptor proteins. G coupled proteins are metabotropic receptors. They function to activate intracellular signaling pathways, which causes changes in cellular functioning. Ion gated channels are ionotropic receptors that control ions entering and exiting cells, which impacts membrane potential (Cournia & Chatzigoulas, 2020). G coupled proteins impact protein synthesis and gene expression, and they have relatively more prolonged but slower effects than iron gated channels (Prus, 2020). Ion gated channels bring about quick but shortchanges and can impact neurotransmitter release.

Epigenetics may have a role in impacting pharmacologic action. A common epigenetic modification is DNA methylation: a process involving the addition of methyl groups to molecules of DNA, changing a DNA segment’s activity without altering its sequence (Corley et al., 2021). The methylation of genes that control the encoding of neurotransmitter receptors, for example, can limit how many receptors are present (Prus, 2020). This reduces the efficacy of any drugs that operate on the receptors.

All of these topics and concepts may impact the way that a psychiatric and mental health nurse practitioner would prescribe medication to patients. For example, Benzodiazepines are a common class of drugs used to treat anxiety. They target the GABA-A receptor, which is responsive to GABA: the most significant inhibitory neurotransmitter. GABA functions to limit neuronal excitability, promoting (in a very general sense) relaxation. GABA-A agonists like benzodiazepines activate GABA-A receptors in a way that mimics the effect of GABA, which makes them useful for anxiety (Prus, 2020). However, because benzodiazepines are full agonists, there is a greater risk of side effects including tolerance and dependence. Buspirone, which operates on different receptors, is only a partial agonist and does not come with the same degree of risk for dependence as benzodiazepines (Ochi et al., 2021). Despite the fact that it tends to have weaker efficacy, Buspirone may be preferred by a practitioner who understands foundational neuroscience because of its reduced side effects.

Explain the agonist-to-antagonist spectrum of action of psychopharmacologic agents, including how partial and inverse agonist functionality may impact the efficacy of psychopharmacologic treatments.

An agonist produces a conformational change in the G-protein-linked receptor that turns on the synthesis of the second messenger to the greatest extent possible. The full agonist is generally transmitted by the naturally occurring neurotransmitter itself. Hence, downstream proteins are maximally phosphorylated, and genes are maximally impacted. (Stahl, 2021; Pleuvry, 2004)

There are two ways to stimulate the G proteins directly with full agonist action. First, several drugs directly bind to the neurotransmitter site on the G protein-linked receptor itself and can produce the same signal transduction as a full agonist. For example, the G-protein receptor and pharmacological subtype directly targeted by antipsychotic or antimanic drugs for the neurotransmitter dopamine is the D2. Secondly, many drugs can indirectly act to boost the levels of the natural full agonist neurotransmitter, and this increased amount of natural agonist binds to the neurotransmitter site of the G protein-linked receptor. For example, the G protein-linked receptor and pharmacological subtype indirectly by dopamine reuptake inhibitors (e.g., amphetamine, Adderall) are D1, D2, D3, D4, and D5 (Stahl, 2021; Pleuvry, 2004)

On the other hand, when blocking the action of the natural neurotransmitter, this is called antagonists. Antagonists

NURS-6630 Wk 1 Discussion Foundational Neuroscience

produce a confrontational change in the G protein-linked receptors that causes no signal transduction and blocks the action of everything in the agonist spectrum. In short, the antagonists will block both agonists and partial agonists (Pleuvry, 2004; Stahl, 2021)

Meanwhile, Partial agonists produce signal transduction that is something more than antagonists but less than full agonists. Depending upon how close this partial agonist is to a full agonist or to silent antagonists on the agonist spectrum will determine the impact of a partial agonist on downstream signal transduction events. (Pleuvry, 2004; Stahl, 2021)

Ion gated channels are key targets of many psychotropic drugs. There are two main types of ion-gated channels: ligand-gated ion channels and voltage-sensitive ion channels. The opening of ligand gated-ion channels is regulated by neurotransmitters whereas the opening of voltage-sensitive ion channels is regulated by the charge across the membrane in which they reside. Ligand-gated ion channels are both ion channels are receptors and are commonly called inotropic receptors. Ligands act at a ligand-gated ion channel across an agonist’s spectrum from full to partial, to antagonists, and to an inverse agonist. The most common sub-types of volume-sensitive ion channels are the voltage-sensitive sodium channels and the voltage-calcium channels (Stahl, 2021)

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Compare and contrast the actions of g couple proteins and ion gated channels.

Comparison of G-Protein receptors directly and indirectly targeted (Stahl, 2021)

Neurotransmitters	G-Protein receptor directly targeted	Action	G-Protein receptor indirectly targeted	Action
*Acetylcholine*	M1 M4 M2/3 M5	Agonist Antagonist Agonist ?	M1 (Possibly M2-M5)	Agonist via increasing acetylcholine via acetylcholinesterase inhibition
*GABA*	GABA-B	Agonist
*Glutamate*
*Serotonin*	5HT2A 5HT1B/1D 5HT2C 5HT6 5HT7 5HT1A	Antagonist or Inverse Agonist, and agonist Antagonist or partial agonist Antagonist ? Antagonist Partial Agonist	5HT1A 5HT2A 5HT2A/2C	Agonist by SSRIs/SNRIs Agonist Agonist by MDMA
*Dopamine*	D2	Antagonist or Partial agonist	D1, D2, D3, D4, D5	Agonist actions by dopamine reuptake inhibitors
*Norepinephrine*	Alpha 1 Alpha 2	Antagonist Antagonist/Agonist	All NE receptors	Norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors
*Melatonin*	MT1 MT2	Agonist Agonist
*Histamine*	H1 H2	Antagonist Antagonist/Inverse agonist

COMPARISON OF LIGAND-GATED ION CHANNEL RECEPTOR SUBTYPE DIRECTLY TARGETED (Stahl, 2021)

Neurotransmitter	Ligand-gate ion channel receptor subtype directly targeted	Action
Acetylcholine	Alpha4, Beta2, nicotinic	Partial agonist
GABA	GABA A benzo receptors GABA A benzo PAM sites GABA A nonsteroid sites	Full agonist phasic inhibition Full agonist phasic inhibition Full agonist, tonic inhibition
GLUTAMATE	NMDA NMDA open-channel sites	Antagonist Antagonist
SEROTONIN	5HT3 5HT3	ANTAGONIST ANTAGONIST

Explain how the role of epigenetics may contribute to pharmacologic action.

Epigenetics is the idea that a gene function may be changed without a specific alteration in the code, and this change in gene function may also be heritable (Stern, et. al., 2016). Frequently, this may occur by a change in the structure of the DNA molecule: for example, chromatin, around the gene, which alters gene expression. Epigenetics control whether a gene is read (expressed) or is not read (i.e., silenced), which is done by the structure of chromatin. Chemical modifications that can do this include not only methylation, but also acetylation, phosphorylation, other drugs, and the environment. The initial epigenetic pattern of a neuron is set during neurodevelopment to give each neuron its own lifelong personality, it now appears that some neurons respond to their narrative of experiences throughout life (child abuse, stress, dietary deficiencies, medications, psychotherapy, drug use,) with a changing character arc, hence causing alteration in their epigenome. Moreover, it now seems that silenced genes can be activated and activated genes can be silenced. When this happens, both favorable and unfavorable developments. Favorable developments may trigger a person to be able to learn or to experience the therapeutic effects of the drugs. On the other hand, unfavorable mechanisms may be triggered for one to become addicted to a drug or to experience abnormal learning (Stahl, 2021; Stefanska & MacEwan, 2015)

Explain how this information may impact the way you prescribe medications to patients. Include a specific example of a situation or case with a patient in which the psychiatric mental health nurse practitioner must be aware of the medication’s action.

As a future nurse practitioner, gaining knowledge about the agonist-antagonist spectrum is really at par with knowing the disease process. Being knowledgeable of the agonist-antagonist spectrum helps a provider understand the mechanism of one drug and its side or adverse effects. For example, typical antipsychotic drugs primarily target D2 receptors in the mesolimbic pathway (Stern, et. al., 2016; Keltner, 2018, which treat positive psychotic symptoms (hallucination, delusion, ambivalence, etc.). However, typical antipsychotics also affect other receptors (D1, D3, D4, and D5) in other ways such as the nigrostriatal pathway, which causes the onset of extrapyramidal symptoms, NMS, and Parkinson-like effects. In situations such as this, a practitioner may be able to anticipate prescribing dopamine agonists like amantadine (Symmetrel) to control the EPS or switch to atypical antipsychotics, which have lower EPS and NMS adverse effects (Stern, et. al; Keltner, 2018)

References

Keltner, N. (2018). Psychiatric Nursing. 8^th ed. Elsevier

Pleuvry, B. (2004). Receptors, Agonist, and Antagonist. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1472029906003845

Stefanska, B., & MacEwan, D. (2015). Epigenetics and Pharmacology. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4439868/

Stern, T., et. al. (2016). Massachusetts General Hospital Psychopharmacology and Neurotherapeutics. 1^st ed. Elsevier

Stahl, S. (2021). Stahl’s Essential Psychopharmacology: Neuroscientific Basis and Practical Application. 5^th ed. Cambridge

Sample Answer 2 for NURS-6630 Wk 1 Discussion: Foundational Neuroscience

Explain the agonist-to-antagonist spectrum of action of psychopharmacologic agents, including how partial and inverse agonist functionality may impact the efficacy of psychopharmacologic treatments.

It’s important to understand what agonist and antagonist means when answering these questions. Agonists are drugs that bind to the intended receptors and the receptors produce a response (Berg & Clarke, 2018). Compared to antagonists drugs which bind to the intended receptor but do not produce a response (Berg & Clarke, 2018). Examples of agonist drugs are opioids. They bind to opioid receptors which produce a response and block pain sensation. An example of an antagonist is naloxone because it binds to opioid receptors but does not produce a response instead blocks the response of opiods. A partial agonist is what it sounds like. Basically it binds to the targerted receptor, but can’t produce the maximal and most efficient response compared to a full agonist. Inverse agonists are drugs that bind to the same receptors as an agonist but produce the opposite response of an agonist (Berg & Clarke, 2018).

Compare and contrast the actions of g couple proteins and ion gated channels.

Both G protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) and ion gated channels are membrane-bound proteins and react to ions or molecules. GPCRs are located on the cell’s surface and convert extracellular signals into intracellular responses (Li et al., 2014). GPCRs need to interact with different proteins to produce intracellular response. Ion gated channels are pores in the cell membrane which regulate flow of ions across the plasma membrane (Li et al., 2014). These pores open and close when ions and molecules bind.

Explain how the role of epigenetics may contribute to pharmacologic action.

According to the CDC (2022), epigenetics means the study of how our behaviors and the environment can cause changes that affect the way your genes work. Epigenetic changes are revirsable compared to genetics. Our behaviors and our environment can not change a person’s genetic sequence but these two factors can change how our bodies read the expression of genes. This contributes to pharmacological actions because everybody will respond to medication differently. Certain factors like our behaviors and environment can affect how receptors respond. Certain diseases are associated with epigenetic alterations and certain drugs can reverse these epigenetic changes and treat the disease.

Explain how this information may impact the way you prescribe medications to patients. Include a specific example of a situation or case with a patient in which the psychiatric mental health nurse practitioner must be aware of the medication’s action.

Understanding if a medication is an agonist or an antagonist is crucial in understanding what kind of response the medication will produce. Knowing the difference between a full agonist and partial agonist allows the prescriber to know how efficient the medication will be for the patient. Buprenorphine is a partial agonist and is used to treat addiction to pain medication but it also can treat pain. Understanding this drug is a partial agonist is important when perscribing because depending on the dose it will bind to a different receptor and produce different responses. A high dose of buprenorphine is typically used to address addiction issues and lower doses is used to treat pain. This medication is highly addictive, therefore understanding epigenetic factors is vital when prescribing it.

References

Berg, K. A., & Clarke, W. P. (2018). Making sense of pharmacology: inverse agonism and functional selectivity. The International Journal of

Neuropsychopharmacology, 21(10), 962–977.

https://doi.org/10.1093/ijnp/pyy071

Centers for Disease Control & Prevention (CDC) (2022).What is Epigenetics? Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/genomics/disease/epigenetics.htm

Li, S., Wong, A. H., & Liu, F. (2014). Ligand-gated ion channel interacting proteins and their role in neuroprotection. Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience, 8, 125.

https://doi.org/10.3389/fncel.2014.00125

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Sample Answer 3 for NURS-6630 Wk 1 Discussion: Foundational Neuroscience

The agonist/antagonist spectrum represents how drugs can act on specific receptors. In psychophamacotherapy, G-protein-linked receptors are often targeted by medications using this spectrum (Stahl et al., 2021). On one side, you have an agonist. It is meant to fully activate a specific receptor (Stahl et al., 2021). Without an agonist, you still have the potential for particular receptors to be acted on naturally, but more weakly; this is called constitutive activity (Stahl et al., 2021). Agonists, as stated previously, can fully activate a receptor. They can do this both directly, by binding to a neurotransmitter site, or indirectly, by blocking both inactivation processes and eliminating neurotransmitters (Stahl et al., 2021). In sort of the middle of the spectrum are antagonists. Antagonists may erroneously be categorized as the opposite of an agonist. But, antagonists are simply silent security that lay in wait to block the specific neurotransmitter agonist they’ve been set for (Stahl et al., 2021).

Between agonist and antagonist, you have a partial agonist. An antagonist also blocks partial agonists. They act more strongly than no agonist but less than a full one. They can be used when less action is needed or if stabilization is the goal (Stahl et al., 2021). Lastly, we have inverse agonist, which is actually on the opposite end of the spectrum from agonist. There is more than just something blocking the receptor to specific agonists with an inverse agonist. An inverse agonist can decrease signal transduction and completely stop an agonist from working on a receptor to the point of causing an opposite reaction (Stahl et al., 2021).

Both ion-gated channels and G-couple proteins use receptors to collect ligands from extracellular space (though there are rare exceptions where the receptors are in the intracellular area). Specific ligands fit perfectly into their bio channel receptor, changing their shape (Weir, n.d.) How they do this, though, is entirely different. Ion channels are closed until a specific ligand attaches to an allosteric site; from there, it can control the opening of the channel (Weir, 2010). The permeability of the plasma membrane is changed, and ions are free to move through. They can cause either hyperpolarization or depolarization (Weir, 2010).

On the other hand, G-couple proteins have seven transmembrane alpha helixes that bind to GTP and GDP. A specific ligand binds to the receptor and causes a conformational change. The GPCR exchanges GDP for GTP, which causes the alpha subunit to separate from beta and gamma, and then they can both interact with target proteins (Weir, 2010.) The alpha unit can activate selected protein and relay signals until the process is stopped by the hydrolysis of GTP, forming GDP and ending the loop (Weir, 2010)

Epigenetics studies molecularly mediated interaction between genomes and the environment (DeSocio, 2016). The mechanism of epigenetics works by altering chromatin, which can then control the expression of a gene (Stahl et al., 2021). The critical distinction between epigenetics and genetics is that epigenetic changes are reversible (Camprodon & Roffman, 2016). Epigenetic studies supply evidence that supports the combination approach of medication, therapy, and education in psychiatry (DeSocio, 2016). This means that epigenetics can help to guide pharmaceutical strategies.

All of this information is valuable to a Nurse Practioner. Being conscious of how the drug class works on the receptor and what pathway we are targeting can be vital to care. Epigenetics also proves crucial as it helps establish a multifaceted approach as ideal in psychiatric care. There are many instances in which this knowledge could be beneficial. One particular example that comes to mind would be in the case of schizophrenia. Dopamine is thought to be the primary neurotransmitter involved (Camprodon & Roffman, 2016). Antipsychotics are typically antagonists that target dopamine receptors, but some are different, like ariprpazole, a partial agonist. So if we find that a typical antipsychotic isn’t working well to control symptoms or causes unwanted side effects, we might try something like aripiprazole that will work a little differently and perhaps help regulate dopamine more evenly.

References

Camprodon, J. A., & Roffman, J. L. (2016). Psychiatric neuroscience: Incorporating pathophysiology into clinical case formulation. In T. A. Stern, M. Favo, T. E. Wilens, & J. F. Rosenbaum. (Eds.), Massachusetts General Hospital Psychopharmacology and Neurotherapeutics. Elsevier.

DeSocio, J. (2016) Epigenetics: An emerging framework for advanced practice psychiatric nursing. Perspectives in Psychiatric Care, 52(3), 201-207. https://doi.org/10.1111/ppc.12118

Stahl, S. M., Grady, M. M., & Muntner, N. (2021). Stahl’s essential psychopharmacology neuroscientific basis and practical applications. Cambridge University Press.

Weir, C. J. (2010). Ion channels, receptors, agonists, and antagonists. Anaesthesia & Intensive Care Medicine, 11(9), 377–383. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mpaic.2010.06.002

Sample Answer 3 for NURS-6630 Wk 1 Discussion: Foundational Neuroscience

Neuroscience is the scientific study of the human central nervous system to understand the brain’s dysfunction that can lead to disease, mental disorders, and physical impairment (Karmarkar & Plassmann, 2019). The complex design of a neuron is the basic understanding of communication by sending impulses to other body organs. The brain controls human behavior and the functions of body organs. The anatomy and physiology of the brain help understand the part of the brain affected by mental illness. For example, poor concentration and cognitive skills dysfunction is the forebrain pathology. Additionally, one can understand the mode of action of psychopharmacology. For example, antidepressants may function by inhibiting the serotonin or epinephrine receptors.

An Agonist-To-Antagonist Spectrum of Action and How Partial and Inverse Agonists Influence Psychopharmacologic

An antagonist binds at the receptors by blocking any event of an agonist, hence, blocking the biological response. For example, naloxone is a competitive opioid antagonist and has no effects with opioid co-administration (Gicquelais, et al, 2019). An agonist binds to a receptor causing activation of the receptor, hence, the biological response. A partial agonist activates the receptors partially with lesser effect on the brain. For example, buprenorphine is a partial agonist, and therefore, an antagonist may block its opioid function without activating its receptors. An inverse receptor binds with constitutively active receptors and inhibits receptor activity by exerting opposite pharmacological effects that suppress spontaneous receptor signaling.

Comparison between Actions of G Couple Proteins and Ion Gated Channels

G coupled proteins GPCRs are integral membrane proteins that convert extracellular responses to hormones, neurotransmitters, olfaction, and taste signals. The GPCRs work by binding to the hormones, neurotransmitters, and growth factors to initiate a cellular response. The three types of G-couple receptors are alpha, beta, and gamma, in which the ligands bind and activate (Yudin & Rohacs 2019). Ion gated channels are integral membrane proteins of excitable cells that allow a flux of ions to pass only under defined circumstances. These channels are voltage-gated sodium channel neurons and ligand-dated acetylcholine receptors of the cholinergic synapses. The ion gated channel pull and bonds to the agonist changing the protein while g coupled proteins are used by the cells to convert intracellular signals into responses.

The Role of Epigenetics In the Pharmacologic Action

Epigenetics regulate gene activity by switching off the gene activity or activating the gene activity. Epigenetics plays a role in the phenotypic activity of the cell in diseases such as cancer and neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer’s disease. Epigenetics modify gene expressions after drug administration to counteract the disease states in humans. Epigenetics proves its effectiveness in treating psychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders to its ability to modify gene expressions.

The Significance of the Information to Psychiatric Mental Health Nurse Practitioner

A psychiatric mental health nurse practitioner should have basic knowledge of the concepts of foundational neuroscience. Understanding the function of agonists, inverse and partial agonists, and antagonists prevent co-administration of drugs that agonize and antagonize the same receptors. For example, in treating a patient with a depressive mood disorder, prescribing antipsychotics such as fluphenazine worsens the depressive mood because it antagonizes the dopaminergic D1 and D2 receptors depressing the release of the hypothalamic hormone.

References

Gicquelais, R. E., Bohnert, A. S., Thomas, L., & Foxman, B. (2020). Opioid agonist and antagonist use and the gut microbiota: associations among people in addiction treatment. Scientific reports, 10(1), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-76570-9

Karmarkar, U. R., & Plassmann, H. (2019). Consumer neuroscience: Past, present, and future. Organizational Research Methods, 22(1), 174-195.

https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1094428117730598

Yudin, Y., & Rohacs, T. (2019). The G‐protein‐biased agents PZM21 and TRV130 are partial agonists of μ‐opioid receptor‐mediated signalling to ion channels. British journal of pharmacology, 176(17), 3110-3125. https://doi.org/10.1111/bph.14702

Sample Answer 3 for NURS-6630 Wk 1 Discussion: Foundational Neuroscience

I am the nurse manager and a drug and rehab facility. Along with the treatment we provide on an outpatient or an inpatient status to our clients, we provide Narcan teaching and kits for our clients upon discharge. As most of our patients are addictd to opioiods, this is a way that they have access for their friends or families to help them if they were to begin using again to help revive them if they were to relapse and overdose again once leaving our facility. Narcan, also known as Nalaxone, is an opioid antagonist. It attaches to the opioid receptors and blocks and reverses the effects of opioids (Naloxone drugfacts, 2022). If given soon after an overdose, it can reverse the effects and potentially save a life. The kits we supply are through a grant funding called Project Dawn and are in the nasal spray form. “Project DAWN programs distribute naloxone and provide training at one or various Project DAWN sites, or locations, to prevent opioid overdose and promote harm reduction” (Ohio.gov, n.d.). These kits are offered to anyone with an opioid use disorder, but we recently had a patient who was there for alcohol abuse. He chose to take the training so he could receive a kit to help any family or friends that may need it so he could help them. Our Project Dawn trainer is phenomenal.

Project Dawn. Project dawn. (n.d.). Retrieved December 9, 2022, from https://odh.ohio.gov/wps/portal/gov/odh/know-our-programs/violence-injury-prevention-program/projectdawn/

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (2022, August 4). Naloxone drugfacts. National Institutes of Health. Retrieved December 9, 2022, from https://nida.nih.gov/publications/drugfacts/naloxone