NURS 6051 Cellular Processes And The Genetic Environment
Walden University NURS 6051 Cellular Processes And The Genetic Environment– Step-By-Step Guide
This guide will demonstrate how to complete the Walden University NURS 6051 Cellular Processes And The Genetic Environment assignment based on general principles of academic writing. Here, we will show you the A, B, Cs of completing an academic paper, irrespective of the instructions. After guiding you through what to do, the guide will leave one or two sample essays at the end to highlight the various sections discussed below.
How to Research and Prepare for NURS 6051 Cellular Processes And The Genetic Environment
Whether one passes or fails an academic assignment such as the Walden University NURS 6051 Cellular Processes And The Genetic Environment depends on the preparation done beforehand. The first thing to do once you receive an assignment is to quickly skim through the requirements. Once that is done, start going through the instructions one by one to clearly understand what the instructor wants. The most important thing here is to understand the required format—whether it is APA, MLA, Chicago, etc.
After understanding the requirements of the paper, the next phase is to gather relevant materials. The first place to start the research process is the weekly resources. Go through the resources provided in the instructions to determine which ones fit the assignment. After reviewing the provided resources, use the university library to search for additional resources. After gathering sufficient and necessary resources, you are now ready to start drafting your paper.
How to Write the Introduction for NURS 6051 Cellular Processes And The Genetic Environment
The introduction for the Walden University NURS 6051 Cellular Processes And The Genetic Environment is where you tell the instructor what your paper will encompass. In three to four statements, highlight the important points that will form the basis of your paper. Here, you can include statistics to show the importance of the topic you will be discussing. At the end of the introduction, write a clear purpose statement outlining what exactly will be contained in the paper. This statement will start with “The purpose of this paper…” and then proceed to outline the various sections of the instructions.
How to Write the Body for NURS 6051 Cellular Processes And The Genetic Environment
After the introduction, move into the main part of the NURS 6051 Cellular Processes And The Genetic Environment assignment, which is the body. Given that the paper you will be writing is not experimental, the way you organize the headings and subheadings of your paper is critically important. In some cases, you might have to use more subheadings to properly organize the assignment. The organization will depend on the rubric provided. Carefully examine the rubric, as it will contain all the detailed requirements of the assignment. Sometimes, the rubric will have information that the normal instructions lack.
Another important factor to consider at this point is how to do citations. In-text citations are fundamental as they support the arguments and points you make in the paper. At this point, the resources gathered at the beginning will come in handy. Integrating the ideas of the authors with your own will ensure that you produce a comprehensive paper. Also, follow the given citation format. In most cases, APA 7 is the preferred format for nursing assignments.
How to Write the Conclusion for NURS 6051 Cellular Processes And The Genetic Environment
After completing the main sections, write the conclusion of your paper. The conclusion is a summary of the main points you made in your paper. However, you need to rewrite the points and not simply copy and paste them. By restating the points from each subheading, you will provide a nuanced overview of the assignment to the reader.
How to Format the References List for NURS 6051 Cellular Processes And The Genetic Environment
The very last part of your paper involves listing the sources used in your paper. These sources should be listed in alphabetical order and double-spaced. Additionally, use a hanging indent for each source that appears in this list. Lastly, only the sources cited within the body of the paper should appear here.
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For this Discussion, you examine a case study and explain the disease that is suggested. You examine the symptoms reported and explain the cells that are involved and potential alterations and impacts.
To prepare:
- By Day 1 of this week, you will be assigned to a specific scenario for this Discussion. Please see the “Course Announcements” section of the classroom for your assignment from your Instructor.
By Day 3 of Week 1
Post an explanation of the disease highlighted in the scenario you were provided. Include the following in your explanation:
- The role genetics plays in the disease.
- Why the patient is presenting with the specific symptoms described.
- The physiologic response to the stimulus presented in the scenario and why you think this response occurred.
- The cells that are involved in this process.
- How another characteristic (e.g., gender, genetics) would change your response.
Read a selection of your colleagues’ responses.
By Day 6 of Week 1
Respond to at least two of your colleagues on 2 different days and respectfully agree or disagree with your colleague’s assessment and explain your reasoning. In your explanation, include why their explanations make physiological sense or why they do not
Sample Answer for NURS 6051 Cellular Processes And The Genetic Environment
The assigned case scenario demonstrates a young male adult patient with a past medical history of substance use disorder. The patient was found unresponsive by his roommate, who was unaware of how long the patient had been in that state. The patient become responsive upon administration of naloxone and reported burning pain over his forearm and left hip. Upon examination, a large portion of necrotic tissue was noted over his greater trochanter and forearm. EKG results reveal peaked T waves and prolonged PR intervals. His potassium levels are also elevated indicating hyperkalemia. Based on the patient’s history and displayed symptoms, the most probable diagnosis is rhabdomyolysis.
Role of Genetics
The patient displays a history of substance use disorder. Consequently, he was unresponsive until when naloxone was administered. Naloxone being an opioid antagonist clearly shows that the patient had an opioid overdose. Studies show that variations in certain genetic polymorphisms and biological pathways are associated with drug dependency (Babak et al., 2017). For instance,it has been proven that certain genetic factors contribute to a patient’s dependence behavior and treatment relapse through interactions with several environmental factors. Polymorphism in the DRD2 gene has been associated with increased opioid use in addition to vulnerability to addiction. Other opioid genes involved with the heredity and increased risks of opioid addiction are OPRD1, OPRM1,and OPRK1(Agrawal et al., 2019). Consequently, given that the other presenting symptoms displayed by the patient suggest rhabdomyolysis, studies show that this disorder can result from certain genetic muscle defects which undermine the ability of the muscles to utilize ATP.
Reasons behind the Patients Symptoms
The patient was found unresponsive as a result of an opioid overdose. This normally occurs as a result of excessive stimulation of the opiate pathway in the brain leading to decreased respiratory efforts. Administration of naltrexone was able to reverse and block the stimulation of the opiate pathway which made the patient regain normal breathing (Pajoum et al., 2018). The patient also reported burning pain over his forearm and left hip, with physical examination revealing necrotic tissue over his greater trochanter and forearm. These presenting signs in addition to ECG results of peaked T waves and prolonged PR intervals, and elevated calcium levels suggest that the patient is suffering from rhabdomyolysis. This condition might have developed as a result of genetic history and opioid use.
Reduced blood supply to the forearm and greater trochanter led to diminished production of ATP. This further ledto an increased level of calcium in the intracellular compartment of the muscles. Potassium is thus exchanged and deposited in the blood leading to elevated levels, hyperkalemia. Increase intracellular calcium levels also lead to increased contractility of skeletal muscle cells, inducing mitochondrial dysfunction and increased production of reactive oxygen species, which eventually leads to skeletal muscle cell death (Babak et al., 2017). This explains the presence of necrotic tissues and burning pain. Prolonged PR intervals and peaked T wave presented as a result of increased potassium levels in the blood.
Physiologic Response to Stimuli
The patient was exposed to excessive amounts of opioids as the main stimulus causing the reported symptoms. Opioid-containing substances are associated with substantial physiological alterations of different body systems, leading to potential harm to the user. The patient in the provided case study was found unresponsive, which resulted from respiratory distress due to opioid overdose (Agrawal et al., 2019). The process of respiration is controlled mainly through medullary respiratory centers in the brain with peripheral input from chemoreceptors among other sources. Opioids on the other hand produce an inhibitory effect through the mu-opioid receptors at the chemoreceptor and mu and delta receptors in the medulla. This eventually leads to respiratory depression, which limits the amount of oxygen supplied to the brain causing a lack of consciousness.
Naltrexone on the other hand is an opioid antagonist, which rapidly reverses the effects of opioid overdose. The drug attaches to the opioid receptors, blocking the effect of opioids on the chemoreceptor and medulla (Nelson et al., 2021). As a result, naltrexone quickly restores normal breathing patterns, increasing the amount of oxygen being supplied to the brain. The patient is thus able to regain consciousness, just like in the provided case scenario.
Cells Involved
The mechanism of cell destruction among patients with rhabdomyolysis involves injury to the cell membrane, hypoxia of the muscle cells, depletion of ATP, electrolyte disturbance causingsodium-potassium pump perturbation, and production of oxidative free radicals. Increased calcium levels in the muscle cells lead to continuous contraction which evidentially depletes ATP causing progressive exhaustion of reserves of cellular energy(Pajoum et al., 2018). Consequently, the release of toxic intracellular substances from the destroyed cells into the extracellular space destroys the regional capillary circulation leading to local edema and migration of leukocytes in the blood to the lesion location. Edema leads to elevated intra-compartmental pressure whereas the leukocytes release reactive oxygen species (ROS), eventually accentuating the process of inflammatory and necrosis.
Other Characteristics
Previous research demonstrates the relationship between several patient characteristics associated with increased risk of developing rhabdomyolysis. For instance, in the provided case study, the patient’s condition is associated with a history of substance use. However, additional patient characteristics such as occupation, genetic factors, and age, are also associated with increased risks of rhabdomyolysis (Babak et al., 2017). For example, if the patient was working in an area with increased risks of traumatic injury, the main cause of rhabdomyolysis would have been associated with immobilization, crush injury, or extensive third-degree burn (Nelson et al., 2021). Consequently, with a family history of metabolic disorders, the patient’s symptoms could have been associated with genetic causes such as carnitine deficiency, phosphorylase kinase deficiency, McArdle’s disease, lactate dehydrogenase deficiency, phosphofructokinase deficiency, Duchenne’s muscular dystrophy, and myoadenylate deaminase deficiency. Lastly, the patient is a young adult which puts him at high risk of substance use and engaging in dangerous activities that could lead to a traumatic encounter.
Conclusion
The provided case study presents a young adult male patient who presented with symptoms such as unresponsiveness as a result of opioid overdose. This effect was however reversed by naloxone which is an opioid antagonist. His history of substance use could have led to the development of rhabdomyolysis which is characterized by hyperkalemia, burning muscle pain and accumulation of necrotic tissues around the forearm, and greater trochanter. He also displayed signs of arrhythmia, displayed by peaked T waves and prolonged PR intervals as a result of elevated potassium levels in the blood.
References
Agrawal, S., Sharma, N., Jain, S., Attri, R., & Bhatia, M. S. (2019). Opioid-Induced Rhabdomyolysis with Acute Sensorimotor Axonal Neuropathy: An Unusual Presentation. Asian Journal of Case Reports in Medicine and Health, 1-3. https://doi.org/10.22037/emergency.v6i1.22475
Babak, K., Mohammad, A., Mazaher, G., Samaneh, A., & Fatemeh, T. (2017). Clinical and laboratory findings of rhabdomyolysis in opioid overdose patients in the intensive care unit of a poisoning center in 2014 in Iran. Epidemiology and health, 39. https://doi.org/10.4178/epih.e2017050
Nelson, K. R., Dolbec, K., Watson, W., Yuan, H., & Ibraheem, M. (2021). Review of Neurologic Comorbidities in Hospitalized Patients with Opioid Abuse. Neurology: Clinical Practice. https://doi.org/10.1212/CPJ.0000000000001080
Pajoum, A., Fahim, F., Akhlaghdoust, M., Zamani, N., Amirfirooz, Z., & Dehdehasti, M. (2018). Rhabdomyolysis and acute poisoning; a brief report. Emergency, 6(1). https://doi.org/10.22037/emergency.v6i1.22475
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Sample Answer 2 for NURS 6051 Cellular Processes And The Genetic Environment
Hi Jeri, it is true that cells are the basic structural components of the body and are specialized to conduct different functions in the body. The central dogma also illustrates the pivotal role of genes in dictating the specialization of cells and subsequent events. Disease can alter the nature of cells thereby interfering with the normal cell functions. I find your case analysis quite intriguing, there are many patients who complain of sore throat that is related to allergic conditions and your analysis through genetic involvement is informative (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention,2021).
Group A streptococcus pharyngitis among children and adolescents is common and the identification of the genes associated with the common occurrence provides an avenue for solving the menace. Hypersensitivity relation to genetic composition also provides a better understanding of the recurrence of such cases (McCance & Huether, 2019). I also think that the bod defense system is triggered by recognition of the pathogen and the process of acting against the identified antigen leads to the symptoms, which include inflammation that would be felt as sore throat.
I agree hat the physiological processes upon identification of the antigen includes a variety of cells mediators that take part in the inflammatory pathway. These processes cause heat, swelling and redness. The patient characteristics that define different responses include age as age relates to immunity. Children are more susceptible to some diseases as compared to adults. Elderly people are also prone to some diseases that are not so common among young adults. Allergy to drugs also links to age as the allergy increases with age (Soderholm et al., 2018). I concur with you that severe allergic reaction would definitely be a concern
References
Soderholm, A. T., Barnett, T. C., Sweet, M. J., & Walker, M. J. (2018). Group A streptococcal
pharyngitis: Immune responses involved in bacterial clearance and GAS‐associated immunopathology. Journal of leukocyte biology, 103(2), 193-213.
McCance, K. L. & Huether, S. E. (2019). Pathophysiology: The biologic basis for disease in
adults and children (8th ed.). Mosby/Elsevier.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2021, November 23). Pharyngitis (strep throat): Information for clinicians. Retrieved March 1, 2022, from https://www.cdc.gov/groupastrep/diseases-hcp/strep-throat.html
Sample Answer 3 for NURS 6051 Cellular Processes And The Genetic Environment
It is true that cell environment stressors cause alterations within the cell and different diseases cause alterations as cells respond to change. Ultimately, the processes of reacting to change would be expressed as symptoms as evident in the child in the case study. Pharyngitis, caused by bacteria and treatable by administering Amoxicillin 500 mg would involve different processes and responses. Consideration of genetic and age factors become critical in analyzing the symptomatic expressions and the outcome upon administration of the medication (Mccance & Huether, 2018).
I believe that association of streptococcus Group A (SGA) bacteria with genetic variations at the HLA region define the susceptibility of children to SGA (Medline Plus, 2021). This is expressed through symptoms like sore throat as a result of inflammatory reactions that links to the immune cell interaction with the perceived pathogen. Patients who have an alteration of the gene are not capable of producing g sufficient antibodies in response to the pathogen (Mccance & Huether, 2018). This leads to a recurrence and the need for medication. Inflammatory mediators triggered upon detection of pathogens may lead to redness, heat, swelling and pain.
Type-1 hypersensitive reaction involving immune cells such as the Helper-T cell results to the symptoms evident by the patient. Additionally, I agree that research indicate that there is a relation between age and susceptibility to disease. Some diseases are common among the elderly while some are common among children. It is true that pharyngitis is most common among children between age 5 and 15 (Mccance & Huether, 2018). Adults may also present with sore throat regardless of attaining remarkable immunity. Treatment require consideration of age in order to administer the correct doses and to prevent cases of adverse reactions.
References
Mccance, K. L., & Huether, S. E. (2018). Pathophysiology – e-book: The biologic basis for
disease in adults and children (8th ed.). Mosby.
Medline Plus. (2021, February 22). What is a cell?: Medlineplus genetics. Retrieved March 1,
2022, from https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/understanding/basics/cell/