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NURS 6051 The Nurse Leader as Knowledge Worker

NURS 6051 The Nurse Leader as Knowledge Worker

Walden University NURS 6051 The Nurse Leader as Knowledge Worker– Step-By-Step Guide

 

This guide will demonstrate how to complete the Walden University  NURS 6051 The Nurse Leader as Knowledge Worker  assignment based on general principles of academic writing. Here, we will show you the A, B, Cs of completing an academic paper, irrespective of the instructions. After guiding you through what to do, the guide will leave one or two sample essays at the end to highlight the various sections discussed below.

 

How to Research and Prepare for NURS 6051 The Nurse Leader as Knowledge Worker  

 

Whether one passes or fails an academic assignment such as the Walden University  NURS 6051 The Nurse Leader as Knowledge Worker depends on the preparation done beforehand. The first thing to do once you receive an assignment is to quickly skim through the requirements. Once that is done, start going through the instructions one by one to clearly understand what the instructor wants. The most important thing here is to understand the required format—whether it is APA, MLA, Chicago, etc.

 

After understanding the requirements of the paper, the next phase is to gather relevant materials. The first place to start the research process is the weekly resources. Go through the resources provided in the instructions to determine which ones fit the assignment. After reviewing the provided resources, use the university library to search for additional resources. After gathering sufficient and necessary resources, you are now ready to start drafting your paper.

 

How to Write the Introduction for  NURS 6051 The Nurse Leader as Knowledge Worker   

 

The introduction for the Walden University  NURS 6051 The Nurse Leader as Knowledge Worker is where you tell the instructor what your paper will encompass. In three to four statements, highlight the important points that will form the basis of your paper. Here, you can include statistics to show the importance of the topic you will be discussing. At the end of the introduction, write a clear purpose statement outlining what exactly will be contained in the paper. This statement will start with “The purpose of this paper…” and then proceed to outline the various sections of the instructions.

 

How to Write the Body for  NURS 6051 The Nurse Leader as Knowledge Worker   

 

After the introduction, move into the main part of the  NURS 6051 The Nurse Leader as Knowledge Worker  assignment, which is the body. Given that the paper you will be writing is not experimental, the way you organize the headings and subheadings of your paper is critically important. In some cases, you might have to use more subheadings to properly organize the assignment. The organization will depend on the rubric provided. Carefully examine the rubric, as it will contain all the detailed requirements of the assignment. Sometimes, the rubric will have information that the normal instructions lack.

 

Another important factor to consider at this point is how to do citations. In-text citations are fundamental as they support the arguments and points you make in the paper. At this point, the resources gathered at the beginning will come in handy. Integrating the ideas of the authors with your own will ensure that you produce a comprehensive paper. Also, follow the given citation format. In most cases, APA 7 is the preferred format for nursing assignments.

 

How to Write the Conclusion for  NURS 6051 The Nurse Leader as Knowledge Worker   

 

After completing the main sections, write the conclusion of your paper. The conclusion is a summary of the main points you made in your paper. However, you need to rewrite the points and not simply copy and paste them. By restating the points from each subheading, you will provide a nuanced overview of the assignment to the reader.

 

How to Format the References List for  NURS 6051 The Nurse Leader as Knowledge Worker  

 

The very last part of your paper involves listing the sources used in your paper. These sources should be listed in alphabetical order and double-spaced. Additionally, use a hanging indent for each source that appears in this list. Lastly, only the sources cited within the body of the paper should appear here.

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Sample Answer for NURS 6051 The Nurse Leader as Knowledge Worker

This presentation will discuss the concept of a knowledge worker. It explains nursing informatics and discusses the role of a nurse leader as a knowledge worker. In addition, I will present the hypothetical scenario that might benefit from the collection and application of data. I will explore the data that can be used, how it might be collected, and the knowledge derived from the data.

A knowledge worker plays a key role in the organization in generating knowledge.  They obtain, maneuver, interpret and apply information to carry out multidisciplinary, complex organizational work (Field & Chan, 2018). Besides, knowledge workers analyze data and use their expertise to address problems, generate ideas, and develop new products and services.

Knowledge work is often complex, and knowledge workers need certain skills, abilities, and acquaintance with factual and theoretical knowledge (Field & Chan, 2018).  Therefore, knowledge workers must obtain, access, recall, and apply data, interact well with others, and have the ability and motivation to obtain and enhance these skills.

Knowledge workers’ roles include making decisions whereby they work with ideas. Their duties focus on intellectual rather than physical power and are characterized by non-repetitive tasks (Field & Chan, 2018). In addition, they use various methods and techniques to address problems and are authorized to decide what work methods to employ to complete their job tasks. Knowledge workers include: scientists, professionals, educators, and information system designers.

Nursing informatics is a specialty that incorporates nursing science with analytical sciences and information management. It seeks to discover, define, manage, and convey data, information, and knowledge in nursing practice (Moore et al., 2020). Nursing informatics supports nurses, the interprofessional health care team, healthcare consumers, patients, and stakeholders in decision-making in various roles and settings to attain desired outcomes. It supports this through information structures, processes, and technology (Moore et al., 2020).

Nursing informatics skills are applied to:

Create data structures and software tools to support nursing practice (McGonigle & Mastrian, 2017).

Keep EHR in line with best practices for data management, processing, and organization.

Apply analytics in evaluating and facilitating nursing processes (McGonigle & Mastrian, 2017).

Facilitate communication among healthcare and IT professionals.

Train providers on the best use of EHRs and CDSS (McGonigle & Mastrian, 2017).

Nurse leaders are knowledge workers. Nurse leader competencies at the organization or system level are connected to knowledge management. Nurse leaders’ roles as knowledge workers include: Facilitating organizational learning by supporting nurses as they find, share, and develop knowledge to advance nursing practice.  Developing and improving knowledge worker skills aligned to obtaining and analyzing data and examining clinical trends and patterns (Carroll, 2019).

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They develop innovative approaches to improve access to health care, improve the quality of care, and reduce healthcare costs.

Nurse leaders focus on utilizing technology and developing electronic systems that will enhance data collection and analysis (Carroll, 2019).

Nurse leaders analyze data to establish information that is valuable in enhancing the delivery of patient care and improving the quality of care and health outcomes (Carroll, 2019).

NURS 6051 The Nurse Leader as Knowledge WorkerPatient falls among geriatrics is a hypothetical scenario that would benefit from collecting and applying data in our healthcare organization. They result in severe injuries on patients, such as head trauma and fractures, which prolong hospital stay and increase healthcare costs (Venema et al., 2019). Data that could be used in relation to patient falls include the number of patient falls and common conditions of patients who suffer falls (Lucero et al., 2019). In addition, data on the length of hospitalization from falls and patient costs incurred from falls can be used to address the issue of falls.

Patient falls data can be collected from patients’ records and a hospital’s incidence reporting system (Lucero et al., 2019). The data can provide knowledge on patients’ at the highest risk of falls and the factors that put patients at risk of falls in the inpatient units. Data on the diseases with the highest falls can offer insight into the patients’ conditions that health providers should take additional measures to prevent falls (Lucero et al., 2019). Furthermore, the data can enlighten nurses on the gaps in patient care that contribute to patient falls and the measures they should implement to address the issue (McGonigle & Mastrian, 2017).

References

Carroll, W. M. (2019). The synthesis of nursing knowledge and predictive analytics. Nursing management50(3), 15-17. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.NUMA.0000553503.78274.f7

Field, J. C., & Chan, X. W. (2018). Contemporary knowledge workers and the boundaryless work–life interface: Implications for the human resource management of the knowledge workforce. Frontiers in psychology9, 2414. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02414

Lucero, R. J., Lindberg, D. S., Fehlberg, E. A., Bjarnadottir, R. I., Li, Y., Cimiotti, J. P., … & Prosperi, M. (2019). A data-driven and practice-based approach to identify risk factors associated with hospital-acquired falls: Applying manual and semi-and fully-automated methods. International journal of medical informatics122, 63-69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2018.11.006

McGonigle, D., & Mastrian, K. G. (2017). Nursing informatics and the foundation of knowledge (4th ed.). Burlington, MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning.

Moore, E. C., Tolley, C. L., Bates, D. W., & Slight, S. P. (2020). A systematic review of the impact of health information technology on nurses’ time. Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association27(5), 798-807. https://doi.org/10.1093/jamia/ocz231

Venema, D. M., Skinner, A. M., Nailon, R., Conley, D., High, R., & Jones, K. J. (2019). Patient and system factors associated with unassisted and injurious falls in hospitals: an observational study. BMC geriatrics19(1), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-019-1368-8

Sample Answer 2 for NURS 6051 The Nurse Leader as Knowledge Worker

Indeed technology has helped to reduce the cases of hospital readmission rates. Dissanayake et al. (2020) explain Clinical Decision Support Systems (CDSS) that are integrated into HER systems to guide practitioners during the health-related decision-making processes. The system presents the patient’s information in an appropriate manner and format and at the appropriate time. For instance, the alert-based CDSS has three components, including KB, which contains patient and medical information. This user interface enhances communication of the user and the interference engine, which provides the platform for the system’s actual functionality. CDSS promotes clinical reasoning by providing a platform for practitioners to obtain and analyze patient data that will enhance effective quality care delivery (Dissanayake et al., 2020). Furthermore, Health Information Technology (HIT)-based discharge care intervention programs have been established in emergency settings. They have proven more effective in reducing hospital readmission rates as they ensure adequate care transition to the patient after discharge (Abraham et al., 2022).

References

Abraham, J., Meng, A., Tripathy, S., Kitsiou, S., & Kannampallil, T. (2022). Effect of health information technology (HIT)-based discharge transition interventions on patient readmissions and emergency room visits: a systematic review. Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association29(4), 735-748. https://doi.org/10.1093/jamia/ocac013

Dissanayake, P. I., Colicchio, T. K., & Cimino, J. J. (2020). Using clinical reasoning ontologies to make smarter clinical decision support systems: a systematic review and data synthesis. Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association27(1), 159-174. https://doi.org/10.1093/jamia/ocz169

Sample Answer 3 for NURS 6051 The Nurse Leader as Knowledge Worker

The Concept of a Knowledge Worker

The responsibilities of a nurse manager have evolved throughout the years beyond the traditional scope of direct patient care. One of these unique responsibilities is being a “knowledge worker.” Peter Drucker pioneered the concept of “knowledge worker” in 1959 to describe highly trained individuals who require specific knowledge to fulfill their professional tasks. This was due to the growing specialization and the realization that professional tasks required skill sets. This means that people in the 21st century need to have certain abilities that set them apart from those in other fields and make them the best candidates to carry out specific activities (Drucker, 2013). Nurse leaders need excellent analytical and problem-solving abilities to be successful in their roles as knowledge workers. They must develop the analytical skills required to analyze complex data and apply them to guide deliberations. They must also be very good communicators because they will convey their knowledge to others.

Nursing Informatics and the Role of a Nurse Leader as a Knowledge Worker

The emergence of technology necessitating technical skill acquisition to enhance health care outcomes reinforces nurses’ position as knowledge workers. The new technology has strengthened nurses’ ability to organize information and increase their clinical expertise, enabling them to develop new perspectives on nursing practice (McGonigle & Mastrian, 2021). This is particularly apparent when information technologies are integrated with other technologies or systems to display electronic health records in health information management that complies with HIPAA regulations.  In embracing transformational potential and redesigning nursing procedures, nurses are knowledge workers because they boldly extend their clinical practice’s conventional boundaries.

The increased emphasis of nurses on lowering healthcare costs without sacrificing quality or expanding access is evidence of the growing importance nurses place on using their minds to address the increasingly complex issues that arise within their profession. This demonstrates the significance of informatics as a nursing discipline that has become increasingly important.

In this case, nurses need to learn and employ technical skills centered on using computers to make sense of vast volumes of data to practice informatics. It also enables nurses to coordinate care by integrating technology across care settings and service lines. Informatics enables nurses to operate as knowledge workers by conceiving and organizing data to inform the provision of nursing care, increasing the likelihood of a positive outcome. This implies that nurses have access to information technology that helps them gather and make sense of massive amounts of data. This necessitates them to employ specific skills to establish reliable ways for evaluating the data and delivering rational conclusions that guide practice. Informatics is a fundamental progression that emphasizes nurses’ status as knowledge workers.

Four informatics competencies underscore the role of nurses as knowledge workers. These skills include data collection, information processing, knowledge application, and knowledge synthesis.

Analysis of the Hypothetical Scenario

The scenario illustrates the challenges encountered by healthcare providers in organizing patient care plans and diagnostic data. With several tests and different physicians’ notes to keep track of, it is practically hard to recall information about each patient’s treatment plan. Patients may also suffer from anxiety while awaiting the results of their tests or receiving their appointments. Inaccessibility to information may also contribute to other health problems. Although patient portals are strongly recommended, they are not appropriate for everyone. Having access to one’s test results and numbers in advance might increase anxiety and uncertainty if the results are out of the ordinary or otherwise unexpected. New research, “Informed or anxious: patient preferences for release of test results of increasing sensitivity on electronic patient portals,” argues that secured discussions through email on patient portals might help relieve some of these worries.

The concept of the nurse as a “knowledge worker” is relevant to this scenario.

Conclusion

Nursing professionals have specialized skills and expertise to guide clinical judgment and patient care. In this case, the nurse’s ability to efficiently handle patient information and data is important to providing quality care.

By employing patient portals, nurses may use their skills to help patients manage their health information and interpret their test results. Using patient portals, nurses may quickly access vital patient data, enabling them to make better decisions while treating patients. Also, the nurse’s responsibility in successfully training patients to navigate patient portals is vital to ensure patients can acquire and use the data they must participate in their care actively.

To improve patient care, nurses must keep up with the latest developments in technology and industry best practices. Patient portals allow nurses to work more efficiently and effectively, which benefits patients. Nursing processes may be streamlined with the help of patient portals, allowing nurses to devote more time to patient care and less time to administrative tasks.

References

  • Bowerman, K. D., & Wart, M. V. (2015). The business of leadership: An introduction: An introduction. Routledge.
  • Drucker, P. (2013). Managing for the future. Routledge.
  • McGonigle, D., & Mastrian, K. (2021). Nursing informatics and the foundation of knowledge. Jones & Bartlett Learning.

Sample Answer 4 for NURS 6051 The Nurse Leader as Knowledge Worker

Introduction

Nurses play crucial roles in the promotion of population health. They utilize their knowledge and skills in nursing to develop appropriate and responsive interventions that address the potential and actual health needs of their populations. Nurses also utilize evidence-based interventions to ensure the realization of care outcomes such as safety, quality, and efficiency. In their roles, nurses work with other healthcare providers to ensure the realization of optimum care outcomes. They also work with other healthcare providers in exploring innovative interventions needed to optimize the care outcomes of patients. Through the above roles, they act as knowledge workers. Therefore, this presentation explores the concept of knowledge worker in nursing.

Concept of Knowledge Worker

Peter Drucker coined the concept of the knowledge worker in 1959. According to him, a knowledge worker is a person that is self-motivated and uses ideas and knowledge to generate new ideas and knowledge (Li et al., 2018). A knowledge worker uses knowledge and ideas to develop innovative solutions to institutional problems. Drucker also noted that a knowledge worker is an individual that finds it thrilling to achieve and produce outcomes. The person gains satisfaction and fulfillment by achieving the desired outcomes. Drucker also identified that innovation drives knowledge workers. The constantly strive to ensure the improvement in outcomes. Through their roles, they contribute to continuous improvement in their organizations (Viñas-Bardolet et al., 2020).

Nursing Informatics

Nursing informatics is a specialty in nursing. It mainly deals with the integration of knowledge with technology. The integration aims at ensuring efficiency in the management of nursing and organizational processes. The integration of knowledge with technology also seeks to ensure the enhancement in care outcomes. Nursing informatics have significant benefits to nursing and healthcare (Collins et al., 2017). Accordingly, it reduces healthcare costs and expands access to healthcare services. The reduction in healthcare costs is attributed to the use of innovations such as telehealth that eliminate unnecessary costs. The expansion can be seen with easy provision of remote care to patients irrespective of their backgrounds. Nursing informatics also enhance the experiences of the patients with the care process. Patients play a proactive role in issues related to their health through their access to their health data and their involvement in decision making. Nursing informatics also enables the monitoring of healthcare trends (Deckro et al., 2021). The monitoring process informs the appropriateness of the care interventions. Technologies such as telehealth also facilitates inter-professional collaboration for optimum care outcomes.

Role of Nurse Leader as a Knowledge Worker

Nurses leaders play several roles as knowledge workers. One of the roles is data collection. Nurses, as knowledge workers collect information from different sources for use in determining organizational and population needs. They use approaches such as technologies to obtain information about the actual and potential needs of their stakeholders. They use the obtained information to determine the best approaches to promote organizational excellence and optimum outcomes for their populations. Nurses as knowledge workers also analyze data (McGonigle & Mastrian, 2021). They analyze the data from different sources to determine trends and severity of organizational issues. The information obtained from analysis is used in planning. Planning entails developing strategies that can be adopted to achieve the needs of the organization. It also entails the development of measures for assessing the effectiveness of the adopted interventions. The other role of nurses as knowledge workers is implementation. They implement the developed plans to ensure the realization of the desired outcomes. Implementation provides insights into the alternatives that are working and the needed revisions. The nurse leader as knowledge worker also plays the role of monitoring. They monitor the level of strategy implementation and improvements needed. They also provide feedback to the adopters of change (Jedwab et al., 2019). The last role is evaluation. In this role, nurse leaders determine whether the desired outcomes of the adopted strategies were achieved or not.

Hypothetical Scenario

The selected clinical scenario is medication errors. Medication errors have adverse effects on the health of the patients. It predisposes patients to unintended harm and increased costs of care. Data can be used to address the issue of medication errors in the institution. Data on the rate of medication errors, effects, and factors that contribute to them can be collected. Additional data on aspects such as costs of care due to medication errors and hospital stay by patients affected by the errors can also be obtained to facilitate the implementation of effective interventions. The collection of data on medication errors can be done electronically or by administering questionnaires and surveys to healthcare providers. The data obtained using the above methods provide insights into a number of issues related to medication errors. One of them is the severity and prevalence of the problem in the institution. Data on the rate of medication errors, mortalities, and cost implications will provide insights into the severity of the issue. The data also provides knowledge on the factors contributing to the errors. For example, it enables healthcare organizations to determine whether the errors arise from provider, patient, or organizational issues.

References

Collins, S., Yen, P.-Y., Phillips, A., & Kennedy, M. K. (2017). Nursing Informatics Competency Assessment for the Nurse Leader: The Delphi Study. JONA: The Journal of Nursing Administration, 47(4), 212–218. https://doi.org/10.1097/NNA.0000000000000467

Deckro, J., Phillips, T., Davis, A., Hehr, A. T., & Ochylski, S. (2021). Big Data in the Veterans Health Administration: A Nursing Informatics Perspective. Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 53(3), 288–295. https://doi.org/10.1111/jnu.12631

Jedwab, R. M., Chalmers, C., Dobroff, N., & Redley, B. (2019). Measuring nursing benefits of an electronic medical record system: A scoping review. Collegian, 26(5), 562–582. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colegn.2019.01.003

Li, Y., Castaño, G., & Li, Y. (2018). Linking leadership styles to work engagement: The role of psychological capital among Chinese knowledge workers. Chinese Management Studies, 12(2), 433–452. https://doi.org/10.1108/CMS-04-2017-0108

McGonigle, D., & Mastrian, K. (2021). Nursing Informatics and the Foundation of Knowledge. Jones & Bartlett Learning.

Viñas-Bardolet, C., Torrent-Sellens, J., & Guillen-Royo, M. (2020). Knowledge Workers and Job Satisfaction: Evidence from Europe. Journal of the Knowledge Economy, 11(1), 256–280. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13132-018-0541-1

Rubric

NURS_5051_Module01_Week02_Assignment_Rubric
NURS_5051_Module01_Week02_Assignment_Rubric
Criteria Ratings Pts

Develop a 5- to 6-slide PowerPoint presentation that addresses the following:· Explain the concept of a knowledge worker.· Define and explain nursing informatics.

25 to >22.0 pts

Excellent
Ably synthesize the literature and course resources to present a clear and accurate explanation of the 2 concepts….The presentation clearly and accurately explains the concept of a knowledge worker….The presentation clearly and accurately defines and explains nursing informatics.

22 to >19.0 pts

Good
Summarize the literature and course resources to present a clear and accurate explanation of the 2 concepts….The presentation explains the concept of a knowledge worker. …The presentation defines and explains nursing informatics.

19 to >17.0 pts

Fair
The presentation is missing one of the concepts or one of the concepts is superficially addressed.

17 to >0 pts

Poor
The presentation is missing two concepts or the concepts are superficially addressed.
25 pts

Develop a graphic visual representation of the role of the nurse leader as a knowledge worker. On the slide, include an explanation of the role.

15 to >13.0 pts

Excellent
The presentation includes a detailed graphic and explanation of the role of the nurse leader as a knowledge worker.

13 to >11.0 pts

Good
The presentation includes a graphic and an adequate explanation of the role of the nurse leader as a knowledge worker.

11 to >10.0 pts

Fair
The presentation includes a graphic, yet the explanation of the role is not addressed or is superficially addressed.

10 to >0 pts

Poor
The presentation is missing a graphic, an explanation of the role, or both the graphic and explanation of the role are missing.
15 pts

Present the hypothetical scenario you originally shared in the Discussion Forum. Include your examination of the data you could use, how the data might be accessed/collected, and what knowledge might be derived from the data. Be sure to incorporate feedback received from your colleagues’ replies.

35 to >31.0 pts

Excellent
The presentation clearly and thoroughly includes the hypothetical scenario originally shared in the Discussion Forum, including a detailed and accurate examination of the data used, how the data might be accessed/collected, and the knowledge that could be derived from the data. …The presentation incorporates peer feedback.

31 to >27.0 pts

Good
The presentation includes the hypothetical scenario originally shared in the Discussion Forum, including an accurate examination of the data used, how the data might be accessed/collected, and the knowledge that could be derived from the data. …The presentation incorporates peer feedback.

27 to >24.0 pts

Fair
The presentation includes the hypothetical scenario originally shared in the Discussion Forum; one or two of the criteria are not addressed or are superficially addressed.

24 to >0 pts

Poor
The presentation is missing the hypothetical scenario originally shared in the Discussion Forum or three or more of the criteria are not addressed or are superficially addressed.
35 pts

PowerPoint presentation:The presentation is professional; images are appropriately attributed; images are clear. The presentation text is readable. Presentation flows well and is presented in a logical order.

5 to >4.0 pts

Excellent
The presentation is professional; images are appropriately attributed; images are clear. The presentation text is readable. Presentation flows well and is presented in a logical order.

4 to >3.0 pts

Good
Eighty percent of the presentation is professional; images are appropriately attributed; images are clear. The presentation text is readable. Presentation flows well and is presented in a logical order.

3 to >2.0 pts

Fair
Sixty to seventy nine percent of the presentation follows these guidelines: presentation is professional; images are appropriately attributed; images are clear. The presentation text is readable. Presentation flows well and is presented in a logical order.

2 to >0 pts

Poor
Less than sixty percent of the presentation follows these guidelines: presentation is professional; images are appropriately attributed; images are clear. The presentation text is readable. Presentation flows well and is presented in a logical order.
5 pts

Resources

10 to >8.0 pts

Excellent
Presentation includes: 3 or more peer-reviewed articles and 2 or more course resources.

8 to >7.0 pts

Good
Presentation includes: 2 peer-reviewed articles and 2 course resources.

7 to >6.0 pts

Fair
Presentation includes: 1 peer-reviewed article and 1 course resource.

6 to >0 pts

Poor
Presentation includes: 1 or no resources.
10 pts

Written Expression and Formatting – English writing standards:Correct grammar, mechanics, and proper punctuation

5 to >4.0 pts

Excellent
Uses correct grammar, spelling, and punctuation with no errors.

4 to >3.5 pts

Good
Contains a few (1-2) grammar, spelling, and punctuation errors.

3.5 to >3.0 pts

Fair
Contains several (3-4) grammar, spelling, and punctuation errors.

3 to >0 pts

Poor
Contains many (≥ 5) grammar, spelling, and punctuation errors that interfere with the reader’s understanding.
5 pts

Written Expression and Formatting – APA:The reference list and image attribution list follow correct APA format

5 to >4.0 pts

Excellent
Uses correct APA format with no errors.

4 to >3.5 pts

Good
Contains a few (1-2) APA format errors.

3.5 to >3.0 pts

Fair
Contains several (3-4) APA format errors.

3 to >0 pts

Poor
Contains many (≥ 5) APA format errors.
5 pts