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NURS 6630 Assignment 1: Short Answer Assessment

NURS 6630 Assignment 1: Short Answer Assessment

Walden University NURS 6630 Assignment 1: Short Answer Assessment-Step-By-Step Guide

 

This guide will demonstrate how to complete the Walden University  NURS 6630 Assignment 1: Short Answer Assessment  assignment based on general principles of academic writing. Here, we will show you the A, B, Cs of completing an academic paper, irrespective of the instructions. After guiding you through what to do, the guide will leave one or two sample essays at the end to highlight the various sections discussed below.

 

How to Research and Prepare for NURS 6630 Assignment 1: Short Answer Assessment 

 

Whether one passes or fails an academic assignment such as the Walden University  NURS 6630 Assignment 1: Short Answer Assessment  depends on the preparation done beforehand. The first thing to do once you receive an assignment is to quickly skim through the requirements. Once that is done, start going through the instructions one by one to clearly understand what the instructor wants. The most important thing here is to understand the required format—whether it is APA, MLA, Chicago, etc.

 

After understanding the requirements of the paper, the next phase is to gather relevant materials. The first place to start the research process is the weekly resources. Go through the resources provided in the instructions to determine which ones fit the assignment. After reviewing the provided resources, use the university library to search for additional resources. After gathering sufficient and necessary resources, you are now ready to start drafting your paper.

 

How to Write the Introduction for NURS 6630 Assignment 1: Short Answer Assessment 

 

The introduction for the Walden University  NURS 6630 Assignment 1: Short Answer Assessment  is where you tell the instructor what your paper will encompass. In three to four statements, highlight the important points that will form the basis of your paper. Here, you can include statistics to show the importance of the topic you will be discussing. At the end of the introduction, write a clear purpose statement outlining what exactly will be contained in the paper. This statement will start with “The purpose of this paper…” and then proceed to outline the various sections of the instructions.

 

How to Write the Body for NURS 6630 Assignment 1: Short Answer Assessment  

 

After the introduction, move into the main part of the NURS 6630 Assignment 1: Short Answer Assessment  assignment, which is the body. Given that the paper you will be writing is not experimental, the way you organize the headings and subheadings of your paper is critically important. In some cases, you might have to use more subheadings to properly organize the assignment. The organization will depend on the rubric provided. Carefully examine the rubric, as it will contain all the detailed requirements of the assignment. Sometimes, the rubric will have information that the normal instructions lack.

 

Another important factor to consider at this point is how to do citations. In-text citations are fundamental as they support the arguments and points you make in the paper. At this point, the resources gathered at the beginning will come in handy. Integrating the ideas of the authors with your own will ensure that you produce a comprehensive paper. Also, follow the given citation format. In most cases, APA 7 is the preferred format for nursing assignments.

 

How to Write the Conclusion for NURS 6630 Assignment 1: Short Answer Assessment 

 

After completing the main sections, write the conclusion of your paper. The conclusion is a summary of the main points you made in your paper. However, you need to rewrite the points and not simply copy and paste them. By restating the points from each subheading, you will provide a nuanced overview of the assignment to the reader.

 

How to Format the References List for NURS 6630 Assignment 1: Short Answer Assessment 

 

The very last part of your paper involves listing the sources used in your paper. These sources should be listed in alphabetical order and double-spaced. Additionally, use a hanging indent for each source that appears in this list. Lastly, only the sources cited within the body of the paper should appear here.

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Sample Answer for NURS 6630 Assignment 1: Short Answer Assessment 

Drug Management of Major Depressive Disorder Co-occurring with Alcohol Abuse

Alcohol abuse and major depressive disorders occur commonly in the population. These disorders, from time to time occur together. When they occur together, they display a dreadful outcome (Baranyi et al., 2022). An integrated approach to the treatment of these patients is paramount. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the neurobiology, symptoms, and the appropriate drug therapy for patients with Major Depressive Disorder co-occurring with Alcohol Abuse.

Explain the Appropriate Drug therapy for Major Depressive Disorder co-occurring with Alcohol Abuse

A combination of naltrexone and sertraline has been proven ideal for the treatment of co-occurrence of alcohol abuse

NURS 6630 Assignment 1 Short Answer Assessment
NURS 6630 Assignment 1 Short Answer Assessment

and major depressive disorder. This combination delays the reversion to alcohol abuse, is highly efficacious, marked improvement in mood in comparison to other drug therapies, and had fewer side effects (Stubbs et al., 2022).

Which Drugs are contraindicated

Benzodiazepines- such as diazepam- are contraindicated as they lower the seizure threshold hence the patient is at an increased risk of falls, intellectual impairment, increased risk aspiration, and low efficacy, in the long run, cross-tolerance of the benzodiazepines and alcohol hence propensity to abuse the drugs, and withdrawal effects after stoppage of the drug.

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Bupropion lowers the seizure threshold. Mirtazapine and tricyclic antidepressants when used in the setting of alcohol abuse, they act synergistically to increase the

NURS 6630 Assignment 1 Short Answer Assessment
NURS 6630 Assignment 1 Short Answer Assessment

sedative effects of alcohol. Duloxetine is hepatotoxic and may propel liver disease in the setting of chronic alcohol abuse.

What is the Timeframe that the Patient should see the Resolution of symptoms

  • With adherence to medication and abstinence from alcohol, symptoms abate starting from two weeks post initiation of therapy (Close, 2019).

List four Predictors of Late Onset Generalized Anxiety Disorder

  • They include chronic disease conditions like COPD, mental retardation, presence of other mental illnesses like depression, lack of support and affection during childhood, poverty, unpropitious events in life, and separation.

List four Potential Neurobiological causes of Psychotic Major Depression

  • They include hypersensitized response to stress, serotonin dysfunction, disrupted dopamine feedback system in the nigrostriatal pathway, and noradrenaline dysfunction.

List at least five Symptoms of Major Depression

  • The presence of all three of a low mood, anhedonia, and anergia plus at least any three of disturbed sleep, lack of appetite, ideations of self-harm, worthlessness, reduced self-esteem, reduced attention and pessimism about the future.

List three Classes of Drugs that Precipitate Insomnia with a corresponding example for each class, be specific

  • Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors such as fluoxetine.
  • Dopamine receptor agonists such as
  • Alpha-blockers such as alfuzosin.

References

Baranyi, G., Fazel, S., Langerfeldt, S. D., & Mundt, A. P. (2022). The prevalence of comorbid serious mental illnesses and substance use disorders in prison populations: a systematic review and meta-analysis. The Lancet Public Health, 7(6), e557–e568. https://doi.org/10.1016/s2468-2667(22)00093-7

Close, L. (2019). Depression & Substance Abuse Treatment Plans, Medication, Therapy. American Addiction Centers. https://americanaddictioncenters.org/treating-depression-substance-abuse

Stubbs, K. R., Van Bezooyen, J., & Tang, Y. (2022, January 1). Chapter 31 – Managing treatment-resistant depression with comorbid substance use disorders (J. Quevedo, P. Riva-Posse, & W. V. Bobo, Eds.). ScienceDirect; Academic Press. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128240670000311

Sample Answer 2 for NURS 6630 Assignment 1: Short Answer Assessment 

Neurons are information messengers with three main parts namely the cell body, axon, and the dendrites (Kringelbach et al., 2020). The cell body is made up of a nucleus and cytoplasm and produces protein required to construct other parts of the neuron. The axon, on the other hand, extends from the cell body and carries signals away from the cell body while the dendrites carry signals toward the cell body and have numerous synapses to receive the signal from nearby neurons. Upon stimulation, neurons transmit an electrical impulse that passes through the dendrite, to the cell body, axon, axon terminal, and finally, the stimulus is passed (Kringelbach et al., 2020). At the axonal terminal, the axon releases neurotransmitters that depolarize neighboring cells through synapses and by binding to the membrane of the dendrite.

Subcortical Structures

Other structures within the brain are subcortical structures that act as information hubs for the nervous system. Their main role is to relay and modulate information circulating in different areas of the brain. They include the basal ganglia, limbic structures, pituitary gland, and the diencephalon (Malinowski, 2019).

The limbic systems play a great role in learning and memory addiction.  The systems provide the anatomical substrate for emotions and motivated behaviors, including the circulatory for reward-related events and stress responses. Specifically, the hippocampus is used to mediate a cognitive/spatial form of memory. It controls learning and declarative memory which covers the memory of facts and events (Malinowski, 2019).  The dorsal striatum also helps in memory by mediating the stimulus-response habit memory. Addiction on the other hand is linked to the limbic system through the orbitofrontal cortex and anterior cingulate gyrus (Malinowski, 2019).

In line with motor control, the nigra striatal region offers two anatomically and functionally distinct portions knowns as the substantia nigra pars compacta and the substantia nigra pars reticulata.

Glial Cells

Other essential components in the central nervous system are the glial cells. They include the astrocytes whose role is to maintain the environment for neuronal signaling by controlling the level of neurotransmitters surrounding the synapses (Hirbec et al., 2020). Equally, oligodendrocytes wrap around the axons forming a protective layer called myelin sheath which enhances neuron signaling. The cells also include microglia, ependymal cells, and radial glial whose roles are clearing dead cells or removing harmful toxins, maintaining homeostasis, and regenerating neurons and other glial cells like astrocytes and oligodendrocytes respectively.

Neuron Communication

Neurons communicate with each other through synaptic transmission. A chemical synapse is registered at the axon terminal of the presynaptic neuron and the dendrite of the postsynaptic neuron (Malinowski, 2019). The dendrite picks up signals and passes the signals down to the axon, into the axon terminals, and into the synapses. The role of the chemical synapse is to transform the electrical signal in the presynaptic cell’s axon into a chemical signal and back into an electrical signal in the postsynaptic cell.

Neuroplasticity

Brain plasticity denotes the ability of the brain to reorganize itself and form new neural connections in response to extrinsic or intrinsic stimuli.  Through axonal sprouting, the undamaged axons develop new nerve endings and reconnect neurons with severed or injured links (Mateos-Aparicio & Rodríguez-Moreno, 2019). For instance, undamaged brain sites of stroke patients rewire themselves to take over functions of the damaged brain sites. Similarly, the undamaged axons sprout nerve endings that connect with other undamaged nerve cells to form new neural pathways (Mateos-Aparicio & Rodríguez-Moreno, 2019).   For example, exposing the brain to specific grammatical rules helps it process and develop language.

References

Hirbec, H., Déglon, N., Foo, L. C., Goshen, I., Grutzendler, J., Hangen, E., … & Escartin, C. (2020). Emerging technologies to study glial cells. Glia, 68(9), 1692-1728. https://doi.org/10.1002/glia.23780

Kringelbach, M. L., Cruzat, J., Cabral, J., Knudsen, G. M., Carhart-Harris, R., Whybrow, P. C., … & Deco, G. (2020). Dynamic coupling of whole-brain neuronal and neurotransmitter systems. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 117(17), 9566-9576. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1921475117

Malinowski, M. N. (2019). Anatomy of the brain and brain stem. In Deer’s Treatment of Pain (pp. 49-59). Springer, Cham.

Mateos-Aparicio, P., & Rodríguez-Moreno, A. (2019). The impact of studying brain plasticity. Frontiers in cellular neuroscience, 13, 66. https://doi.org/10.3389/fncel.2019.00066

Sample Answer 2 for NURS 6630 Assignment 1: Short Answer Assessment 

Short Answer Assessment   

  1. In 4 or 5 sentences, describe the anatomy of the basic unit of the nervous system, the neuron. Include each part of the neuron and a general overview of electrical impulse conduction, the pathway it travels, and the net result at the termination of the impulse. Be specific and provide examples.

According to Javaid et al. (2020), the human brain comprises over 100 billion distinct neurons. The neuron’s cell body harbors the nucleus and serves as the point of attachment for both the dendrites and axons of the neuron. The term “soma” is sometimes used to refer to the cell body, while axon clusters, commonly referred to as nerves in some contexts, can be found throughout the body in various locations. Neurons can interact with one another even when they are separated by large distances, which is made possible by the fact that they contain dendrites and axons. Furthermore, owing to the mechanism of electrical conduction intrinsic to neurons, nerve impulses can propagate at a remarkable pace, marked by a transient electrical oscillation that traverses from the neuronal soma, through its dendrites, and culminates at the terminal end of the axon.

  1. Answer the following (listing is acceptable for these questions):
    • What are the major components that make up subcortical structures?
      1. Basal ganglia: Pertains to a cluster of subcortical nuclei that are primarily accountable for regulating motor control (Wilfrid Jänig, 2022). Additionally, they play a crucial role in executive functions, motor learning, and emotional and behavioral regulation.
      2. Limbic structure: The limbic system is responsible for the regulation of motivation, mood, learning, and memory through its intricate network of structures and interconnected regions(Wilfrid Jänig, 2022). The interface between the subcortical structures and the cerebral cortex is located within the limbic system. The limbic system exerts its influence on the autonomic nervous system and the endocrine system
      3. Thalamic structures: The structure in question comprises four distinct components, namely the thalamus, epithalamus, subthalamus, and hypothalamus. Each of the aforementioned structures plays a crucial role in the survival and optimal operation of the human body (Wilfrid Jänig, 2022). Therefore, it is imperative to familiarize oneself with their anatomy.
      4. Cerebellar: The cerebellum is a neuroanatomical structure situated in the posterior cranial fossa, superior and posterior to the pontomedullary junction, where the spinal cord merges with the brainstem. The aforementioned structure is a significant subcortical entity that has an impact not only on motor function but also potentially on cognitive and emotional processes (Wilfrid Jänig, 2022).                
    • Which component plays a role in learning, memory, and addiction?

According to Wilfrid Janig (2022), the limbic structure contributes to the capacity of the human body to acquire new information and retain it. Furthermore, it assumes a crucial function in the control of cognitive attention and behaviors that are addictive.

    • What are the two key neurotransmitters located in the nigra striatal region of the brain that play a major role in motor control?
      1. Dopamine: While the activity of dopaminergic cells cannot directly dictate movements, a recent study conducted on humans has indicated that the consistent levels of dopamine present in the dorsal striatum may contribute to the facilitation of regular motion by encoding the sensitivity to the energy expenditure of a movement (Skelin et al., 2019). This implicit signal can be interpreted as a “motor motivational” cue.
      2. Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA): It is widely distributed throughout the nervous system and plays a crucial role in inhibiting the transmission of signals. It is essential for regulating movement, both in the cortex and subcortical regions of the brain.
  1. In 3 or 4 sentences, explain how glial cells function in the central nervous system. Be specific and provide examples.

The phrase “glial cells” may refer to several different kinds of glial cells, including astrocytes, Schwann cells, oligodendrocytes, and microglial cells all of which have a unique role in ensuring that the brain continues to operate normally (Yang & Zhou, 2019). Astrocytes are responsible for controlling blood flow, as well as supplying neurons with mitochondria and the components necessary to construct neurotransmitters, which are the driving force behind neuronal metabolism. Schwann cells play an essential role in the development, maintenance, functioning, and regeneration of peripheral nerves. Oligodendrocytes are chiefly accountable for the production and upkeep of the myelin sheath that envelops axons within the nervous system while microglia are enduring brain cells that govern brain maturation, the safeguarding of neural networks, and the recuperation from injuries.

  1. The synapse is an area between two neurons that allows for chemical communication. In 3 or 4 sentences, explain what part of the neurons are communicating with each other and in which direction does this communication occur? Be specific.

When an action potential is generated at the chemical synapse, the neuron at the presynaptic cleft is stimulated, which results in the release of neurotransmitters, which are the molecules that are responsible for transporting information being propagated from the presynaptic gap to the postsynaptic cleft, which is where it is accepted by another cell. The dendrite of the receiving neuron is the one that is responsible for receiving the message from the axon terminal of the transmitting neuron. Because one axon may create synapses on a large number of postsynaptic cells, it can interact with a large number of cells (Stadelmann et al., 2019). As a consequence of this, a single neuron may receive information from the other neurons since it is capable of receiving millions of synaptic inputs from a wide variety of neurons that are responsible for transmitting presynaptic signals.

  1. In 3–5 sentences, explain the concept of “neuroplasticity.” Be specific and provide examples.

Neuroplasticity, commonly referred to aseither brain plasticityor neural plasticity, denotes a phenomenon wherein the brain encounters adaptive modifications in both functional and structural domains. The nervous system is capable of modifying its activity in response to both internal and external stimuli through the process of restoring its functions, pattern, or connections following events such as cerebrovascular incidents or traumatic brain injuries (Innocenti, 2022). These alterations may be helpful in that they lead to the regeneration of function after an injury, neutral in that there is no change, or pathologically detrimental with the resulting pathological consequences.The notion of neuroplasticity can be deconstructed into two primary mechanisms, which are functional reorganizationand collateral sprouting/neuronal regeneration.

 

 

References

Innocenti, G. M. (2022). Defining neuroplasticity. Handbook of Clinical Neurology, 3–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-819410-2.00001-1

Javaid, M. A., Schellekens, H., Cryan, J. F., & Toulouse, A. (2020). Evaluation of Neuroanatomy Web Resources for Undergraduate Education: Educators’ and Students’ Perspectives. Anatomical sciences education13(2), 237-249. https://doi.org/10.1002/ase.1896

Skelin, I., Kilianski, S., & McNaughton, B. L. (2019). Hippocampal coupling with cortical and subcortical structures in the context of memory consolidation. Neurobiology of Learning and Memory160, 21–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nlm.2018.04.004

Stadelmann, C., Timmler, S., Barrantes-Freer, A., & Simons, M. (2019). Myelin in the Central Nervous System: Structure, Function, and Pathology. Physiological Reviews99(3), 1381–1431. https://doi.org/10.1152/physrev.00031.2018

Wilfrid Jänig. (2022). The Integrative Action of the Autonomic Nervous System. Cambridge University Press.

Yang, Q.-Q., & Zhou, J.-W. (2019). Neuroinflammation in the central nervous system: Symphony of glial cells. Glia67(6), 1017–1035. https://doi.org/10.1002/glia.23571

Sample Answer for NURS 6630 Assignment 1: Short Answer Assessment 

This week’s case discussion focuses on Major Depressive Disorder co-occurring with Alcohol Abuse. Major depressive disorder is a common type of mental illness that is currently increasing in prevalence. It is a major cause of morbidity and mortality among the population. Alcohol abuse frequently crops up for a patient to adapt to a stressful, depressing, anxious state or any other unpleasant state. Alcohol abuse is maladaptive behavior. Co-occurrence of Major Depressive Disorder and alcohol abuse poses a threat to an individual’s health and significantly increases the risk of death among these patients. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the neurobiological causes, symptomatology, drug therapy of MDD co-occurring with alcohol abuse, predictors of late-onset generalized anxiety disorder, and the classes of drugs that precipitate insomnia.

Explain the Drug Therapy of a Patient Who Presents with MDD and a history of Alcohol Abuse

The treatment of these patients ideally requires a multifaceted approach involving psychosocial treatment in conjunction with the pharmacotherapeutic approach to treatment. This kind of treatment has been deemed the most efficacious in controlling symptomatology and preventing a relapse. In the drug therapy, the Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor Sertraline at a dosage of 200mg per day and naltrexone at 100mg per day is the combination of choice. They are highly efficacious in the extinction of depression symptoms, preventing relapse, and reducing symptoms of alcohol withdrawal (McHugh, 2019). These drugs are given for fourteen weeks with regular check-ups during this period. Treatment takes as long as five years for the complete resolution of symptoms in slow responders. Acamprosate and escitalopram have also been shown to have good outcomes and can be used as an alternative.

Which Drugs Are Contraindicated? Be Specific.

Tricyclic antidepressants such as mirtazapine, bupropion, and nortriptyline are contraindicated in the setting of MDD and Alcohol abuse co-occurrence as they potentiate the sedative effect of alcohol. They affect judgment and coordination. Benzodiazepines such as Lorazepam and Diazepam are contraindicated due to their sedative effect, cognitive degradation, diminished long-term efficacy, and their cross-tolerance with alcohol.

What is the Timeframe for Resolution of Symptoms?

Symptom resolution takes place from fourteen to twenty-three days. This range is mostly possible with patients who have abstained from alcohol, are adherent to medication, and receive psychological treatment. Complete symptom resolution takes as long as five years as some patients are slow responders to therapy.

List Four Predictors of Late Generalized Anxiety Disorder

The main predictors of late-onset GAD include the presence of a chronic physical disorder like HIV/AIDS, chronic bronchitis, congenital cardiac anomalies, and Cardiac arrhythmias among others (Hellwig & Domschke, 2019). The presence of a chronic mental illness like the depressive state. Female gender. The recent loss of a close person, poverty, and the presence of a mental illness among the parents.

List Four Potential Neurobiological Causes of Psychotic Major Depression

Genetic mutations on the short arm of the serotonin transporter, Monoamine oxidase A receptor, and glucocorticoid receptor gene mutations have been highly implicated in the development of Psychotic Major Depression (Dubovsky et al., 2020). Inauspicious childhood experiences cause a disturbance in the hypothalamic-pituitary axis leading to the increased production of cortisol hormone which is usually elevated in periods of stress. Hypercortisolemia is an important trigger in the structural changes in the amygdala and the prefrontal cortex. The interaction between chronic stress and genetic mutations is a major factor in psychotic depression (Croarkin, 2018). Discrepancies in the neurotransmitter dopamine in the nigrostriatal pathway are an important tenet of psychotic depression as seen in dementia and schizophrenia.

List Five Symptoms Required for an Episode of Major Depression

The criteria for diagnosis of MDD is hinged on the occurrence of all three lack of interest in things previously found interesting, anergia, and a depressed mood lasting not less than two weeks. In addition to these, the presence of any four of reduced concentration, reduced self-confidence, ideas of guilt, disturbances in sleep, reduced appetite, ideations of self-harm, and pessimism confers a diagnosis of MDD.

List three Classes of Drugs that Precipitate Insomnia with an Example from each Class

Insomnia is a common adverse effect of a myriad of drug classes. They include Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors such as paroxetine, Statins such as atorvastatin, and second-generation H1 Antagonists such as Azelastine.

Conclusion

The co-occurrence of Major Depressive Disorder with Alcohol Abuse is almost always associated with poor outcomes. This calls for a much closer look at the diagnostic confusion and prompt and timely management of these patients. The multifaceted approach to treatment and handling of these patients goes a long way to lower the probability of poor outcomes.

References

Croarkin, P. E. (2018). Indexing the neurobiology of psychotic depression with resting state connectivity: Insights from the STOP-PD study. EBioMedicine, 37, 32–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ebiom.2018.10.010

Dubovsky, Steven L., Ghosh, Biswarup M., Serotte, Jordan C., & Cranwell, V. (2020). Psychotic Depression: Diagnosis, Differential Diagnosis, and Treatment. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 90(3), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1159/000511348

Hellwig, S., & Domschke, K. (2019). Anxiety in Late Life: An Update on Pathomechanisms. Gerontology, 65(5), 465–473. https://doi.org/10.1159/000500306

McHugh, R. (2019). Alcohol Use Disorder and Depressive Disorders. Alcohol Research: Current Reviews, 40(1). https://doi.org/10.35946/arcr.v40.1.01

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NURS_6630_Week1_Assignment_Rubric
NURS_6630_Week1_Assignment_Rubric
Criteria Ratings Pts

In 4 or 5 sentences, describe the anatomy of the basic unit of the nervous sytem, the neuron. Include each part of the neuron and a general overview of electrical impulse conduction, the pathway it travels, and the net result at the termination of the impulse. Be specific and provide examples.

13 to >11.0 pts

Excellent Point range: 90–100
The response accurately and clearly describes in detail the anatomy of the neuron. The response accurately and clearly describes in detail each part of the neuron, and it includes a detailed explanation of the general overview of electrical impulse conduction, the pathway it travels, and the net result at the termination of the impulse…. Examples fully support the response provided.

11 to >10.0 pts

Good Point range: 80–89
The response accurately describes the anatomy of the neuron. The response accurately describes each part of the neuron, and it includes a general overview of electrical impulse conduction, the pathway it travels, and the net result at the termination of the impulse…. Examples support the response provided.

10 to >9.0 pts

Fair Point range: 70–79
The response provides an inaccurate or vague description of the anatomy of the neuron. The response inaccurately or vaguely describes each part of the neuron, and it includes an inaccurate or vague overview of electrical impulse conduction, the pathway it travels, and the net result at the termination of the impulse…. Examples vaguely support the response provided.

9 to >0 pts

Poor Point range: 0–69
The response provides an inaccurate or incomplete description of the anatomy of the neuron, or is missing. The response inaccurately or incompletely describes each part of the neuron, and it includes an inaccurate or vague overview of electrical impulse conduction, the pathway it travels, and the net result at the termination of the impulse, or is missing…. Examples do not support the response provided, or is missing.
13 pts

Answer the following (listing is acceptable for these questions):a. What are the major components that make up the subcortical structures?b. Which component plays a role in learning, memory, and addiction?c. What are the two key neurotransmitters located in the nigra striatal region of the brain that play a major role in motor control?

13 to >11.0 pts

Excellent Point range: 90–100
The response accurately and clearly details the major components that make up the subcortical structures…. The response accurately and clearly details which component plays a role in learning, memory, and addiction…. The response accurately and clearly identifies the two neurotransmitters located in the nigra striatal region of the brain that play a major role in motor control.

11 to >10.0 pts

Good Point range: 80–89
The response accurately identifies the major components that make up the subcortical structures…. The response accurately identifies which component plays a role in learning, memory, and addiction…. The response accurately identifies the two neurotransmitters located in the nigra striatal region of the brain that play a major role in motor control.

10 to >9.0 pts

Fair Point range: 70–79
The response inaccurately identifies the major components that make up the subcortical structures…. The response inaccurately identifies which component plays a role in learning, memory, and addiction…. The response inaccurately identifies two neurotransmitters located in the nigra striatal region of the brain that play a major role in motor control.

9 to >0 pts

Poor Point range: 0–69
The response inaccurately and incompletely identifies the major components that make up the subcortical structures, or is missing…. The response inaccurately and incompletely identifies which component plays a role in learning, memory, and addiction, or is missing…. The response inaccurately and incompletely identifies two neurotransmitters in the nigra striatal region of the brain that play a major role in motor control, or is missing.
13 pts

In 3 or 4 sentences, explain how glia cells function in the central nervous system. Be specific and provide examples.

13 to >11.0 pts

Excellent Point range: 90–100
The response accurately and clearly explains in detail how glia cells function in the central nervous system…. Examples fully support the response provided.

11 to >10.0 pts

Good Point range: 80–89
The response accurately explains how glia cells function in the central nervous system…. Examples support the response provided.

10 to >9.0 pts

Fair Point range: 70–79
The response inaccurately or vaguely explains how glia cells function in the central nervous system…. Examples inaccurately or vaguely support the response provided.

9 to >0 pts

Poor Point range: 0–69
The response inaccurately and vaguely explains how glia cells function in the central nervous system, or is missing…. Examples do not support the response provided, or is missing.
13 pts

The synapse is an area between two neurons that allows for chemical communication. In 3 or 4 sentences, explain what part of the neurons are communicating with each other and in which direction does this communication occur? Be specific.

13 to >11.0 pts

Excellent Point range: 90–100
The response accurately and clearly explains in detail the part of the neurons that communicate with each other and the direction in which this communication occurs.

11 to >10.0 pts

Good Point range: 80–89
The response accurately explains the part of the neurons that communicate with each other and the direction in which this communication occurs.

10 to >9.0 pts

Fair Point range: 70–79
The response inaccurately or vaguely explains the part of the neurons that communicate with each other and the direction in which this communication occurs.

9 to >0 pts

Poor Point range: 0–69
The response inaccurately and vaguely explains the part of the neurons that communicate with each other and the direction in which this communication occurs, or is missing.
13 pts

In 3–5 sentences, explain the concept of “neuroplasticity.” Be specific and provide examples.

13 to >11.0 pts

Excellent Point range: 90–100
The response accurately and clearly explains in detail the concept of neuroplasticity…. Examples provided fully support the response provided.

11 to >10.0 pts

Good Point range: 80–89
The response accurately explains the concept of neuroplasticity…. Examples provided support the response provided.

10 to >9.0 pts

Fair Point range: 70–79
The response inaccurately or vaguely explains the concept of neuroplasticity…. Examples inaccurately or vaguely support the response provided.

9 to >0 pts

Poor Point range: 0–69
The response inaccurately and vaguely explains the concept of neuroplasticity, or is missing…. Examples do not support the response provided, or is missing.
13 pts

Written Expression and Formatting – English writing standards: Correct grammar, mechanics, and proper punctuation

5 to >4.0 pts

Excellent Point range: 90–100
Uses correct grammar, spelling, and punctuation with no errors.

4 to >3.5 pts

Good Point range: 80–89
Contains a few (1 or 2) grammar, spelling, and punctuation errors.

3.5 to >2.0 pts

Fair Point range: 70–79
Contains several (3 or 4) grammar, spelling, and punctuation errors.

2 to >0 pts

Poor Point range: 0–69
Contains many (≥ 5) grammar, spelling, and punctuation errors that interfere with the reader’s understanding.
5 pts

Written Expression and Formatting – The paper follows correct APA format for title page, headings, font, spacing, margins, indentations, page numbers, parenthetical/in-text citations, and reference list.

5 to >4.0 pts

Excellent Point range: 90–100
Uses correct APA format with no errors.

4 to >3.5 pts

Good Point range: 80–89
Contains a few (1 or 2) APA format errors.

3.5 to >2.0 pts

Fair Point range: 70–79
Contains several (3 or 4) APA format errors.

2 to >0 pts

Poor Point range: 0–69
Contains many (≥ 5) APA format errors.
5 pts
Total Points: 75